Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Gender Specific Differences In The Pros And Cons Of Smoking Among Current Smokers In Eastern Kentucky: Implications For Future Smoking Cessation Interventions, Dana A. Hazen, David M. Mannino, Richard Clayton

David M. Mannino

This study investigated gender differences in the perceived “pros” and “cons” of smoking using the constructs of decisional balance (DB) and stage of change from the Transtheoretical Model. The population distribution for stage of change among a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 155 current smokers over 40 years was: precontemplation (22.6%), contemplation (41.9%), preparation (35.5%). Results of stepwise regression models indicated significant gender differences in DB were in the preparation stage of change; scores on the DB measure increased 3.94 points (95% CI: 1.94, 5.93) for male smokers. Interventions targeting the “pros” and “cons” of smoking may need to be gender …

Obstructive Lung Disease Models: What Is Valid, Jill M. Ferdinands, David M. Mannino

David M. Mannino

Use of disease simulation models has led to scrutiny of model methods and demand for evidence that models credibly simulate health outcomes. We sought to describe recent obstructive lung disease simulation models and their validation. Medline and EMBASE were used to identify obstructive lung disease simulation models published from January 2000 to June 2006. Publications were reviewed to assess model attributes and four types of validation: first-order (verification/debugging), second-order (comparison with studies used in model development), third-order (comparison with studies not used in model development), and predictive validity. Six asthma and seven chronic obstructive pulmonary disease models were identified. Seven …

Fluoranthene, But Not Benzo[A]Pyrene, Interacts With Hypoxia Resulting In Pericardial Effusion And Lordosis In Developing Zebrafish, Cole W. Matson, Alicia R. Timme-Laragy, Richard T. Di Giulio

Alicia R. Timme-Laragy

Previous research has documented several PAHs that interact synergistically, causing severe teratogenicity in developing fish embryos. The coexposure of CYP1A inhibitors (e.g. FL or ANF) with AHR agonists (e.g. BaP or BNF) results in a synergistic increase in toxicity. As with chemical CYP1A inhibitors, it has also been shown that CYP1A morpholinos exacerbate BNF-induced embryotoxicity. We hypothesized that a hypoxia-induced reduction in CYP1A activity in BNF or BaP-exposed zebrafish embryos would similarly enhance pericardial effusion and other developmental abnormalities. BaP, BNF, ANF, and FL exposures, both individually and as BaP+FL or BNF+ANF combinations, were performed under hypoxia and normoxia. CYP1A …

Epidemiology Of Copd Exacerbations, Andrea K. Johnston, David M. Mannino

David M. Mannino

Chapter Opening

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is expected to be the third cause of death worldwide by the year 2020, behind only cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease (1), and the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years lost (2). In the United States, COPD accounted for 8 million outpatient visits, 1.5 millions emergency department (ED) visits, 726,000 hospitalizations, and 119,000 deaths in 2000, with the number of women dying from COPD surpassing the number of men for the first time (3). In the United Kingdom, COPD exacerbations are now the most common cause of hospital admission (4). Acute exacerbations …

Cyp1b1 Knockdown Does Not Alter Synergistic Developmental Toxicity Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Zebrafish (Danio Rerio), Alicia Timme-Laragy, Pamela Noyes, Donald Buhler, Richard Di Giulio

Alicia R. Timme-Laragy

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants increasing in the environment largely due to burning of fossil fuels. Our previous work identified a synergistic toxicity interaction in zebrafish embryos occurring when PAHs that are agonists for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) co-occur with PAHs that are CYP1A inhibitors. This toxicity is mediated by the AHR2, and morpholino knockdown of CYP1A exacerbated toxicity. This study tested two hypotheses: 1) in the absence of functional CYP1A, metabolism of PAHs is shunted towards CYP1B1, which has been shown in mammals to produce more reactive metabolites of PAHs; alternatively 2) CYP1B1 serves a protective role …

Newspapers And Newspaper Ink Contain Agonists For The Ah Receptor, Jessica E. S. Bohonowych, Bin Zhao, Alicia R. Timme-Laragy, Dawoon Jung, Richard T. Di Giulio, Michael S. Denison

Alicia R. Timme-Laragy

Ligand-dependent activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway leads to a diverse array of biological and toxicological effects. The best-studied ligands for the AhR include polycyclic and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, the most potent of which is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, as new AhR ligands are identified and characterized, their structural and physiochemical diversity continues to expand. Our identification of AhR agonists in crude extracts from diverse materials raises questions as to the magnitude and extent of human exposure to AhR ligands through normal daily activities. We have found that solvent extracts of newspapers from countries around the world stimulate the …

Respiratory Diseases Research At Niosh: Reviews Of Research Programs Of The National Institute For Occupational Safety And Health, Mark Utell, John Balmes, Paul Blanc, Elizabeth Chamberlin, Rogene Henderson, David M. Mannino, James Merchant, Jacqueline Nowell, Charles Poole, Richard Schlesinger, Noah Seixas, Ira Tager, David Wegman

David M. Mannino

See attached file for Executive Summary Full Text Link http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12171&page=R1

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease And The Role Of Spirometry, T. L. Petty, David M. Mannino

David M. Mannino

No abstract provided.

Hazardous Chemicals And Your Body: Eating Right For A Healthier You, Lisa Gaetke, Carolyn Hofe, Anna G. Hoover, Stephanie Jenkins, Lindell Ormsbee, Ashley Osbourne

Anna G. Hoover

No abstract provided.

Developing An International Competence-Based Curriculum For Environmental Health, R. Konkel, Maurice Brennan, Tony Lewis

Steve Konkel

In 1998, the International Federation of Environmental Health (IEFH) commissioned the International Faculty Forum (IFF) of environmental health educators to develop an international curriculum for environmental health. In commissioning such a curriculum, IFEH implicitly recognised and sought to address the ongoing issues of professional identity, status and the transportability of qualifications for Environmental Health Practitioners (EHPs). A draft model for an international curriculum based on competence was proposed by Brennan, Konkel anad Lewis and developed and supported by IFF members when they met in May 2008 in Brisbane, Australia. Development of the model and its underpinning concepts of 'environmental healthness' …