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Articles 1 - 30 of 75
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Analyzing Sensory Gating Capacity In Misophonia, Facundo Federico Lodol
Analyzing Sensory Gating Capacity In Misophonia, Facundo Federico Lodol
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Misophonia is a pattern of aberrant sound perception that is defined by atypical emotional, neurophysiological, and behavioral reactivity to specific pattern-based trigger sounds (Brout et al., 2018). Those with misophonia exhibit increased arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, coupled with emotional distress, when in the presence of trigger sounds (Edelstein et al. 2013). We propose that individuals who experience this phenomenon may have difficulty filtering out irrelevant stimuli, such that repetitive and otherwise banal sounds cannot be ignored. Thus, the current study recorded responses to pairs of repeated stimuli from participants across the misophonic severity spectrum in order to gain …
Eyes Open In The Dark, Brittany A. Forrest
Eyes Open In The Dark, Brittany A. Forrest
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
An unusual dissertation that presents a science fiction autobiographical narrative, following a trial of trauma and identity dysphoria. Through a trans-queer biological female lens, the vulnerable tone of the author invites the reader into wording that describes matters they will care for on a human level. This study probes the question of what lives within the silence of our perceptions by appraising reverberations between interactions that coerce the human condition. Interrogating memory is inevitable when questioning how defense mechanisms interrelate and adapt to human needs. This study penetrates the complexities of perception fabrications, power dynamics, sensory perceptions, systemic moralities, and …
Examining Global Mental Health, Bio-Politics And Depression In Ethiopia: A Critical Ethnography Study., Gojjam B. Limenih
Examining Global Mental Health, Bio-Politics And Depression In Ethiopia: A Critical Ethnography Study., Gojjam B. Limenih
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Depressive disorder stands as a significant global health challenge and recognized as the primary cause of disability worldwide. Collaborating with the World Health Organization (WHO), Global Mental Health (GMH) initiatives have devised tailored international guidelines and intervention programs for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in response to this crisis. Despite concerted efforts, depressive disorder often remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in LMICs. However, our global understanding of depression is predominantly based on Western nosology, potentially limiting its universality. Consequently, existing clinical research and practices may fail to capture culturally relevant and salient aspects of depression.
Utilizing qualitative ethnographic methods, including Foucauldian …
Development And Validation Of The Pain Resilience And Optimism Scale (Pros), Wonjin Seo
Development And Validation Of The Pain Resilience And Optimism Scale (Pros), Wonjin Seo
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Numerous self-report questionnaires have been used in pain research to explore patients' experiences. However, these questionnaires often employ negatively worded items that can potentially worsen patients' distress. In response to the emergence of positive psychology, this thesis aimed to develop a new questionnaire that adopts a positive and strengths-focused approach, incorporating resilience, to replace the negative items found in existing tools such as the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). First, the effectiveness of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in measuring resilience following trauma was assessed through a systematic review using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments …
Sex Differences In Mood And Anxiety-Related Outcomes In Response To Adolescent Nicotine Exposure, Tsun Hay Jason Ng
Sex Differences In Mood And Anxiety-Related Outcomes In Response To Adolescent Nicotine Exposure, Tsun Hay Jason Ng
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Nicotine dependence is causally linked to increased risk of mood/anxiety disorders in later life. Females are reported to experience a higher prevalence of anxiety/depressive disorders and challenges in smoking cessation therapies, suggesting a potential sex-specific response to nicotine exposure and mood/anxiety disorder risk. However, pre-clinical evidence of sex-specific responses to adolescent nicotine exposure is unclear. Thus, to determine any sex differences in anxiety/depressive-related outcomes, adolescent male and female Sprague Dawley rats received nicotine (0.4 mg/kg; 3x daily) or saline injections for 10 consecutive days, followed by behavioural testing, in-vivo electrophysiology and Western Blot analyses. Our results revealed that adolescent nicotine …
Relational Variables Impacting The Healthcare Team, Linda J. Macdougall Ms
Relational Variables Impacting The Healthcare Team, Linda J. Macdougall Ms
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
The movement in the healthcare system towards interprofessional collaborative teamwork values the perspectives of various healthcare professionals. Although this system shift has been essential to quality improvement, there have been indications of issues occurring between professionals that include conflict and impaired team performance. Although the current literature on interprofessional collaboration acknowledges the competencies and demonstrated behaviours that indicate successful and difficult collaborative efforts there is a lack of research investigating the relational variables that occur between healthcare professionals.
The purpose of this research was to test a theoretically derived model of healthcare professionals’ relational variables. These variables related to warmth, …
Antidepressants Versus Placebo For Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Katarina Kopcalic
Antidepressants Versus Placebo For Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Katarina Kopcalic
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Objectives: To assess the efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants compared to placebo among adults with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: Five electronic databases and 2 trial registries were searched to identify studies for inclusion. The risk of bias version 1 tool was used to assess the risk of bias. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan web. Results were presented using forest plots. Results: 38 studies (12,570 participants) were included. Very low-quality evidence showed a benefit for antidepressants over placebo in the rate of treatment response (RR, 1.39: 95% CI: 1.27, 1.52) and no differences in …
Cerebral Hyperemia Is Not A Sole Modulator Of Postexercise Executive Function Benefit: Evidence From Hypercapnia And Passive Exercise, Mustafa Shirzad
Cerebral Hyperemia Is Not A Sole Modulator Of Postexercise Executive Function Benefit: Evidence From Hypercapnia And Passive Exercise, Mustafa Shirzad
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
A single bout of exercise improves executive function (EF); however, the physiological mechanism(s) contributing to this benefit are unclear. One candidate mechanism for the benefit is an exercised-mediated increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that improves neural efficiency. In my thesis, I conducted two experiments to assess the relationship between an increase in CBF and EF. In Experiment 1, I examined passive exercise, and in Experiment 2, I examined a 2.5% hypercapnic environment given that both interventions increase CBF independent of the metabolic demands of volitional muscle activity. Experiment 1 indicated that passive exercise increased CBF and was associated with …
Association Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Exposure And Treatment In Pregnancy With Pregnancy, Obstetric And Neonatal Outcomes, Natalie Zitoun
Association Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Exposure And Treatment In Pregnancy With Pregnancy, Obstetric And Neonatal Outcomes, Natalie Zitoun
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
A particular condition for which there is a dearth of pregnancy information is Post-Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). This thesis aimed to evaluate PTSD exposure and treatment in pregnancy. Our first study was a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment that reported associations between maternal PTSD exposure with pregnancy, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes. Our second study was a prospective evaluation of pregnancy outcomes after prazosin exposure in the first trimester of pregnant patients who were counselled at the Fetal Risk Assessment from Maternal Exposures (FRAME) clinic. Our review and analysis found positive associations between PTSD in pregnancy and some adverse pregnancy …
Depression As A Prognostic Factor For Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Outcomes, Ariel M. Morales
Depression As A Prognostic Factor For Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Outcomes, Ariel M. Morales
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a degenerative disease common in older adults and is associated with significantly reduced health-related quality of life and increased disability. Depression has been found to be associated with poorer health-related outcomes in patients with spinal conditions. A systematic review was conducted to examine the literature regarding the prognostic value of depression for LSS outcomes. Findings suggest small to moderate prognostic value of depressive symptoms for postoperative outcomes in patients with LSS, with strong evidence for disability. Next, a secondary analysis of a cohort study was conducted to investigate two objectives. The first objective was to …
Data-Driven Neuroanatomical Subtypes In Various Stages Of Schizophrenia: Linking Cortical Thickness, Glutamate, And Language Functioning, Liangbing Liang
Data-Driven Neuroanatomical Subtypes In Various Stages Of Schizophrenia: Linking Cortical Thickness, Glutamate, And Language Functioning, Liangbing Liang
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
The considerable variation in the spatial distribution of cortical thickness changes has been used to parse heterogeneity in schizophrenia. We aimed to recover a ‘cortical impoverishment’ subgroup with widespread cortical thinning. We applied hierarchical cluster analysis to cortical thickness data of three datasets in different stages of psychosis and studied the cognitive, functional, neurochemical, language and symptom profiles of the observed subgroups. Our consensus-based clustering procedure consistently produced a subgroup characterized by significantly lower cortical thickness. This ‘cortical impoverishment’ subgroup was associated with a higher symptom burden in a clinically stable sample and higher glutamate levels with language impairments in …
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy For People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Feasibility Study, Ujjoyinee France Barua
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy For People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Feasibility Study, Ujjoyinee France Barua
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can experience high levels of emotional distress, leading to decreased quality of life and increased health care costs. Bowen's feasibility framework was used to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and limited efficacy of an innovative clinician-guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy program (ICBT) specialized for people with mTBI to improve their wellbeing. The data illustrated strong adherence and program satisfaction from participants. Likewise, statistically and clinically significant changes in symptoms of unhappiness and anxiety were found, along with improved self-efficacy and quality of life. The findings of this study contribute new knowledge to the emerging …
The Effect Of Propionic Acid On The Habituation To Social And Non-Social Odour Cues In Adult Male Rats, Cashmeira-Dove P. Tyson
The Effect Of Propionic Acid On The Habituation To Social And Non-Social Odour Cues In Adult Male Rats, Cashmeira-Dove P. Tyson
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
The enteric bacterial metabolite, propionic acid (PPA), elicits physiological and behavioural changes in rodents reminiscent of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This includes abnormal sensory processing and social behaviour. ASD may contribute to social deficits through impaired habituation; therefore, the present study examined the effects of intraperitoneal PPA on the habituation to social and non-social odours. Adult male rats were injected daily with PPA or the vehicle control, and for 3 days, habituated to a conspecific odour or vanilla extract for 10 minutes. On day 4, rats were exposed to a novel conspecific odour or almond extract for 10 minutes to …
The Experience Of Mindfulness And Its Nondual Nature In Active Practitioners, Benjamin Tran
The Experience Of Mindfulness And Its Nondual Nature In Active Practitioners, Benjamin Tran
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Mindfulness-based interventions have become well-established in the literature as an effective treatment for various health issues. Its application in psychology is predominantly informed by dualism; however, according to its Eastern traditions, a true understanding of mindfulness is developed via nondualistic ontological experiences that emerge in a mindfulness state. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of mindfulness and its nondual nature as it is experienced in the world. Hermeneutical phenomenology, informed by an interpretivist lens, was employed. A sample of 13 mindfulness practitioners were individually interviewed. The experience of mindfulness and its nondual nature was considered through …
Investigating The Role Of Targeted Memory Reactivation In Sleep Spindle Production, Justin W. Hopper
Investigating The Role Of Targeted Memory Reactivation In Sleep Spindle Production, Justin W. Hopper
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
In ‘targeted memory reactivation’ (TMR) paradigms, information learned during wakefulness is paired with a cue, and reactivated during sleep by presenting that same cue. TMR improves memory. In a prior study (Antony et al., 2012), participants learned two melodies. One melody was cued during a nap, and performance was better than for the uncued melody. The current study reanalyzed these data to characterize sleep spindle density during TMR cue-periods relative to non-cued periods, and whether spindle density correlated with performance. During TMR stimulation, spindle density was significantly higher than during non-stimulation in four time windows. Compared to the non-TMR group, …
The Functional And Structural Consequences Of Aberrant Microglial Activity In Major Depressive Disorder, Jasmine D. Cakmak
The Functional And Structural Consequences Of Aberrant Microglial Activity In Major Depressive Disorder, Jasmine D. Cakmak
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly debilitating neuropsychiatric illness which has been linked with increases in both peripheral and central inflammation, as well as with changes in connectivity. Although countless studies have investigated these two topics, the relationship between neuroinflammation and functional/structural connectivity has not been explored. Using [18F]FEPPA PET imaging, we measured translocator protein-related (TSPO) microglial activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and insula and confirmed significantly increased [18F]FEPPA uptake in depressed patients (N=12) compared to healthy controls (N=23). Using a seed-based ROI analysis of fMRI data, we found that patients show …
Inter-Subject Correlation Using Movie-Driven Fmri In Drug-Resistant Epilepsy, Hana H. Abbas
Inter-Subject Correlation Using Movie-Driven Fmri In Drug-Resistant Epilepsy, Hana H. Abbas
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Treating drug-resistant epilepsy with surgery requires the localization of the epileptic focus. We explored the potential for movie-driven functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to act as a sensitive, non-invasive, and cost-effective tool to identify functionally disturbed networks. We assessed neural synchronization (inter-subject correlation; ISC) between presurgical epilepsy patients (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 24) as they watched a suspenseful movie clip in the scanner. To optimize denoising, we compared ISC values with and without an automated Independent Components Analysis-based denoising step (ICA-AROMA). We found that denoising with ICA-AROMA elicited augmented correlation values, supporting its use …
Why Do People Engage In Eating Disorder Behaviours?, Abbigail Kinnear
Why Do People Engage In Eating Disorder Behaviours?, Abbigail Kinnear
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Eating disorders (EDs) are serious mental illnesses often with poor prognosis. Personalizing evidence-based treatments based on an individual’s reasons for engaging in ED behaviours – or the functions of EDs – may improve treatment outcomes; however, no validated measures assessing these functions exist. The goal of this study was to complete the initial steps in developing a measure of ED functions. Individuals who engage in ED behaviours (n = 16) and clinicians who treat EDs (n = 14) were interviewed, and a thematic analysis was conducted to determine key functions of EDs. Four main functions of EDs were …
Interplay Between Shift Work, Psychological Distress, Sleep Quality, And Cognitive Performance, Rea Therese Alonzo
Interplay Between Shift Work, Psychological Distress, Sleep Quality, And Cognitive Performance, Rea Therese Alonzo
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Shift work schedules are designed to maintain a continuous operation of goods and services. However, engaging in shift work may impact cognitive functioning. This thesis assessed the relationship between shift work and cognitive performance. Using cross-sectional data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association between shift work and cognitive performance, as well as the moderating effects of psychological distress and sleep quality. Differences by sex and retirement status were also investigated. Shift work was significantly associated with poor performance for executive functioning but not for declarative memory. Poorer cognitive performance …
Exploring The Mental Health Experiences Of African, Caribbean, And Black Youth In London, Ontario, Lily Yosieph
Exploring The Mental Health Experiences Of African, Caribbean, And Black Youth In London, Ontario, Lily Yosieph
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
This qualitative study explores the mental health experiences of African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) youth in London, Ontario, investigating how the factors of race, gender, culture, and place have shaped their perceptions and experiences of mental health. The data collection and analysis were conducted using a phenomenological approach and a critical lens informed by feminist, intersectionality, and critical race theories. These data illuminate the ways in which these young people’s attitudes toward mental health and help-seeking strategies are impacted by broader social constructs and community expectations, which they navigate and often resist in their everyday lives. Their insights can provide …
The Experiences Of Iraqi Refugees In Canada: A Life History Study Of War And Resilience In The Aftermath Of Migration, Nada Nessan
The Experiences Of Iraqi Refugees In Canada: A Life History Study Of War And Resilience In The Aftermath Of Migration, Nada Nessan
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
This thesis reports on a life history narrative on the experiences of Iraqi refugees who resettled in Canada after living through war. The aim of this study is to help change the narrow perspectives on the mental health of war affected populations to a broader perception shaped by cultural and social aspects and to inform the development of meaningful and cultural relevant programs and policies with a particular attention to the concept of resilience.
The first part of the study presents the chronological narratives, or profiles. of eight participants. The second part of the study is a thematic discussion of …
Mood And Anxiety Disorders, Measurement, And Migrant Groups In Ontario, Jordan Edwards
Mood And Anxiety Disorders, Measurement, And Migrant Groups In Ontario, Jordan Edwards
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Our objectives were to: (1) evaluate the current literature on the epidemiology of mood or anxiety disorders among migrant groups; (2) assess how current tools for measuring mood or anxiety disorders at the population level influence our understanding of the epidemiology by a) analyzing the concordance between two commonly used population measures, and b) using a Bayesian analysis to create a combined estimate using both measures; (3) estimate the prevalence and effects of potential risk factors on the prevalence of mood or anxiety disorders among first-generation migrant groups compared to the general population in Ontario. We conducted a systematic review …
The Impact Of Levodopa Administration On Learning From Short-Term And Long-Term Action Consequences: A Paradigm Validation., Masood Rezaei
The Impact Of Levodopa Administration On Learning From Short-Term And Long-Term Action Consequences: A Paradigm Validation., Masood Rezaei
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Behavioral and neuroimaging studies have identified two valuation systems in the human brain for controlling behavior known as model-free (MF) and model-based (MB). MF is based on immediate evaluation and MB is based on long-term evaluation of the outcome of our decisions. Previous studies suggest that dopamine baseline activity may play an important role in the balance between the two systems and determine how they compete or interact in controlling our actions. The overarching aims of this study is to investigate the impact of levodopa administration on learning from immediate and long-term action consequences, and to dissociate the role of …
The Experiences Of Female Adolescents Who Have Sustained A Concussion Through Sport Participation: A Consideration Of An Occupational Perspective During Recovery, Annalise Michelle Tichenoff
The Experiences Of Female Adolescents Who Have Sustained A Concussion Through Sport Participation: A Consideration Of An Occupational Perspective During Recovery, Annalise Michelle Tichenoff
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Adolescence is a time of rapid and tumultuous development in the physical, cognitive and psychosocial domains. Sustaining a concussion during this time period may complicate this development, particularly when symptoms are prolonged. Of particular importance is the study of adolescent females, as this population has been under-evaluated within the literature. This is especially troubling due to the number of concussions that occur among adolescent females, as concussions within this population reportedly occur at twice the frequency of adolescent males. This dissertation presents a qualitative case study investigation that explores the recovery experiences of adolescent female athletes who have sustained a …
Effects Of A Pregnancy Lifestyle Intervention On Emotion Regulation In Infants Responding To A Toy Removal Task At One-Year Of Age, Mollie Manley
Effects Of A Pregnancy Lifestyle Intervention On Emotion Regulation In Infants Responding To A Toy Removal Task At One-Year Of Age, Mollie Manley
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Poor infant emotion regulation (ER) has been linked with increased psychopathological risk in infancy and childhood. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis suggests the prenatal period as the earliest point of intervention, where fetal exposure to healthy lifestyle changes can promote optimal ER in infancy. Infant electroencephalography (EEG; n=13) and heart rate variability (HRV; n=18) were measured at rest and in response to a toy removal task, to determine the ER of infants whose mothers participated in a nutrition and exercise intervention during pregnancy. Results demonstrated positive left frontal alpha asymmetry at rest (0.08± 0.66) and in response …
In Search Of Psychiatric Kinds: Natural Kinds And Natural Classification In Psychiatry, Nicholas Slothouber
In Search Of Psychiatric Kinds: Natural Kinds And Natural Classification In Psychiatry, Nicholas Slothouber
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
In recent years both philosophers and scientists have asked whether or not our current kinds of mental disorder—e.g., schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder—are natural kinds; and, moreover, whether or not the search for natural kinds of mental disorder is a realistic desideratum for psychiatry. In this dissertation I clarify the sense in which a kind can be said to be “natural” or “real” and argue that, despite a few notable exceptions, kinds of mental disorder cannot be considered natural kinds. Furthermore, I contend that psychopathological phenomena do not cluster together into kinds in the way that paradigmatic natural kinds (e.g., chemical …
Using Meditation To Improve Measures Of Attention In Older Adults, Sabrina Ford
Using Meditation To Improve Measures Of Attention In Older Adults, Sabrina Ford
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Age-related cognitive decline greatly impacts quality of life for older adults. Previous research has indicated that meditation may act as a neuroprotective factor to prevent age-related cognitive decline. This thesis sought to replicate previous findings and investigate if a four-week meditation intervention would improve sustained attention. Participants 60 years and older (n=27, 17 female) were recruited and assigned to a focused-attention (FA) meditation or relaxation group which met for four weeks, three times a week. Resting-state EEG was used to collect individual alpha peak frequency (iAPF) and frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA). The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) was also …
Off-Label Use Of Second Generation Antipsychotics In Primary Care -An Exploratory Study, Nima Gheisarzadeh
Off-Label Use Of Second Generation Antipsychotics In Primary Care -An Exploratory Study, Nima Gheisarzadeh
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Over the past two decades, the use of antipsychotics has increased tremendously worldwide, and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have been the main driver of this trend. The extensive use of SGAs for off-label purposes has raised concerns over their role in clinical practice. In particular, studies have revealed serious metabolic and cardiovascular effects, and evidence is lacking on SGAs’ effectiveness. Despite the concerns, the extent and pattern of SGAs’ off-label use is largely unknown within the context of the Canadian primary health care system. Using electronic medical record (EMR) data from 14 practices in southwestern Ontario, we investigated the number of …
Investigating The Relationship Between Subcortical And Cortical Auditory Processing, Sonia Varma
Investigating The Relationship Between Subcortical And Cortical Auditory Processing, Sonia Varma
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
The auditory system is highly integrative, with feedforward and feedback connections from periphery to cortex (and stages in between). In order to understand how the different levels of the human auditory system interact, it is necessary to simultaneously measure responses from multiple auditory levels. A novel stimulus was paired with electroencephalography (EEG) in 29 young, normal-hearing participants (17-34 years) to examine interactions among stages of the auditory pathway. Temporal regularity was manipulated by continuously accelerating and decelerating the rate of a click-train stimulus (i.e., ~3.5 Hz frequency modulation of the click rate). Adaptation of the brainstem (cochlear nucleus and inferior …
Prevalence Of Moral Injury In Canadian Forces Members Deployed To Afghanistan, Kevin T. Hansen
Prevalence Of Moral Injury In Canadian Forces Members Deployed To Afghanistan, Kevin T. Hansen
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Moral injury is a relatively new area of study within military mental health care, as such, prevalence estimates for both moral injury and exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIE; a moral injury precursor) are unknown for many of the world’s militaries. PMIE is commonly defined as the perpetrating, failing to prevent, witnessing, or learning about acts or events that transgress an individual’s deeply held moral belief(s). The primary purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of PMIE in a population of Canadian Armed Forces (CF) members who served in support of the recent mission to Afghanistan. How …