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Co-Encapsulation Of Gallium With Gentamicin In Liposomes Enhances Antimicrobial Activity Of Gentamicin Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Majed Halwani, B. Yebio, Zacharias E. Suntres, M. Alipour, Ali Azghani, A. Omri Nov 2008

Co-Encapsulation Of Gallium With Gentamicin In Liposomes Enhances Antimicrobial Activity Of Gentamicin Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Majed Halwani, B. Yebio, Zacharias E. Suntres, M. Alipour, Ali Azghani, A. Omri

Ali Azghani

The aim of this study was to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of a liposomal gentamicin formulation with gallium metal (Lipo-Ga-GEN) against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 

Sputum isolates of P. aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients were used to determine the MIC and MBC of Lipo-Ga-GEN. P. aeruginosa biofilms were formed and used to compare the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of the conventional drugs with that of Lipo-Ga-GEN. Quorum sensing (QS) molecule reduction of P. aeruginosa was determined by monitoring N-acyl homoserine lactone production using Agrobacterium tumefaciens reporter strain (A136). Viability of the cultured human lung epithelial cells (A549) was determined …


Distribution Patterns Of Sciurus Niger (Eastern Fox Squirrel) Leaf Nests Within Woodlots Across A Suburban/Urban Landscape, Carmen M. Salsbury Nov 2008

Distribution Patterns Of Sciurus Niger (Eastern Fox Squirrel) Leaf Nests Within Woodlots Across A Suburban/Urban Landscape, Carmen M. Salsbury

Carmen M. Salsbury

To determine habitat characteristics that influence Sciurus niger (Eastern Fox Squirrel) abundance and distribution within a suburban/urban landscape in the midwestern United States, I documented the density and placement of fox squirrel leaf nests in 20 woodlots in the Indianapolis metropolitan area. Marion County, IN. The woodlots varied in size (0.94 to 19.5 ha), approximate age, shape, and degree of isolation from other woodlots and suitable squirrel habitat in the surrounding area. Only 8.0% of nests were located in a tree with another nest, and nests were randomly distributed in all but one woodlot, where they were uniformly dispersed. Nest …


Reflections On Recycling, Pollution And History Or, How To Beat The High Cost Of Living, Richard B. Philp Oct 2008

Reflections On Recycling, Pollution And History Or, How To Beat The High Cost Of Living, Richard B. Philp

Richard B. Philp

Lessons learned during the Great Depression and World War II may have to be relearned. The three Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) were essential then to individual and national survival. A fourth R, repair, was practised as well. These lessons, if relearned, will stand us in good stead when dealing with the current economic climate as well as with problems of pollution and global warming.


Demographic Parameters Of Yellowfin Croaker, Umbrina Roncador (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), From The Southern California Bight, Daniel Pondella, John Froeschke, Lynne Wetmore, Eric Miller, Charles Valle, Lea Medeiros Sep 2008

Demographic Parameters Of Yellowfin Croaker, Umbrina Roncador (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), From The Southern California Bight, Daniel Pondella, John Froeschke, Lynne Wetmore, Eric Miller, Charles Valle, Lea Medeiros

Daniel Pondella

The yellowfin croaker, Umbrina roncador Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, is a common nearshore and surf-zone species in the southern California bight. Age was determined for individuals (n = 1,209) using annual increments in otoliths, and size at age was modeled using the von Bertalanffy growth curve (L∞ = 307.754 mm, k = 0.278 yr−1, t0 = −0.995 yr; maximum age = 15 yr). Females (L∞= 313.173 mm, k = 0.307 yr−1, t0 = −0.771 yr) grew significantly faster and larger than males (L∞= 298.886, k = 0.269 yr−1, t0 = −1.072 yr). Age and growth modeling based upon otolith length …


Quorum-Sensing Signals In The Microbial Community Of The Cabbage White Butterfly Larval Midgut, Bradley R. Borlee, Grant D. Geske, Courtney Jaime Robinson, Helen E. Blackwell, Jo Handelsman Sep 2008

Quorum-Sensing Signals In The Microbial Community Of The Cabbage White Butterfly Larval Midgut, Bradley R. Borlee, Grant D. Geske, Courtney Jaime Robinson, Helen E. Blackwell, Jo Handelsman

Courtney Robinson

The overall goal of this study was to examine the role of quorum-sensing (QS) signals in a multispecies microbial community. Toward this aim, we studied QS signals produced by an indigenous member and an invading pathogen of the microbial community of the cabbage white butterfly (CWB) larval midgut (Pieris rapae). As an initial step, we characterized the QS system in Pantoea CWB304, which was isolated from the larval midgut. A luxI homolog, designated panI, is necessary for the production of N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) by Pantoea CWB304. To determine whether AHL signals are exchanged in the alkaline environment of the midgut, …


A Darwinist View Of The Living Constitution, Scott Dodson Sep 2008

A Darwinist View Of The Living Constitution, Scott Dodson

Scott Dodson

The metaphor of a “living" Constitution imports terms from biology into law and, in the process, relies on biology for its meaning. A proper understanding of biology is therefore central to understanding living constitutionalism. Yet despite its rampant use by both opponents and proponents of living constitutionalism, and despite the current fervent debate over whether biology can be useful to the law, no one has evaluated the metaphor from a biological perspective.

This Essay begins that inquiry in an interdisciplinary study of law, science, and philology. The Essay first evaluates the metaphor as it is currently used and concludes that …


Causes Of Mortality Of Wild Birds Submitted To The Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador From 2002-2004, Patricia Parker, Nicole L. Gottdenker, Timothy Walsh, Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui, Franklin Betancourt, Marilyn Cruz, Catherine Soos, R. Eric Miller Sep 2008

Causes Of Mortality Of Wild Birds Submitted To The Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador From 2002-2004, Patricia Parker, Nicole L. Gottdenker, Timothy Walsh, Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui, Franklin Betancourt, Marilyn Cruz, Catherine Soos, R. Eric Miller

Patricia Parker

Necropsy findings were reviewed from wild birds submitted to the Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago between 2004 and 2006. One hundred and ninety cases from 27 different species were submitted, and 178 of these cases were evaluated grossly or histologically. Trauma and trauma-related deaths (n=141) dominated necropsy submissions. Infectious causes of avian mortality included myiasis due to Philornis sp. (n=6), avian pox (n=1), and schistosomosis (n=1).


Soluble Factors From Plasmodium Falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes Induce Apoptosis In Human Brain Vascular Endothelial And Neuroglia Cells, Winston A. Anderson Aug 2008

Soluble Factors From Plasmodium Falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes Induce Apoptosis In Human Brain Vascular Endothelial And Neuroglia Cells, Winston A. Anderson

Winston Anderson

The severity of malaria is multi-factorial. It is associated with parasite-induced alteration in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in host serum and cerebrospinal fluid. It is also associated with sequestration and cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes (pRBCs) in post-capillary venules and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The role of these factors in development of vascular injury and tissue damage in malaria patients is unclear. While some studies indicate a requirement for pRBC adhesion to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in brain capillaries to induce apoptosis and BBB damage, others show no role of apoptosis resulting from adhesion of pRBC to EC. …


Biocidal Performance Of Acrylated Glyphosate In A Model Photopolymerizable Coating Formulation, Victoria Piunova, Daniel Berger, Douglas C. Neckers, George S. Bullerjahn, Robert Michael Mckay, Andrei V. Federov Aug 2008

Biocidal Performance Of Acrylated Glyphosate In A Model Photopolymerizable Coating Formulation, Victoria Piunova, Daniel Berger, Douglas C. Neckers, George S. Bullerjahn, Robert Michael Mckay, Andrei V. Federov

Robert Michael McKay

Acrylated glyphosate was blended into a model polyolacrylate formulation and copolymerized. The resulting copolymer retains herbicidal activity similar to that of the monomer as indicated by the results of biological tests. No release of biocide from the coating was observed. The potential value of these biologically active acrylic formulations as biofouling compositions has been demonstrated by field trials.


Structure Of A Signal Transduction Regulator, Rack1, From Arabidopsis Thaliana, Hemayet Ullah Jul 2008

Structure Of A Signal Transduction Regulator, Rack1, From Arabidopsis Thaliana, Hemayet Ullah

Hemayet Ullah

The receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) is a highly conserved WD40 repeat scaffold protein found in a wide range of eukaryotic species from Chlamydymonas to plants and humans. In tissues of higher mammals, RACK1 is ubiquitously expressed and has been implicated in diverse signaling pathways involving neuropathology, cellular stress, protein translation, and developmental processes. RACK1 has established itself as a scaffold protein through physical interaction with a myriad of signaling proteins ranging from kinases, phosphatases, ion channels, membrane receptors, G proteins, IP3 receptor, and with widely conserved structural proteins associated with the ribosome. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, RACK1A …


Unraveling Protein Networks With Power Graph Analysis, Loïc Royer, Matthias Reimann, Bill Andreopoulos, Michael Schroeder Jul 2008

Unraveling Protein Networks With Power Graph Analysis, Loïc Royer, Matthias Reimann, Bill Andreopoulos, Michael Schroeder

William B. Andreopoulos

Networks play a crucial role in computational biology, yet their analysis and representation is still an open problem. Power Graph Analysis is a lossless transformation of biological networks into a compact, less redundant representation, exploiting the abundance of cliques and bicliques as elementary topological motifs. We demonstrate with five examples the advantages of Power Graph Analysis. Investigating protein-protein interaction networks, we show how the catalytic subunits of the casein kinase II complex are distinguishable from the regulatory subunits, how interaction profiles and sequence phylogeny of SH3 domains correlate, and how false positive interactions among high-throughput interactions are spotted. Additionally, we …


African Genetic Diversity: Implications For Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, And Complex Disease Mapping, Michael C. Campbell, Sarah A. Tishkoff Jun 2008

African Genetic Diversity: Implications For Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, And Complex Disease Mapping, Michael C. Campbell, Sarah A. Tishkoff

Michael C. Campbell

Comparative studies of ethnically diverse human populations, particularly in Africa, are important for reconstructing human evolutionary history and for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic adaptation and complex disease. African populations are characterized by greater levels of genetic diversity, extensive population substructure, and less linkage disequilibrium (LD) among loci compared to non-African populations. Africans also possess a number of genetic adaptations that have evolved in response to diverse climates and diets, as well as exposure to infectious disease. This review summarizes patterns and the evolutionary origins of genetic diversity present in African populations, as well as their implications for the …


Rules Of Engagement: Interspecies Interactions That Regulate Microbial Communities, Ainslie Little, Courtney Jaime Robinson, S Brook Peterson, Kenneth F. Raffa, Jo Handelsman May 2008

Rules Of Engagement: Interspecies Interactions That Regulate Microbial Communities, Ainslie Little, Courtney Jaime Robinson, S Brook Peterson, Kenneth F. Raffa, Jo Handelsman

Courtney Robinson

Microbial communities comprise an interwoven matrix of biological diversity modified by physical and chemical variation over space and time. Although these communities are the major drivers of biosphere processes, relatively little is known about their structure and function, and predictive modeling is limited by a dearth of comprehensive ecological principles that describe microbial community processes. Here we discuss working definitions of central ecological terms that have been used in various fashions in microbial ecology, provide a framework by focusing on different types of interactions within communities, review the status of the interface between evolutionary and ecological study, and highlight important …


Dna Inside, Lori B. Andrews May 2008

Dna Inside, Lori B. Andrews

Lori B. Andrews

DNA computers may help scientists overcome the limitations of silicon-based machines, leading to new nano-scale products as well as smart drugs that adjust to their biological environment.


Psf2 Plays Important Roles In Normal Eye Development In Xenopus Laevis, Brian Walter, Kimberly Perry, Lisa Fukui, Erica Malloch, Jason Weaver, Jonathan Henry May 2008

Psf2 Plays Important Roles In Normal Eye Development In Xenopus Laevis, Brian Walter, Kimberly Perry, Lisa Fukui, Erica Malloch, Jason Weaver, Jonathan Henry

Brian Walter

No abstract provided.


Writing Research Proposal: Literature Review And Database Search, Mamoudou H. Dicko Prof. May 2008

Writing Research Proposal: Literature Review And Database Search, Mamoudou H. Dicko Prof.

Pr. Mamoudou H. DICKO, PhD

The maiden proposed research project should demonstrate that the present study will add a significant knowledge on the subject. The main objective of the literature research is to allow that the statement of the research need will clearly establish the objective of the new study.


Short Report: Detection Of Plasmodium Falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein Ii In Saliva Of Malaria Patients, Nana Wilson, Andrew A. Adjei, Winston A. Anderson, Stella Baidoo, Jonathan K. Stiles Apr 2008

Short Report: Detection Of Plasmodium Falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein Ii In Saliva Of Malaria Patients, Nana Wilson, Andrew A. Adjei, Winston A. Anderson, Stella Baidoo, Jonathan K. Stiles

Winston Anderson

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in patients with malaria necessitates drawing blood, which increases the risk of accidental infections and is poorly accepted in communities with blood taboos. Thus, non-invasive, cost-effective malaria tests that minimize the need for blood collection are needed. Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II (PfHRP II) levels in plasma and saliva were compared in malaria-positive and -negative patients in Ghana. Plasma and saliva obtained from 30 thick-film positive and 10 negative children were evaluated for PfHRP II by ELISA. Among the 30 children with positive blood smear, 16 (53%) were PfHRP II positive in plasma and 13 …


Why Are Incubation Periods Longer In The Tropics? A Common-Garden Experiment With House Wrens Reveals It Is All In The Egg, Given Harper, W. Douglas Robinson, John D. Styrsky, Brian J. Payne, Charles F. Thompson Mar 2008

Why Are Incubation Periods Longer In The Tropics? A Common-Garden Experiment With House Wrens Reveals It Is All In The Egg, Given Harper, W. Douglas Robinson, John D. Styrsky, Brian J. Payne, Charles F. Thompson

Given Harper

Incubation periods of Neotropical birds are often longer than those of related species at temperate latitudes. We conducted a common-garden experiment to test the hypothesis that longer tropical incubation periods result from longer embryo development times rather than from different patterns of parental incubation behavior. House wrens, one of few species whose geographic range includes tropical equatorial and temperate high latitudes, have incubation periods averaging 1.2 days longer at tropical latitudes. We incubated eggs of house wrens in Illinois and Panama under identical conditions in mechanical incubators. Even after factoring out differences in egg size, tropical house wrens still required …


Anisotropic Contraction In Forisomes: Simple Models Won't Fit, Winfried Peters, Michael Knoblauch, Stephen Warmann, William Pickard, Amy Shen Mar 2008

Anisotropic Contraction In Forisomes: Simple Models Won't Fit, Winfried Peters, Michael Knoblauch, Stephen Warmann, William Pickard, Amy Shen

Winfried S. Peters

Forisomes are ATP-independent, Ca2+-driven contractile protein bodies acting as reversible valves in the phloem of plants of the legume family. Forisome contraction is anisotropic, as shrinkage in length is associated with radial expansion and vice versa. To test the hypothesis that changes in length and width are causally related, we monitored Ca2+- and pH-dependent deformations in the exceptionally large forisomes of Canavalia gladiata by high-speed photography, and computed time-courses of derived geometric parameters (including volume and surface area). Soybean forisomes, which in the resting state resemble those of Canavalia geometrically but have less than 2% of the volume, were also …


Phospholipase Dα3 Is Involved In The Hyperosmotic Response In Arabidopsis, Xuemin Wang, Yueyun Hong, Xiangqing Pan, Ruth Welti Feb 2008

Phospholipase Dα3 Is Involved In The Hyperosmotic Response In Arabidopsis, Xuemin Wang, Yueyun Hong, Xiangqing Pan, Ruth Welti

Xuemin (Sam) Wang

Rapid activation of phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyzes membrane lipids to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), occurs under various hyperosmotic conditions, including salinity and water deficiency. The Arabidopsis thaliana PLD family has 12 members, and the function of PLD activation in hyperosmotic stress responses has remained elusive. Here, we show that knockout (KO) and overexpression (OE) of previously uncharacterized PLDα3 alter plant response to salinity and water deficit. PLDα3 uses multiple phospholipids as substrates with distinguishable preferences, and alterations of PLDα3 result in changes in PA level and membrane lipid composition. PLDα3-KO plants display increased sensitivities to salinity and water deficiency …


Biomedical Research And The Law:--Embryonic Stem Cells, Clones And Genes: Science, Law, Politics, And Values, Michael J. Malinowski Feb 2008

Biomedical Research And The Law:--Embryonic Stem Cells, Clones And Genes: Science, Law, Politics, And Values, Michael J. Malinowski

Michael J. Malinowski

This article directly addresses the stem cell controversy, but also the broader history and norms regarding the roles of federal and state government in U.S. science research funding.


Isolation And Characterization Of Vibrio Tubiashii Outer Membrane Proteins And Determination Of A Toxr Homolog, Broderick Eribo Jan 2008

Isolation And Characterization Of Vibrio Tubiashii Outer Membrane Proteins And Determination Of A Toxr Homolog, Broderick Eribo

Broderick Eribo

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) expressed by Vibrio tubiashii under different environmental growth conditions were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and PCR analyses. Results showed the presence of a 38- to 40-kDa OmpU-like protein and ompU gene, a maltoporin-like protein, several novel OMPs, and a regulatory toxR homolog.


Ethnogenetic Layering (El): An Alternative To The Traditional Race Model In Human Variation And Health Disparity Studies, Fatimah Linda Collier Jackson Jan 2008

Ethnogenetic Layering (El): An Alternative To The Traditional Race Model In Human Variation And Health Disparity Studies, Fatimah Linda Collier Jackson

Fatimah Linda Collier Jackson

Traditionally, studies in human biodiversity, disease risk, and health disparities have defined populations in the context of typological racial models. However, such racial models are often imprecise generalizations that fail to capture important local patterns of human biodiversity.
More explicit, detailed, and integrated information on relevant geographic, environmental, cultural, genetic, historical, and demographic variables are needed to understand local group expressions of disease inequities. This paper details the methods used in ethnogenetic layering (EL), a non-typological alternative to the current reliance of the biological racial paradigm in public health, epidemiology, and biomedicine.
EL is focused on geographically identified microethnic groups …


Temporal Evolution Of Methane Cycling And Phylogenetic Diversity Of Archaea In Sediments From A Deep-Sea Whale Fall In Monterey Canyon (Ca), Shana K. Goffredi, Regina Wilpiszeski, Ray Lee, Victoria J. Orphan Jan 2008

Temporal Evolution Of Methane Cycling And Phylogenetic Diversity Of Archaea In Sediments From A Deep-Sea Whale Fall In Monterey Canyon (Ca), Shana K. Goffredi, Regina Wilpiszeski, Ray Lee, Victoria J. Orphan

Shana Goffredi

Whale-falls represent localized areas of extreme organic enrichment in an otherwise oligotrophic deep-sea environment. Anaerobic remineralization within these habitats is typically portrayed as sulfidogenic; however, we demonstrate that these systems are also favorable for diverse methane-producing archaeal assemblages, representing up to 40% of total cell counts. Chemical analyses revealed elevated methane and depleted sulfate concentrations in sediments under the whale-fall, as compared to surrounding sediments. Carbon was enriched (up to 3.5%) in whale-fall sediments, as well as the surrounding sea floor to at least 10 m, forming a ‘bulls eye’ of elevated carbon. The diversity of sedimentary archaea associated with …


Differential Degradation Of Extraplastidic And Plastidic Lipids During Freezing And Post-Freezing Recovery In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Xuemin Wang, Weiqi Li, Ruiping Wang, Maoyin Li, Lixia Li, Chuanming Wang, Ruth Welti Jan 2008

Differential Degradation Of Extraplastidic And Plastidic Lipids During Freezing And Post-Freezing Recovery In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Xuemin Wang, Weiqi Li, Ruiping Wang, Maoyin Li, Lixia Li, Chuanming Wang, Ruth Welti

Xuemin (Sam) Wang

Changes in membrane lipid composition play important roles in plant adaptation to and survival after freezing. Plant response to cold and freezing involves three distinct phases: cold acclimation, freezing, and post-freezing recovery. Considerable progress has been made toward understanding lipid changes during cold acclimation and freezing, but little is known about lipid alteration during post-freezing recovery. We previously showed that phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in lipid hydrolysis and Arabidopsis thaliana freezing tolerance. This study was undertaken to determine how lipid species change during post-freezing recovery and to determine the effect of two PLDs, PLD#1;1 and PLD, on lipid changes …


Probiotics: 100 Years (1907-2007) After Elie Metchnikoff's Observations, Kingsley Anukam, Gregor Reid Jan 2008

Probiotics: 100 Years (1907-2007) After Elie Metchnikoff's Observations, Kingsley Anukam, Gregor Reid

Kingsley C Anukam

No abstract provided.


Definition Of Global And Transcript-Specific Mrna Export Pathways In Metazoans, Natalie Farny, Jessica Hurt, Pamela Silver Dec 2007

Definition Of Global And Transcript-Specific Mrna Export Pathways In Metazoans, Natalie Farny, Jessica Hurt, Pamela Silver

Natalie G. Farny

Eukaryotic gene expression requires export of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) from their site of transcription in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they are translated. While mRNA export has been studied in yeast, the complexity of gene structure and cellular function in metazoan cells has likely led to increased diversification of these organisms' export pathways. Here we report the results of a genome-wide RNAi screen in which we identify 72 factors required for polyadenylated [poly-(A(+))] mRNA export from the nucleus in Drosophila cells. Using structural and functional conservation analysis of yeast and Drosophila mRNA export factors, we expose the evolutionary divergence …


Undergraduate Research: Communicating Ecological Field Studies To Local School Children Through Outreach And Curriculum, Lee Kats, Shannon Rollert, Trevor Thurling, Richard Johnson, Daniel Cho, Sean Landis, Randall Van Dragt, Gloria Van Dragt Dec 2007

Undergraduate Research: Communicating Ecological Field Studies To Local School Children Through Outreach And Curriculum, Lee Kats, Shannon Rollert, Trevor Thurling, Richard Johnson, Daniel Cho, Sean Landis, Randall Van Dragt, Gloria Van Dragt

Lee Kats

The writers describe a program to communicate undergraduate research results to local K–12 students in California. They describe the development of a curriculum and an outreach effort to convey findings of ecological field work undertaken by Pepperdine University students. They then describe program implementation and program benefits.


Nutrient Stress And Gall Flies Interact To Affect Floral-Sex Ratio In Gynomonoecious Solidago Altissima (Asteraceae), Warren Abrahamson, M.J. Wise, L.E. Coffey Dec 2007

Nutrient Stress And Gall Flies Interact To Affect Floral-Sex Ratio In Gynomonoecious Solidago Altissima (Asteraceae), Warren Abrahamson, M.J. Wise, L.E. Coffey

Warren G. Abrahamson, II

No abstract provided.


Good Mothers, Bad Mothers, And Resistance To Herbivory In Solidago Altissima, Warren Abrahamson, M.J. Wise, J.M. Partelow, K.J. Everson, M.K. Anselmo Dec 2007

Good Mothers, Bad Mothers, And Resistance To Herbivory In Solidago Altissima, Warren Abrahamson, M.J. Wise, J.M. Partelow, K.J. Everson, M.K. Anselmo

Warren G. Abrahamson, II

No abstract provided.