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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
The Brainstem As A Conserved System For Consciousness: Integrating Phylogeny, Neurology, And Psychology, Shadia Kawkabani, Kevin P. Kaut
The Brainstem As A Conserved System For Consciousness: Integrating Phylogeny, Neurology, And Psychology, Shadia Kawkabani, Kevin P. Kaut
Journal of Neuropsychology and Behavioral Processes
Historically, scientists and physicians have taken a corticocentric view of consciousness, emphasizing the need for a cortex in producing the conscious experience. The preserved consciousness observed in hydranencephalic children and decorticated rats suggests that some form of consciousness may be produced by a subcortical network. The brainstem, a phylogenetically conserved brain system, could serve as the major integrative network to produce this form of consciousness—referred to as ‘affective consciousness’, the evolutionary antecedent to the reflective consciousness allowing humans to reflect on experiences. The functional integration of the brainstem with the amygdala, motor network, and other subcortical structures provides the architecture …
T1 Relaxation Time Is Prolonged In Healthy Aging: A Whole Brain Study, Hayri̇ye Aktaş Di̇nçer, Ahmet Muhteşem Ağildere, Di̇dem Gökçay
T1 Relaxation Time Is Prolonged In Healthy Aging: A Whole Brain Study, Hayri̇ye Aktaş Di̇nçer, Ahmet Muhteşem Ağildere, Di̇dem Gökçay
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Background/aim: Measurement of tissue characteristics such as the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) provides complementary information to the volumetric and surface based structural analyses. We aimed to investigate T1 relaxation time characteristics in healthy aging via an exploratory design in the whole brain. The data processing pipeline was designed to minimize errors related to aging effects such as atrophy. Materials and methods: Sixty healthy participants underwent MRI scanning (28 F, 32 M, age range: 18-78, 30 young and 30 old) in November 2017-March 2018 at the Bilkent University UMRAM Center. Four images with varying flip angles with FLASH (fast low angle …
Medical Schools Ignore The Nature Of Consciousness At Great Cost, Anoop Kumar
Medical Schools Ignore The Nature Of Consciousness At Great Cost, Anoop Kumar
Journal of Wellness
The essential question of the relationship between consciousness and matter is ignored in medical school curricula, leading to a machine-like view of the human being that contributes to physician burnout and intellectual dissatisfaction. The evidence suggesting that the brain may not be the seat of consciousness is generally ignored to preserve the worldview of the primacy of matter. By investigating new frameworks detailing the nature of consciousness at different levels of hierarchy, we can bring intellectual rigor to a once opaque subject that supports a fundamental reality about our experience: We are human beings, not only human bodies.
Correlation Of Neuroimaging And Thorax Ct Findings In Patients With Covid-19:A Large Single-Center Experience, Hedi̇ye Pinar Günbey, Günay Rona, Özge Adigüzel Karaoysal, Ayşe Batirel, Banu Özen Barut
Correlation Of Neuroimaging And Thorax Ct Findings In Patients With Covid-19:A Large Single-Center Experience, Hedi̇ye Pinar Günbey, Günay Rona, Özge Adigüzel Karaoysal, Ayşe Batirel, Banu Özen Barut
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Background/aim: The aim of this current study was to describe the neuroimaging findings among patients with COVID-19 and to compare them with thorax CT imaging findings and clinicobiological profiles. Materials and methods: Between the period March 11 and December 31, 2020, we evaluated brain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images of patients with COVID-19. A total of 354 patients (mean age 65.2 ± 16.6, 52% female, 42% male) who had brain imaging were included in the study. Of this total sample, 218 had thorax CT scanning (65.5%). Neuroimaging and thorax CT findings, clinical course, neurologic findings, and laboratory …
Mental Health & Drugs; A Map Of The Mind, Wylie Jones Jordan
Mental Health & Drugs; A Map Of The Mind, Wylie Jones Jordan
Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences
The practice of physical medicine underwent a sea change at the turn of the 20th century, but the management of mental disorders stayed much the same as it had been since Rome. New names have been coined for disorders, and synthetic drugs are advertised as a solution to every problem, but the causes are still largely unknown and, although spontaneous remission can occur, there are no cures. This review of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment from Rome to the 21st century offers a rationale to support the classic (and still current) classification of disorders. It offers a method of distinguishing the …
Memantine: Can It Be Used To Treat Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder?, Austin Brown, Katherine Liu, Pul Lee, Rachel Muhlenkamp, Manoranjan D'Souza
Memantine: Can It Be Used To Treat Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder?, Austin Brown, Katherine Liu, Pul Lee, Rachel Muhlenkamp, Manoranjan D'Souza
Pharmacy and Wellness Review
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment in social, behavior and communicative skills. The current therapy for ASD only targets the associated symptoms such as aggression, self-harming acts or temper tantrums but not the core symptoms of social dysfunction. The pathology of ASD is not fully understood. Interestingly, imaging studies in ASD patients have reported abnormal high levels of glutamate in certain brain regions that play an important role in social interaction and communication. Thus, it has been hypothesized that medications attenuating glutamate transmission may be used as treatment for some of the core symptoms of …
Developing Drug Therapies: Cognitive Damage In Mice Following Brain Radiation, Rachel Yuska
Developing Drug Therapies: Cognitive Damage In Mice Following Brain Radiation, Rachel Yuska
The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research
Pediatric brain cancer patients are at a high risk for radiation-induced cognitive impairment due to white matter changes in the brain. Half of six-month radiotherapy survivors develop significant changes in white matter. Previous research has shown that a mouse model can be used to show similar cognitive and behavioral deficits in human patients. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of two drug therapies, Donepezil and 3,3-Diindolylmethane (DIM), that could be used to either protect the brain from radiation injury or cure the cognitive injury and behavioral deficits that result from whole-brain irradiation. This project consisted of …
Psycho-Physiologic Emergentism; Four Minds In A Body, David L. Rowland, Ion G. Motofei
Psycho-Physiologic Emergentism; Four Minds In A Body, David L. Rowland, Ion G. Motofei
Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences
The mind-body problem represents one of the most debated topics in the neurosciences. From a psychological standpoint, abstract/non-material data are an intrinsic part of the mind, intervening to a large extent in reasoning and decision making processes. Imaging studies also show a strong correlation between higher cognitive functions (such as working memory) and specific cerebral brain regions (a fronto-parietal network of interacting left and right brain areas). In contrast, the physical/material brain would be unable to interact with abstract-immaterial data, such that the psychological processing of abstract data (processes such as thinking, reasoning, and judgment) is attributed to the mind, …
The Protective Effects Of Hydrogen On Ho-1 Expression In The Brainafter Focal Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion In Rats, Xifeng Wang, Lianshuang Zhang, Wei Zhao, Tongshen Liu
The Protective Effects Of Hydrogen On Ho-1 Expression In The Brainafter Focal Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion In Rats, Xifeng Wang, Lianshuang Zhang, Wei Zhao, Tongshen Liu
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Background/aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether a hydrogen administration can produce neuroprotective effects after brain ischemia reperfusion in rats. Materials and methods: A brain ischemia reperfusion injury was induced by a 2-h left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using an intraluminal filament, followed by 46 h of reperfusion. A hydrogen-rich saline (1 mL/kg body weight i.p.) was administered at the beginning of reperfusion. Saline (1 mL/kg)-treated animals were used as the control. Sham-operated animals were also used. Subsequently, 48 h after the MCAO, histological alternations, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide …
Effects Of Melatonin And Theanine Administration On Pentylenetetrazole-Inducedseizures And Brain Tissue Oxidative Damage In Ovariectomized Rats, Shadi Choopankareh, Farzaneh Vafaee, Mohammad Naser Shafei, Hamid Reza Sadeghnia, Reza Salarinia, Leila Zarepoor, Mahmoud Hosseini
Effects Of Melatonin And Theanine Administration On Pentylenetetrazole-Inducedseizures And Brain Tissue Oxidative Damage In Ovariectomized Rats, Shadi Choopankareh, Farzaneh Vafaee, Mohammad Naser Shafei, Hamid Reza Sadeghnia, Reza Salarinia, Leila Zarepoor, Mahmoud Hosseini
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Background/aim: The effects of coadministration of melatonin and theanine (Mel/Thea) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and brain tissue oxidative damage were investigated in ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated rats. Materials and methods: The rats were divided into the following groups: 1) sham, 2) ovariectomized (OVX), 3) sham-PTZ, 4) OVX-PTZ, 5) sham-Mel/Thea-PTZ, and 6) OVX-Mel/Thea-PTZ. Groups 1-4 received saline, while groups 5 and 6 received a combination of Mel/Thea for 6 weeks. All animals except for those in groups 1 and 2 received a single injection of PTZ. Results: The OVX-PTZ group had higher generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) latency compared to the sham-PTZ …
Effect Of Ginkgo Biloba On Brain Volume After Carotid Artery Occlusion In Rats: A Stereological And Histopathological Study, Zeynep Aktürk, Ersan Odaci, Ayşe İki̇nci̇, Orhan Baş, Si̇nan Canpolat, Serdar Çolakoğlu, Osman Fi̇kret Sönmez
Effect Of Ginkgo Biloba On Brain Volume After Carotid Artery Occlusion In Rats: A Stereological And Histopathological Study, Zeynep Aktürk, Ersan Odaci, Ayşe İki̇nci̇, Orhan Baş, Si̇nan Canpolat, Serdar Çolakoğlu, Osman Fi̇kret Sönmez
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
This study investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) on brain volume in cerebral ischemia induced by stopping carotid artery blood flow. Materials and methods: Twenty-four adult male rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. No procedure was performed on the control group. Ischemia was applied to the rats in the ischemia and ischemia + GB groups by clamping the arteria carotis communis for 30 min. The rats in the ischemia + GB group were given 100 mg/kg drops (Tebokan Fort Drop, Abdi İbrahim İlaç Sanayi A.Ş., Turkey) containing dry GB leaf extract orally, every day for …
The Effect Of Alcohol On Total Antioxidant Activity And Nitric Oxide Levels In The Sera And Brains Of Rats, Sevi̇l Kurban, İdri̇s Mehmetoğlu
The Effect Of Alcohol On Total Antioxidant Activity And Nitric Oxide Levels In The Sera And Brains Of Rats, Sevi̇l Kurban, İdri̇s Mehmetoğlu
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Background: The present study investigated the effect of alcohol consumption on total antioxidant activity (AOA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the sera and brains of rats. Materials and methods: The study included 24 rats that were divided into 2 groups: the control group (n = 12) and the alcohol group (n = 12). Both groups were fed regular laboratory chow and tap water for a period of 2 months; however, the alcohol group received 15% (v/v) ethanol in their drinking water. Then, the rats were decapitated, and serum and brain AOA and NO levels were measured. Results: Both serum …
Age-Related Alterations In Superoxide Dismutaseand Catalase Activities In Rat Brain, Gülinnaz Alper, Eser Y. Sözmen, Lütfiye Kanit, Gülriz Mentes, Biltan Ersöz, Fatma Z. Kutay
Age-Related Alterations In Superoxide Dismutaseand Catalase Activities In Rat Brain, Gülinnaz Alper, Eser Y. Sözmen, Lütfiye Kanit, Gülriz Mentes, Biltan Ersöz, Fatma Z. Kutay
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Active oxygen species have been proposed to be involved in the aging process of the brain, therefore alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in the defense system against free radicals and other active species could substantially influence the aging process. This study is planned to determine the brain superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities which defend the components of brain cells against active oxygen species, in order to evaluate whether they play a role in the aging process. The activities of SOD and catalase were measured in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of Swiss male albino rats aged either …