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Articles 1 - 30 of 55
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Asthma, Rachel Webber
Asthma, Rachel Webber
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
This poster will investigate the pathophysiology of Asthma, and the importance of understanding how asthma is developed. The pathophysiologic relationship between the immune system, inflammation and asthma occurrence is explored in this poster. Asthma is caused by many environmental and genetic factors that lead to inflammatory mechanisms in the airway. There are many different risk factors that can cause an increased likelihood of developing asthma, such as childhood illness, pollutants, obesity, poor nutrition, and having allergies. There are many risk factors for the development of asthma, and cases across the world continue to grow. Although there is not an exact …
Asthma Pathophysiology, Chad Webster
Asthma Pathophysiology, Chad Webster
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Asthma is a chronic underlying condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It has a variety of issues that it may cause including shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, airway inflammation and swelling among many others. These issues usually arise from a potential trigger (environmental or genetic) and can cause an hyper-responsive airway issue. The Doctor of Nursing Practice practitioner should be extremely knowledgeable and trained on the different types of interventions and implications when dealing with asthma. The intention of this poster is to educate students on the importance of understanding the pathophysiology of asthma and its effect on the …
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Stacey Carey
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Stacey Carey
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe and rare form of congenital heart disease with no known cause that decreases life expectancy and occurs during fetal cardiac development. Without treatment HLHS is fatal. HLHS consists of the underdevelopment of the left-sided heart structures leading to the failure of the left ventricle to support the systemic circulation resulting in single-ventricle physiology (Mussa & Barron, 2016). Prior to the 1980s HLHS was a universally lethal condition until 1982, when surgical management became available (Mussa & Barron, 2016). However, surgical management is not curative because the heart can never be “normal” (Mussa …
Bipolar Disorder, Heather Guthrie
Bipolar Disorder, Heather Guthrie
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder that causes severe swings in mood, energy, activity, concentration, and activities of daily living. These mood swings range from extremely euphoric, irritable, or animated behavior (manic) to despondent, apathetic, or dejected periods (depressive). This phenomenon was why this disorder was known as manic-depressive or manic depression. The need to understand the multiple factors regarding the disease process of this disorder, and the importance of treatment is vital for the safety and health of people across the world inflicted by bipolar disorder. Education is the key to how this disorder affects the entire trajectory of …
Aging: The Impact Of Diet And Inflammation, Morgan Wiland-Gress
Aging: The Impact Of Diet And Inflammation, Morgan Wiland-Gress
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The immune system is a complex cohesive network. It requires every cell to work efficiently at maintaining homeostasis. It also prevents and repairs damage from internal and external pathogens. Recent research has focused on the concept of inflammaging, which is defined as age-related changes that occur in the immune system leading to dysfunction. The current understanding is that inflammaging contributes to the development of chronic diseases including; Type II Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, Cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurological disorders, Alzheimer and Parkinson’s disease. The underlying pathophysiology of inflammaging is chronic inflammation and the imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. This imbalance leads …
Acute Pancreatitis, Noah Prebish
Acute Pancreatitis, Noah Prebish
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The continents of the poster are the result of a literature search that was conducted to find the most up to date information on various aspects of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis can be categorized as mild, moderate and severe cases. Mild and moderate cases of acute pancreatitis usually subside spontaneously and have no residual effects on patients. Severe acute pancreatitis is a potentially life-threatening disorder that results in the autodigestion of the pancreas. Autodigestion of the pancreas causes a systemic inflammatory response that usually results in rapid deterioration of patient’s hemodynamic status. Severe pancreatitis often leads to long hospital stays …
Barrett's Esophagus, Laura Hickey
Barrett's Esophagus, Laura Hickey
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The incidence of esophageal cancer, a deadly cancer, is rising and the only known precursor is Barrett’s esophagus. Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which mucosa undergo progressive multi-step cellular changes. Currently, the exact pathogenesis is uncertain, but likely occurs from chronic reflux of acid and bile in the distal esophagus. Understanding the limited pathology of Barrett’s esophagus guides screening, surveillance, diagnosis and treatment. The current focus, though guidelines vary, recommends screening those at highest risk of developing Barrett’s: Caucasian males, over the age of 50, with central obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, a history of smoking and a familial history …
Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus, Nancy Rozzo
Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus, Nancy Rozzo
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
“Diabetes mellitus is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. In the past twenty years, the number of people diagnosed with diabetes has doubled” (CDC, 2020). Diabetes affects many people and if not diagnosed early, or managed appropriately, can lead to other health complications involving the heart and kidneys, leading to blindness and even a possible stroke. The three main types of diabetes are: type 1, type 2, or gestational diabetes. Currently, there are 34.2 million adults in the United States that have diabetes, and 1 in 5 of them do not know they have it (CDC, …
Cardiovascular Disease, Samantha Kohler
Cardiovascular Disease, Samantha Kohler
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The purpose of the presentation is to expand on cardiovascular disease and the pathophysiology contributing to the disease process. The presentation allows for further education on modifiable risk factors, and the most common causes of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death in the world (Najafipour, Afshari & Rostamzadeh, 2018). When diagnosing patients with cardiovascular disease they often have more than one modifiable risk factor. The modifiable risk factors are hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, and low physical activity (Najafipour et al., 2018). The purpose of the arteries of the heart is to provide …
Bacterial Vaginosis, Margaret Howard
Bacterial Vaginosis, Margaret Howard
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infections in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of 29% in women ages 14- 49 in the United States (Center for Disease Control {CDC}, 2020). The exact pathogenesis of BV is unclear; however, several risk factors such as having unprotected sex, multiple new sexual partners, or frequent douching can lead to BV (Afolabi et al., 2016). Women diagnosed with BV have an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gonorrhea, and chlamydia. BV is associated with health concerns such as miscarriages, preterm …
Cerebral Palsy, Carly Jones
Cerebral Palsy, Carly Jones
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Cerebral Palsy (CP) as a heterogeneous condition with various types, causes, and patterns of neuropathology that all result in a disorder of posture and movement control. The most common etiologies of CP are usually congenital in nature meaning they begin in early pregnancy and happen before birth (MacLennan et. Al, 2015). However, there are still unknown causes of CP and it is now important to consider other etiologies that trigger different neuropathologies that contribute to varying symptoms of CP. Understanding the pathophysiology, causes, and signs and symptoms of CP can help facilitate appropriate treatment and therapies for improvement of function.
Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction, Shawn Barkalow
Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction, Shawn Barkalow
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Heart failure (HF) is a complex disease the requires a high-level understanding of pathophysiology and physics. Heart failure is an umbrella term with multiple subsets beneath it. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction relates to a failing left ventricle with an ejection fraction (EF) of less than 40%. Inability to push fluid forward causes the heart rate to increase, neurohormonal changes and creates a backup of flow into the lungs creating dyspnea. Applied physics plays a large role in understand heart failure. Frank-starling’s curve, Ohm’s, Poiseulle’s and Laplace’s laws all apply to the physiological principles behind preload, afterload, and contractility. …
What's My Age Again? Dementia And The Impact On An Aging Population, Joanna Vest
What's My Age Again? Dementia And The Impact On An Aging Population, Joanna Vest
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
A literature review of the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) database was performed to investigate the risk factors and pathophysiology of dementia in adults. Results were screened for English language and date of publication, with inclusion criteria of years 2015-2020. The search revealed several sub-types of dementia, as well as research into modifiable risk factors. Dementia arises mainly from accumulation of proteins in neurons, dysfunction of the blood brain barrier, vascular degeneration and hypoperfusion of tissues in the brain, and atrophy of brain tissue. Risk factors associated with cognitive decline include hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, high …
Sepsis Pathophysiology, Samantha Kingsley
Sepsis Pathophysiology, Samantha Kingsley
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Sepsis is one of the most common diagnoses in medical intensive care units (MICUs) worldwide. Sepsis is a medical emergency where prompt intervention is vital to promoting positive patient outcomes. Septic shock develops when sepsis has progressed to the point of persistent hypotension despite appropriate fluid resuscitation. It is important to recognize the early signs of sepsis and intervene to prevent further progression. As the understanding of the pathophysiology has developed further over the years, the treatments and outcomes associated with sepsis have also improved. However, prompt recognition and intervention have always been at the forefront of management and should …
Epigenetic Effects On Health And Behavior, Peter Seivers
Epigenetic Effects On Health And Behavior, Peter Seivers
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Epigenetics plays a vital role in one’s health and behavior starting in utero and lasting until death. We look at why epigenetics is important and the mechanisms in which epigenetics works on one’s DNA. We will also see several of the disease processes in which we have research linking their causation directly to an epigenetic influence. The topic of epigenetics is quite large and growing and hence we have not sought to provide an exhaustive picture of the current research that is available. We feel the most important piece of this work is being able to connect the original study …
Coronavirus, Carla Bonczak
Coronavirus, Carla Bonczak
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a novel virus that began its virulent spread in China December 2019. Since that time, it has spread worldwide and has affected individuals, business, and educational systems, as well as day to day life. COVID-19 has become a national pandemic. COVID-19 is spread through airborne droplets produced by affected individual that may or may not be symptomatic. Individuals may experience fevers, dry cough, and difficulty breathing. While most individuals with COVID-19 may be able to recover at home, several are requiring hospitalization. If patients are hospitalized, they are placed into an isolation negative air flow room for …
Malignant Hyperthermia, Nicholas Colangelo
Malignant Hyperthermia, Nicholas Colangelo
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Malignant hyperthermia is a rare manifestation of a genetic mutation involving the ryanodine receptors. This mutation causes a sustained intracellular calcium release that is triggered by certain anesthetics such as depolarizing neuromuscular blockers and volatile gases. The extended release of calcium functions as a dangerous catalyst for hyper-metabolism that will lead to rapid death if unrecognized and untreated. Current treatment involves the drug dantrolene in tandem with symptomatic management in the intensive care setting. Symptomatic treatment may likely involve rapid cooling, fluid resuscitation, electrolyte management, and mechanical ventilation until symptoms resolve. A literature review of malignant hyperthermia is of vital …
Malignant Hyperthermia For The Nurse Anesthetist, Victor Clark
Malignant Hyperthermia For The Nurse Anesthetist, Victor Clark
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a rare, autosomal dominant skeletal muscle disorder that can have an insidious onset in susceptible patients exposed to the triggering agents succinylcholine, halothane, desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane. MH can occur in patients who have received anesthesia with these agents in the past (Nagelhout & Plaus, 2018, p 775). Patients with a family history of MH or associated skeletal muscle disorder must be treated as MH-susceptible until proven otherwise. Failure to detect an MH crisis can lead to kidney failure, profound acidosis, coagulopathies, rhabdomyolysis, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse, and death (Seifert et al., 2015). It is the …
Infective Endocarditis, Lauren Verdow
Infective Endocarditis, Lauren Verdow
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Infective Endocarditis (IE) is a relatively rare disease but is well known to intensive care units and has a disturbingly high mortality rate despite advancements in medicine. IE is a condition characterized by damage to the endothelial lining of the heart, which can lead to vegetation growth on cardiac valves. IE can lead to a multitude of complications, such as pulmonary embolism or stroke. Patient education and prevention are crucial to reducing mortality and improving patient outcomes. Healthcare providers must be diligent in their measures to prevent pathogen entry into open areas, such as central access devices and wounds. They …
Malignant Hyperthermia, Kathryn Hernandez
Malignant Hyperthermia, Kathryn Hernandez
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a condition in which the body goes into a hypermetabolic state affecting skeletal muscle in response to receiving inhaled anesthetics or the neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine. MH is an autosomal dominant disorder that is most closely related to a defect in the ryanodine receptor. The defective receptor causes a rapid increase of intracellular calcium causing hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypercapnia, increased oxygen consumption, acidosis, hyperkalemia, muscle rigidity, and rhabdomyolysis. With the complexity of this disorder and its unique pathophysiological process it is crucial that all parts of the surgical team, especially anesthesia providers, understand how to treat …
Depression: The Cause, The Signs, The Stigma, Elisabeth Sanderson
Depression: The Cause, The Signs, The Stigma, Elisabeth Sanderson
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Depression is a common phenomenon. According to World Health Organization (2020) there are over 264 million people suffering from depression globally. Takahashi (2019) states that major depressive disorder is the most common mood disorder and additionally notes that it is the leading cause of disability not just in the United States but in the world. From a pathophysiological perspective depression has multiple possible causes. This paper seeks to look at depression as a relevant health care concern and to describe accepted theories on the pathophysiology of depression as well as discussing key signs and symptoms of the disorder. It seeks …
Pathophysiology Of Schizophrenia, Chimezie Onuchukwu
Pathophysiology Of Schizophrenia, Chimezie Onuchukwu
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
This poster presents the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This topic was selected because it helps to understand the pathophysiology of the condition as well as the clinical significance of the condition. Schizophrenia is a condition that is not well known and there are misconceptions in the community about the condition. I believe by understanding its etiology, pathophysiology, and presenting signs and symptoms; I will be able to give the best nursing care to my patients. Patients with the condition exhibit five major symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, disorganised speech or thinking, and inability to function normally. Under DSM V diagnosis criteria, …
Understanding Covid-19, William Carson Ii
Understanding Covid-19, William Carson Ii
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has changed the lives of many. To combat the disease referred to as COVID- 19, anesthesia providers must be educated on specific topics. Understanding of a brief history of previous strands of the disease details the need for measures to reduce healthcare providers exposure. As patients present to the operating room (OR), viral and antibody testing combined provides identification and prognosis of the disease with infected patients who can transmit the disease. Anesthesia providers encounter transmission entry points frequently increasing possibility of exposure. The disease process of COVID-19 can lead to progression of complications necessitating interventions from …
Sars-Cov-2 Or Covid-19, Amy Phillips
Sars-Cov-2 Or Covid-19, Amy Phillips
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The emergence of COVID-19 has stunned the world and challenged the medical field in ways not seen in almost a century. COVID-19 has proven to be unpredictable and can have effects ranging from mild to life threatening, including pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, multi-system organ failure and death. This presentation discusses the presentation, pathophysiology, current treatments and implications on nursing for COVID-19. Research is ongoing to determine just how and why this virus attacks the way it does, how to best treat the virus and how to develop a vaccine to prevent future outbreaks.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Gifty Menka
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Gifty Menka
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), is diagnosed as persistently elevated pressures in the pulmonary arteries. It is a severe disease that requires early diagnosis and treatment as it can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and adequately. The initial presenting signs and symptoms such as lethargy, malaise, and exercise intolerance can be vague, making it difficult to diagnose. Also, doctors at centers that specialize in treating PAH are the only ones who can properly diagnose the condition and initiate disease-targeted therapy. There are different types of PAH; the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes 5 groups of pulmonary hypertension (PH), and they …
Venous Thromboembolism, Ngwangong Mitti
Venous Thromboembolism, Ngwangong Mitti
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious pathophysiological condition that is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially perioperatively (Elisha at al., 2015).
Coarctation Of The Aorta, Megan Berens
Coarctation Of The Aorta, Megan Berens
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a ductal dependent congenital heart defect that causes decreased blood flow to areas of the body distal to the site of constriction. CoA is one of the most common congenital heart defects, though is often missed in neonatal assessments. Neonatal patients with CoA often present to the hospital in a state of cardiopulmonary collapse. CoA is occasionally diagnosed in older children and adults who have upper extremity hypertension and decreased femoral pulses. CoA repair is performed through surgery or percutaneous catheter interventions. Patients with CoA have an increased likelihood of developing other vascular lesions. …
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Katherine Stillman
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Katherine Stillman
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Past understanding of the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) presents this chronic condition as a functional gastrointestinal disorder related to psychological causes. While no structural abnormalities are present in IBS, this poorly understood condition of persistent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits can be debilitating, contributing to a decreased quality of life. Current research has uncovered new evidence, that for many patients, symptoms may actually originate in the gut. An altered gut microbiome is now accepted as playing a central role in the development of the disorder. This poster summarizes the current pathophysiological concepts of IBS, including the role …
Diabetes Mellitus, Cara Young
Diabetes Mellitus, Cara Young
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
There are two types of diabetes mellitus, Type 1 which involves a decrease in insulin production and Type 2 which is related to an impaired sensitivity to insulin due to peripheral insulin resistance (Chesworth, 2019). Type 1 diabetes is a dysfunction of the pancreas that an individual is usually born with and affects about 10 percent of the diabetic population. Type 2 diabetes is a product of obesity and age that affect the body’s sensitivity to insulin, not a problem with its production, and affects the remaining 90 percent of the diabetic population (Chesworth, 2019). The hyperglycemia that comes with …
The Pathophysiology Of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Ards), Alyscia Defrancisco
The Pathophysiology Of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Ards), Alyscia Defrancisco
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is fatal when not recognized early, nursing care can have a positive impact on patient outcomes. ARDS is a disease of the lung caused by an acute lung injury. ARDS accounts for 10-15% of ICU admission and is underrecognized. Key nursing consideration are essential to help identify and treat ARDS.