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Articles 1 - 12 of 12
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Bacterial Acquisition In Juveniles Of Several Broadcast Spawning Coral Species, Koty H. Sharp, Kim B. Ritchie
Bacterial Acquisition In Juveniles Of Several Broadcast Spawning Coral Species, Koty H. Sharp, Kim B. Ritchie
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
Coral animals harbor diverse microorganisms in their tissues, including archaea, bacteria, viruses, and zooxanthellae. The extent to which coral-bacterial associations are specific and the mechanisms for their maintenance across generations in the environment are unknown. The high diversity of bacteria in adult coral colonies has made it challenging to identify species-specific patterns. Localization of bacteria in gametes and larvae of corals presents an opportunity for determining when bacterial-coral associations are initiated and whether they are dynamic throughout early development. This study focuses on the early onset of bacterial associations in the mass spawning corals Montastraea annularis, M. franksi, M. faveolata, …
Introduction: Protistan Biology, Horizontal Gene Transfer, And Common Descent Uncover Faulty Logic In Intelligent Design, Avelina Espinosa
Introduction: Protistan Biology, Horizontal Gene Transfer, And Common Descent Uncover Faulty Logic In Intelligent Design, Avelina Espinosa
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
THE International Society of Protistologists (ISOP) organized a pre-meeting workshop entitled ‘‘Horizontal Gene Transfer and Phylogenetic Evolution Debunk Intelligent Design,’’ as part of the 1st North American Section meeting held June 11–13, 2009, at Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA. This workshop focused on the acceptance of Darwinian evolution in the United States and the role of intelligent design (ID) in the ongoing controversy between scientific knowledge and popular belief. Intelligent design, a doctrine born in the 1980s, proposes that a ‘‘Designer’’ is responsible for the complexity in biological systems and that Darwinism cannot explain holistically the origin and evolution …
Combined Effects Of A Parasite, Qpx, And The Harmful-Alga, Prorocentrum Minimum On Northern Quahogs, Mercenaria Mercenaria, Hélène Hégaret, Roxanna Smolowitz, Inke Sunila, Sandra E. Shumway, Jennifer Alix, Mark Dixon, Gary H. Wikfors
Combined Effects Of A Parasite, Qpx, And The Harmful-Alga, Prorocentrum Minimum On Northern Quahogs, Mercenaria Mercenaria, Hélène Hégaret, Roxanna Smolowitz, Inke Sunila, Sandra E. Shumway, Jennifer Alix, Mark Dixon, Gary H. Wikfors
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
Northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.), frequently are infected with the parasite Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX, Labyrintohomorpha, Thraustochytriales), which can cause morbidity and mortality of the quahogs. Possible interactions between this parasitic disease and exposure to the harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in M. mercenaria were studied experimentally. Quahogs from Massachusetts with variable intensity of QPX infection were exposed, under controlled laboratory conditions, to cultured P. minimum added to the natural plankton at a cell density equivalent to a natural bloom. After 5 days of exposure, individual clams were diagnosed histologically to assess prevalence and intensity of parasitic infection, as well as …
Danger Of Zooplankton Feeding: The Fluid Signal Generated By Ambush-Feeding Copepods, Thomas Kiørboe, Houshuo Jiang, Sean Colin
Danger Of Zooplankton Feeding: The Fluid Signal Generated By Ambush-Feeding Copepods, Thomas Kiørboe, Houshuo Jiang, Sean Colin
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
Zooplankton feed in any of three ways: they generate a feeding current while hovering, cruise through the water or are ambush feeders. Each mode generates different hydrodynamic disturbances and hence exposes the grazers differently to mechanosensory predators. Ambush feeders sink slowly and therefore perform occasional upward repositioning jumps. We quantified the fluid disturbance generated by repositioning jumps in a millimetre-sized copepod (Re ∼ 40). The kick of the swimming legs generates a viscous vortex ring in the wake; another ring of similar intensity but opposite rotation is formed around the decelerating copepod. A simple analytical model, that of an impulsive …
Stealth Predation And The Predatory Success Of The Invasive Ctenophore Mnemiopsis Leidyi, Sean Colin, John H. Costello, Lars J. Hansson, Josefin Titelman, John O. Dabiri
Stealth Predation And The Predatory Success Of The Invasive Ctenophore Mnemiopsis Leidyi, Sean Colin, John H. Costello, Lars J. Hansson, Josefin Titelman, John O. Dabiri
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
In contrast to higher metazoans such as copepods and fish, ctenophores are a basal metazoan lineage possessing a relatively narrow set of sensory-motor capabilities. Yet lobate ctenophores can capture prey at rates comparable to sophisticated predatory copepods and fish, and they are capable of altering the composition of coastal planktonic communities. Here, we demonstrate that the predatory success of the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi lies in its use of cilia to generate a feeding current that continuously entrains large volumes of fluid, yet is virtually undetectable to its prey. This form of stealth predation enables M. leidyi to feed as …
Bryostatins: Biological Context And Biotechnological Prospects, Amaro E. Trindade-Silva, Grace E. Lim-Fong, Koty H. Sharp
Bryostatins: Biological Context And Biotechnological Prospects, Amaro E. Trindade-Silva, Grace E. Lim-Fong, Koty H. Sharp
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
Coral animals harbor diverse microorganisms in their tissues, including archaea, bacteria, viruses, and Bryostatins are a family of protein kinase C modulators that have potential applications in biomedicine. Found in miniscule quantities in a small marine invertebrate, lack of supply has hampered their development. In recent years, bryostatins have been shown to have potent bioactivity in the central nervous system, an uncultivated marine bacterial symbiont has been shown to be the likely natural source of the bryostatins, the bryostatin biosynthetic genes have been identified and characterized, and bryostatin analogues with promising biological activity have been developed and tested. Challenges in …
Integrating Horizontal Gene Transfer And Common Descent To Depict Evolution And Contrast It With ‘‘Common Design, Guillermo Paz-Y-Mino C., Avelina Espinosa
Integrating Horizontal Gene Transfer And Common Descent To Depict Evolution And Contrast It With ‘‘Common Design, Guillermo Paz-Y-Mino C., Avelina Espinosa
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and common descent interact in space and time. Because events of HGT co-occur with phylogenetic evolution, it is difficult to depict evolutionary patterns graphically. Tree-like representations of life’s diversification are useful, but they ignore the significance of HGT in evolutionary history, particularly of unicellular organisms, ancestors of multicellular life. Here we integrate the reticulated-tree model, ring of life, symbiogenesis whole-organism model, and eliminative pattern pluralism to represent evolution. Using Entamoeba histolytica alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (EhADH2), a bifunctional enzyme in the glycolytic pathway of amoeba, we illustrate how EhADH2 could be the product of both horizontally acquired …
Phenotypic Plasticity In Juvenile Jellyfish Medusae Facilitates Effective Animal–Fluid Interaction, J. C. Nawroth, K. E. Feitl, Sean Colin, John H. Costello, J. O. Dabiri
Phenotypic Plasticity In Juvenile Jellyfish Medusae Facilitates Effective Animal–Fluid Interaction, J. C. Nawroth, K. E. Feitl, Sean Colin, John H. Costello, J. O. Dabiri
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
Locomotion and feeding in marine animals are intimately linked to the flow dynamics created by specialized body parts. This interaction is of particular importance during ontogeny, when changes in behaviour and scale challenge the organism with shifts in fluid regimes and altered functionality. Previous studies have indicated that Scyphozoan jellyfish ontogeny accommodates the changes in fluid dynamics associated with increasing body dimensions and velocities during development. However, in addition to scale and behaviour that—to a certain degree—underlie the control of the animal, flow dynamics are also dependent on external factors such as temperature. Here, we show phenotypic plasticity in juvenile …
The Importance Of Open Access In Technology Transfer For Marine Ornamental Aquaculture: The Case Of Hobbyist-Led Breeding Initiative, Andrew L. Rhyne
The Importance Of Open Access In Technology Transfer For Marine Ornamental Aquaculture: The Case Of Hobbyist-Led Breeding Initiative, Andrew L. Rhyne
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
Access to peer-reviewed literature is often restricted to a limited segment of the target audience. Barriers are in place to prevent open access information. Here, I present a case study of how the internet and hobbyists are transforming both access and flow of information from closed circles to open dialogue within the field of marine ornamental fish rearing. This open approach is leading to innovation a rate remarkably faster and at a lower costs than could have been accomplished by traditional methods. Aquaculture societies, aquarium professionals, hobbyists, and scientists pursuing the captive production of species should embrace this movement. Whether …
How U.S. Ocean Policy And Market Power Can Reform The Coral Reef Wildlife Trade, Brian N. Tissot, Barbara A. Best, Eric H. Borneman, Andrew W. Bruckner, Cara H. Cooper, Heather D’Agnes, Timothy P. Fitzgerald, Amanda Leland, Susan Lieberman, Amy Mathews Amos, Rashid Sumaila, Teresa M. Telecky, Frazer Mcgilvray, Brian J. Plankis, Andrew L. Rhyne, Glynnis G. Roberts, Benjamin Starkhouse, Todd C. Stevenson
How U.S. Ocean Policy And Market Power Can Reform The Coral Reef Wildlife Trade, Brian N. Tissot, Barbara A. Best, Eric H. Borneman, Andrew W. Bruckner, Cara H. Cooper, Heather D’Agnes, Timothy P. Fitzgerald, Amanda Leland, Susan Lieberman, Amy Mathews Amos, Rashid Sumaila, Teresa M. Telecky, Frazer Mcgilvray, Brian J. Plankis, Andrew L. Rhyne, Glynnis G. Roberts, Benjamin Starkhouse, Todd C. Stevenson
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
As the world’s largest importer of marine ornamental species for the aquaria, curio, home décor, and jewelry industries, the United States has an opportunity to leverage its considerable market power to promote more sustainable trade and reduce the effects of ornamental trade stress on coral reefs worldwide. Evidence indicates that collection of some coral reef animals for these trades has caused virtual elimination of local populations, major changes in age structure, and promotion of collection practices that destroy reef habitats. Management and enforcement of collection activities in major source countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines remain weak. Strengthening US …
Effects Of Salinity On Reproduction And Survival Of The Calanoid Copepod Pseudodiaptomus Pelagicus, Cortney L. Ohs, Andrew L. Rhyne, Scott W. Grabe, Matthew A. Dimaggio, Erik Stenn
Effects Of Salinity On Reproduction And Survival Of The Calanoid Copepod Pseudodiaptomus Pelagicus, Cortney L. Ohs, Andrew L. Rhyne, Scott W. Grabe, Matthew A. Dimaggio, Erik Stenn
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
Four experiments were conducted on the calanoid copepod, Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus, to determine the effects of salinity on survival, development time, reproductive output, and population growth in order to define the optimal salinity for culture. To determine the appropriate experimental salinity range we exposed nauplii and adults to abrupt salinity changes from 35 g/L to 5, 10, 15, 35, 42, and 48 g/L at 30 °C and determined survival after 24 hours. The second experiment stocked early stage nauplii into 1 L beakers after which they were cultured using standard procedures for 10 days at six salinities (10, 15, 20, …
The Evolution Of Euhermaphroditism In Caridean Shrimps: A Molecular Perspective Of Sexual Systems And Systematics, G. Curt Fiedler, Andrew L. Rhyne, Ryoko Segawa, Tadashi Aotsuka, Nikolaos V V. Schizas
The Evolution Of Euhermaphroditism In Caridean Shrimps: A Molecular Perspective Of Sexual Systems And Systematics, G. Curt Fiedler, Andrew L. Rhyne, Ryoko Segawa, Tadashi Aotsuka, Nikolaos V V. Schizas
Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
The hippolytid genus Lysmata is characterized by simultaneous hermaphroditism, a very rare sexual system among Decapoda. Specialized cleaning behavior is reported in a few pair-living species; these life history traits vary within the genus. Unfortunately, the systematics of Lysmata and the Hippolytidae itself are in contention, making it difficult to examine these taxa for trends in life history traits. A phylogeny of Lysmata and related taxa is needed, to clarify their evolutionary relationships and the origin of their unique sexual pattern. In this study, we present a molecular phylogenetic analysis among species of Lysmata, related genera, and several putative …