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Articles 1 - 30 of 41
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Grisel Syndrome A Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Geetha Ramamoorthy
Grisel Syndrome A Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Geetha Ramamoorthy
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Grisel syndrome is defined as atlanto-axial subluxation following infections of upper airway. These patients present with torticollis which is persistent. Radiology is normal in these patients. This is actually a sinister problem which should always be kept in mind before taking up a patient for adenotonsillectomy. Subclinical subluxation of atlanto-axial joint may become overt causing brain stem compression following adenotonsillectomy surgery. This actually occurs because the paraspinal muscles are relaxed (due to the use of muscle relaxants) during the procedure. The actual position of tonsillectomy (Rose position) aggravates this condition. This article attempts to explore this problem with a review …
Proptosis Due To Otolaryngology Causes A Study, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Srikamakshi Kothandaraman
Proptosis Due To Otolaryngology Causes A Study, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Srikamakshi Kothandaraman
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Proximity of orbit to nose and paranasal sinuses makes it rather vulnerable to insults due to otolaryngological causes. The medial wall of orbit (Lamina papyracea) is rather paper thin and it happens to form the lateral wall of anterior ethmoid air cells. Infections / tumors involving paranasal sinuses can involve orbit also causing proptosis. The aim of the article is to study the common otolaryngological causes of proptosis in our Institution during 2009 – 2012.
Odontogenic Cysts Of Upper Jaw An Analysis, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Odontogenic Cysts Of Upper Jaw An Analysis, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This article attempts to analyze all cases of odontogenic cysts involving upper jaw who presented at Stanley Medical college during 2007 – 2012. This article analyzes the incidence of these cysts during the above said period, age of occurence, sex prediliction if any, clinical presentations and optimal treatment modality. Common complaints with which patients presented to our Institution was swelling over jaw, next was loosening of dentition, paresthesia. 30 patients had presented with cysts involving upper jaw out of which 29 were females and one was male. All these patients underwent surgical removal of the cystic lesion.
Pleomorphic Adenoma Hard Palate A Case Report And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Pleomorphic Adenoma Hard Palate A Case Report And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Pleomorphic adenoma is the common salivary gland tumour encountered. Most of these tumours occur in major salivary glands; Parotid gland happens to be the commonly involved one. This case report discusses a case of intraoral salivary gland tumour (in the hard palate). This case report discusses a case of pleomorphic adenoma of hard palate with a review of corresponding world literature. Even though these tumours are painless and slow growing ones, it is important to identify these cases rather early and extirpate them totally.
Fracture Nasal Bones, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Venkatesan Ulaganathan
Fracture Nasal Bones, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Venkatesan Ulaganathan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Nose is the most prominent part of the face, hence it is likely to be the most common structure to be injured in the face. Although fractures involving the nasal bones are very common, it is often ignored by the patient. Patients with fractures of nasal bone will have deformity, tenderness, haemorrhage, edema, ecchymosis, instability, and crepitation. These features may be present in varying combinations. This article discusses the pathophysiology of these fractures, role of radiography and ultrasound in their diagnosis and their management.
Fracture Zygoma And Its Management Our Experience, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Seethalakshmi Narashiman, Karthikeyan Arjunan
Fracture Zygoma And Its Management Our Experience, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Seethalakshmi Narashiman, Karthikeyan Arjunan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Zygoma is a very crucial component which maintains facial contour. Fractures involving zygoma is very common, in fact it is the second most common facial bone to the fractured following facial trauma (next only to nasal bones). Fractures involving maxilla not only creates cosmetic deformities, it also causes disruption of ocular and mandibular functions too. This article attempts to discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis and the various management options available. It also includes our 3 years experience in treating these patients at Stanley Medical College Chennai. During the period of 3 years between 2010 - 2012 about 82 patients got …
Fracture Frontal Bone And Its Management, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Fracture Frontal Bone And Its Management, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Fractures involving frontal bone are rather uncommon. Injuries to this bone is rather critical because of its proximity to brain. This article attempts to discuss this topic with focus its prevalence, its causes and various treatment modalities available. Three crucial areas need to be addressed. They include anterior table, posterior table and frontal sinus outflow tract. Posterior table fractures are usually associated with anterior table fractures and CSF leak. Hence these patients should be treated as head injury cases
Faciomaxillary Trauma An Update, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Faciomaxillary Trauma An Update, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This supplement of otolaryngology online journal covers the topic of Faciomaxillary trauma. Topics covered include fractures involving nasal bones, zygoma, maxilla and frontal bones. The entire discussion is from the perspective of otolaryngologist.
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome A Case Report And Review Of Literature, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome A Case Report And Review Of Literature, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This is a case report of a rather rare disorder i.e. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. This is caused by Varicella zoster infections involving geniculate ganglion of facial nerve. This syndrome is manifested by the presence of blebs in the external auditory canal, ear ache, and lower motor neurone type of facial paralysis. This patient had excellent recovery following administration of oral steroids and acyclovir.
Eosinophilic Otitis Media A Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Eosinophilic Otitis Media A Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Eosinophilic otitis media is actually a recent introduction. These patients may manifest with sudden hearing loss. There may be associated bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Diagnostic criteria of this condition are rather vague. A review of literature shows that demonstration of eosinophils in the middle ear secretion of these patients could be considered to be pathognomonic of this condition.
Intrinsic Rhinitis, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Intrinsic Rhinitis, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Intrinsic rhinitis is defined as a non infective and non allergic condition characterised by nasal block, rhinorrhoea and hyposmia. This is purely a medical condition. Awareness of this condition will help us to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures on patients suffering from this disorder. Surgery should be reserved only for cases that are intractable to medical management. This article discusses the complete gamut of this disorder.
Relaxation Thyroplasty – A Classical Surgical Approach For Puberphonia, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan
Relaxation Thyroplasty – A Classical Surgical Approach For Puberphonia, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Abstract: The persistence of adolescent voice even after puberty in the absence of organic cause is known as puberphonia. 1,2,3 The condition is commonly seen in males.1-7 . This case report illustrates a novel surgical method “Retrusion thyroplasty” in the management of puberphonia. Introduction: The persistence of adolescent voice even after puberty in the absence of organic cause is known as puberphonia. 1,2,3 The condition is commonly seen in males.1-7 Normally adolescent males undergo voice changes due to sudden increase in length of vocal cords due to enlargement of thyroid prominence (Adam’s apple). This is uncommon in females because their …
Role Of X-Rays In Rhinology, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Role Of X-Rays In Rhinology, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
X-rays in the present day context is considered to be outdated by Rhinologists. CT scan images have replaced conventional x-ray imaging. Current concensus is that still x-rays have a role in the field of rhinology. Its inherent advantages like easy availability, cost effectiveness makes this investigation still relevant in the present day scenario. Bony lesions involving nose and sinuses, can be evalutated with reasonable degree of accuracy by performing conventional radiographs. Air present inside the paranasal sinuses serve as excellent contrast medium for plain x-ray evaluation. Pathologies involving paranasal sinuses encroach upon these air spaces causing alterations in their translucency.
The Return Of The Strangler? Case Report Of A Fatal Case Of Diphtheria, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Srikamakshi Kothandaraman, Seethalakshmi Narashiman
The Return Of The Strangler? Case Report Of A Fatal Case Of Diphtheria, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Srikamakshi Kothandaraman, Seethalakshmi Narashiman
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This article is a case report of a case of diphtheria which presented as diphtheritic tonsillitis in stridor and finally succumbed to diphtheritic myocarditis. Here we describe the case presentation, the treatment modalities undertaken, and the fatal course of events followed by an elaborate discussion on diphtheria.
Advanced Anatomy Of Lateral Nasal Wall For The Endoscopic Sinus Surgeon, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Advanced Anatomy Of Lateral Nasal Wall For The Endoscopic Sinus Surgeon, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Introduction: Anatomy of the lateral nasal wall is highly complex and variable. With the popularity of endoscopic sinus surgery a through knowledge of this complex anatomy is very vital. Highly variable anatomy and paucity of standard landmark makes this region vulnerable for complications during endoscopic sinus surgery. The learning curve for endoscopic sinus surgery is made rather steep by this highly variable anatomy . Study of anatomy of lateral nasal wall dates back to Galen (AD 130-201). He described the porosity of bones in the head. Davinci in his classical anatomical drawings has illustrated maxillary sinus antrum. He also described …
Evaluation Of Lacrimal Apparatus, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Evaluation Of Lacrimal Apparatus, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Currently otolaryngologists have started doing dacryocystorhinostomy using nasal endoscopes. This procedure done by an otolaryngologist has its own obvious advantages. The first and foremost being the need for external incision has been dispensed with. On the flip side otolaryngologist is not conversant with the examination techniques involving this area. Even the standard text books of otolaryngology are woefully inadequate in details regarding this subject. This e book discusses the examination techniques and investigations pertaining to rhinolacrimal system
Reducing Bleeding During Fess, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Reducing Bleeding During Fess, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This article discusses the importance of anesthesia in endoscopic sinus surgery. Major aim of anesthetist in FESS should be to reduce blood pressure to such a level that bleeding is minimized. It also discusses the various steps that should be followed by surgeons to reduced intra operative bleeding during the procedure. Introduction: Bleeding is one complication that could increase the risk of complication during endoscopic sinus surgery. Considerable amount of attention should be paid to reduce bleeding on the table during the surgical procedure. Dry surgical field not only improves visibility during endoscopic sinus surgery, it also shortens the duration …
Choanal Atresia, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Choanal Atresia, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Choana is also known as posterior nasal aperture. Nasal airway continues with that of posterior nares. Air from nasal cavity finds its way into the lungs via the choanal apertures. In some children the choana may be congenitally closed. This causes either total (bilateral choanal atresia) or partial (unilateral choanal atreisa) nasal obstruction. Child being obligate nasal breathers, find it rather difficult to breathe when there is bilateral choanal atresia. This is more so during the first 6 weeks of life. Hence bilateral choanal atresia should be considered as an emergency in paediatric age group. This article attempts to discuss …
Rhinophyma, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Rhinophyma, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This is a disfigurement of the skin lining the nose. This condition is commonly seen in elderly males. This condition is characterised by slow and progressive hypertrophy of sebaceous glands and connective tissue over the lower portion of dorsum of the nose. The term rhinophyma originates from the Greek word “Rhis” which means nose and “phyma” which means growth. This article attempts to review the hitherto published literature on this subject.
Are Left Handed Surgeons Left Out?, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Srikamakshi Kothandaraman
Are Left Handed Surgeons Left Out?, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Srikamakshi Kothandaraman
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
“ If by chance I touched a pencil, a pen or a needle, I was bitterly rebuked, and more than once I have been beaten for being awkward and wanting a graceful manner.” These were the words of Benjamin Franklin, noted left-handed American inventor, scientist, printer, statesman and philosopher, who had a miserable childhood. His words reflect the exact state of affairs and consequently, the state of mind of the lonely left-hander in this right-dominated world. Studies have revealed that left-handers are generally more inhibited and anxious, and this doesn’t go without reason. The scientific reason is that, in left-handers …
Role Of Tissue Adhesive In Otorhinolaryngology, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan, Seethalakshmi Narashiman
Role Of Tissue Adhesive In Otorhinolaryngology, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan, Seethalakshmi Narashiman
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This paper summarises the effectiveness of tissue adhesives in otorhinolaryngology. Although the adhesion system cannot and should not replace surgical suture, it provides valuable assistance in tissue synthesis and in local haemostasis, particularly in cases where conventional suture methods are especially difficult to apply. In addition to good adhesion, an elastic consistency, and good tissue compatibility, the adhesive is completely absorbed. The system has been used successfully in myringoplasty, laryngectomy during pharyngeal closure, repair of CSF leak, laryngocele, and ossiculoplasty.
Nasal Myasis An Analysis, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Nasal Myasis An Analysis, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This article discusses Nasal myasis, its common causes and treatment modalities followed to remove the same. Myasis Narium is also commonly known as Peenash in India. Maggots are larvae hatched from eggs laid inside the nasal cavity by certain flies. The commonest fly implicated being Sarcophagia Georginia. These flies gets attracted by stench emanating from the nasal cavity of patients. They manage to lay eggs inside the nasal cavity. These flies are capable of laying more than 200 eggs at a time. These eggs take just a day to hatch.
Acute Otitis Media An Overview And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Acute Otitis Media An Overview And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Definition: Acute otitis media is defined as middle ear infection of 3 weeks duration. In acute otitis media there is evidence of acute illness along with symptoms like pain, fullness of ear. On examination the ear drum appears to be bulging and under high tension. If there is associated accumulation of fluid in the middle ear cavity then it is termed as otitis media with effusion (OME). In otitis media with effusion there is absence of these dramatic signs and symptoms. Only positive history being ear block, Introduction: Inorder to decide on the optimal management modality it is vital to …
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhoea An Overview, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhoea An Overview, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
This article discusses etiopathogenesis, clinical features and management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea is the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space into the nasal cavity due to defect in both dura and bone. Various causes of CSF rhinorrhoea include: 1. Traumatic 2. Iatrogenic 3. Idiopathic 4. Tumors
Huge Epiglottis Cyst Causing Upper Air Way Obstruction A Case Report And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan
Huge Epiglottis Cyst Causing Upper Air Way Obstruction A Case Report And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Karthikeyan Arjunan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Cystic lesions involving larynx are fairly common. They constitute about 5% of benign laryngeal lesions. Majority of cysts arise from epiglottis. Lingual surface of epiglottis is commonly involved. These cysts have the potential to cause acute upper airway obstruction. This article discusses a patient who presented with a large epiglottic cyst with acute upper airway obstruction. This case is being reported not only for its rarity but also for management challenges it provides.
Huge Rhinolith Nasal Cavity An Interesting Case Report And A Review Of Literature, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Huge Rhinolith Nasal Cavity An Interesting Case Report And A Review Of Literature, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Rhinoliths are calcareous deposits (stone like) inside the nasal cavity. These stone like structures are highly friable and may crumble when crushed. This interesting case report discusses a patient with a huge rhinolith inside the nasal cavity. Rhinoliths since they crumble easily can be removed after crushing with a luc’s forceps via the nasal cavity. Since the rhinolith in this patient was very large extending up to the choana it was removed via lateral rhinotomy approach in order to avoid excessive injury to nasal mucosa during the process of removal.
Blow Out Fracture Orbit Endoscopic Reduction A Novel Management Modality, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Blow Out Fracture Orbit Endoscopic Reduction A Novel Management Modality, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Blow out fracture of orbit involves fracture of orbital floor without fracture of infraorbital rim. This injury is common from frontal blow to orbit. Frontal blow to orbit causes increased intraorbital tension causing fracture of floor of the orbit (weak point) with prolapse of orbital content into the maxillary sinus cavity. This causes enophthalmos and diplopia. Infraorbital rim is not involved in pure blow out fracture, it is also involved then it should be considered as an impure blow out fracture 3. Entrapment of inferior rectus muscle between the fracture fragments will cause diplopia in these patients. This article discusses …
Mucocele Of Middle Turbinate An Interesting Case Report And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Mucocele Of Middle Turbinate An Interesting Case Report And Literature Review, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Concha involving middle turbinate is a common occurence1. Review of literature puts the incidence anywhere between 14 – 40%. This is an interesting case report of mucocele involving middle turbinate concha. Pneumatization of middle turbinate is known as concha bullosa4. Concha bullosa actually is a radiological diagnosis2 . Mucoceles can technically arise from a concha bullosa if its outflow channel is obstructed. This is ofcourse rather rare. This case report discusses a case of mucocele involving a pneumatized middle turbinate.
Preventing Nerve Damage During Thyroid Surgery, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Preventing Nerve Damage During Thyroid Surgery, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Thyroid sugery is a potential risk for vital nerves which include recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve. Out of these two damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve leaves the patient with a hoarse voice. Situation is more disastrous if recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged on both sides during total thyroidectomy. This leads to bilateral abductor paralysis condeming the patient to life long tracheostomy. This article discusses various preventive steps that can be taken while performing thyroidectomies to avoid injury to recurrent laryngeal nerves.
Anatomy Of External Auditory Canal A Review From Otolaryngologist's Perspective, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Anatomy Of External Auditory Canal A Review From Otolaryngologist's Perspective, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
The external auditory canal is the only skin lined cul-de-sac in the whole human body. It is known to perform both auditory and non auditory functions. The auditory function is that it permits efficient sound transmission from the environment to the tympanic membrane, self maintenance of a clear passage for transmission of sound. Its non auditory functions include protection of the middle ear and inner ear from trauma and environmental insults. This article dwells in depth about the entire gamut of anatomy of external auditory canal.