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Replacement Name For Euchitonia Kolbe, 1894 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callichromatini), Daniel J. Heffern Dec 2001

Replacement Name For Euchitonia Kolbe, 1894 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callichromatini), Daniel J. Heffern

Insecta Mundi

Euchitonia Kolbe, 1894, (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a junior homonym of Euchitonia Ehrenberg, 1861, (Protozoa). Euchitonia Kolbe consists of four, large, uncommon species known from peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. Podan$ (1968) revised Euchitonia Kolbe, but omitted E. menzelii Ritsema. Subsequently, Hayashi (1978) synonymized E. malayana Podany under E. menzelii Ritsema. More recently, Hudepohl(1983) described E. constanzae but questionably placed it in the genus. Huedepohliana, nomen novum, is proposed to replace Euchitonia Kolbe. The following new combinations are created: Huedepohliana constanzae (Hudepohl), H. menzelii (Ritsema), H. superba (Aurivillius), H. suspecta (Ritsema). The new generic name honors Dr. Karl-Emst Hudepohl …


Systematic Redefinition Of The New World Didactyliini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) With Descriptions Of Two New Species Of Aidophus Balthasar, Marco Dellacasa, Robert D. Gordon, Phillip J. Harpootlian, Zdzislawa Stebnicka, Giovanni Dellacasa Dec 2001

Systematic Redefinition Of The New World Didactyliini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) With Descriptions Of Two New Species Of Aidophus Balthasar, Marco Dellacasa, Robert D. Gordon, Phillip J. Harpootlian, Zdzislawa Stebnicka, Giovanni Dellacasa

Insecta Mundi

As now understood, the New World Didactyliini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) consists of eleven species of Aidophus Balthasar, two of which are new, and the introduced Australaphodius frenchi (Blackburn). Keys, descriptions and figures are provided to distinguish all included species.


Hydrocolus Heggiensis, A New Species From Georgia And South Carolina (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), Janet C. Ciegler Dec 2001

Hydrocolus Heggiensis, A New Species From Georgia And South Carolina (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), Janet C. Ciegler

Insecta Mundi

Hydrocolus heggiensis, a new species of predacious water beetle, is described from granite monadnocks in Georgia and one location in South Carolina. It most closely resembles H. stagnalis (Gemminger and Harold) but differs in range, genitalia, and elytral punctation. Photographs, drawings, and an interpolation of the new species into existing keys are given.


Occurrence Of The Milliped Pachydesmus Crassicutis Adsinicolus Hoffman In Florida (Polydesrnida: Xystodesmidae), Rowland M. Shelley Dec 2001

Occurrence Of The Milliped Pachydesmus Crassicutis Adsinicolus Hoffman In Florida (Polydesrnida: Xystodesmidae), Rowland M. Shelley

Insecta Mundi

The xystodesmid milliped tribe Pachydesmini is represented in the southeastern states by three genera - Pachydesmus Cook, Dicellarius Chamberlin, and Thrinaxoria Chamberlin and Hoffman -eight species, and five subspecies (Hoffman 1958, 1999; Shelley 1984, 2002). The only one presently known from Florida is Dicellarius, represented by D. okefenokensis (Chamberlin), in the peninsula, and D. b. bimaculatus (McNeill) and D. b. fictus (Chamberlin) in the panhandle (Shelley 1984,2001).


Xalpirta, N. Gen., And Crotch (1876) From Chile And South America (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Tritominae), Paul E. Skelley, Tomas Cekalovic K. Dec 2001

Xalpirta, N. Gen., And Crotch (1876) From Chile And South America (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Tritominae), Paul E. Skelley, Tomas Cekalovic K.

Insecta Mundi

Members of the genera Neoxestus Crotch (1876) and Xalpirta, n. gen., are revieewed. Neoxestus is an endemic Chlean genus of flightless species. Xalpirta has 9 species restricted to southern South American, most of which are found only in Chile. New species described are Neoxestus cauquenes, N. lucile, N. nahuelbuta, N. nonguen, N. norma, Xalpirtaelsa, X. stellaris, X. arnetti, and X. peckorum. A new name, Xalpirtaguerini, nom. nov., is proposed for the species Triplaxbicolor Guerin (1952). Diagnoses, keys to species, maps and illustrations are provided for the genera and species.


First Records Of The Subfamily Acaenitinae In Florida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Charles C. Porter Dec 2001

First Records Of The Subfamily Acaenitinae In Florida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Charles C. Porter

Insecta Mundi

Acaenitines have five genera and 18 species in North American forests (Townes 1960). Several of these occur in the eastern United States, but none is recorded from Florida; however, recent fieldwork in Florida yielded four species: Arotes decorus (Say), Spilopteron formosum (Cresson), S. occiputale (Cresson) and S. vicinum (Cresson) . These inhabit mature forests and attack wood-boring beetle larvae in dead trunks. There are no Florida host records, but Townes (1960) and Cushman and Rohwer (1920) report that in the northeastern states A. decorus was reared from Tomoxia (Mordellidae) in Carya (Juglandaceae), S. formosum from Bellamira (Cerambycidae) in Betula (Betulaceae), …


Rediscovery And Redescription Of Ceradryops Punctatus Hinton, 1937 (Coleoptera: Dryopidae), P. J. Spangler, C. L. Staines Dec 2001

Rediscovery And Redescription Of Ceradryops Punctatus Hinton, 1937 (Coleoptera: Dryopidae), P. J. Spangler, C. L. Staines

Insecta Mundi

Ceradryops punctatus Hinton horn Sri Lanka is redescribed and illustrated. Notes are made on the


Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Of Ornamental Plants From SãO Carlos, SãO Paulo, Brazil, A. L. B. G. Peronti, D. R. Miller, C. R. Sousa-Silva Dec 2001

Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Of Ornamental Plants From SãO Carlos, SãO Paulo, Brazil, A. L. B. G. Peronti, D. R. Miller, C. R. Sousa-Silva

Insecta Mundi

A list of 35 scale insects collected from 72 ornamental plant species in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil is provided. Regarding host specificity, 30 scale insects were polyphagous, 4 oligophagous, and 1 monophagous. A total of 102 coccoid/plant associations are recorded, 29 of which are new host records for the species; 60 are new host records for the species in Brazil. Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893 (Coccidae), Phenacoccus similis Granara de Willink, 1983 (Pseudococcidae), and Orthezia molinarii (Morrison, 1952) (Ortheziidae) are recorded for the first time in Brazil. In addition, we describe the injury caused by scale insects on ornamental plants.


Schizaphis Minuta (Van Der Goot) (Homoptera: Aphididae), New To The United States, Susan E. Halbert, Kenneth L. Hibbard, David J. Voegtlin Sep 2001

Schizaphis Minuta (Van Der Goot) (Homoptera: Aphididae), New To The United States, Susan E. Halbert, Kenneth L. Hibbard, David J. Voegtlin

Insecta Mundi

Schizaphis minuta (van der Goot) (Fig. 1) was found for the first time in the Western Hemisphere in suction trap samples in Florida. The first specimen was collected in a trap at Quincy (Gadsden County) for the period 16 - 23 November 1998. The record subsequently was verified by collections on several species of Cyperus in the Ft. Pierce area. The aphid is specific to Cyperus and is unlikely to pose any threat to agriculture. Schizaphis minuta probably is native to Asia and has been recorded previously in Africa and Australia. It is not known to be a pest.


New Species And Records Of Rhyssa And Rhyssella (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Rhyssinae) From Florida And Central America, Charles C. Porter Sep 2001

New Species And Records Of Rhyssa And Rhyssella (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Rhyssinae) From Florida And Central America, Charles C. Porter

Insecta Mundi

Abstract: Rhyssa neotropicae n. sp. is the first Rhyssa to be recorded from the New World tropics, where it was collected in cloud forest at 1800 m on Monte Uyuca near Zamorano, Honduras. It is closely related to the Nearctic R. hoferi Rohwer and R. howdenorurn Townes but differs from all other Rhyssa by its complexly yellow and black marked head and body, whose color pattern mimics that of aggressive social vespid wasps (Agelaia) which occur in the same habitat. Rhyssa howdenorurn Townes is recorded for the first time from Florida and Oklahoma. The genus Rhyssella, previously …


First Records Of The Neotropic Genus Dilopharius Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) In Florida, Charles C. Porter Sep 2001

First Records Of The Neotropic Genus Dilopharius Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) In Florida, Charles C. Porter

Insecta Mundi

Dilopharius Townes (1966) ranges from the southern United States to Argentina. Its only described species is D. otomitus (Cresson 1868), previously known from Mexico and south Texas, but now recorded for the first time from Florida.

This is a medium sized ichneumonid (fore wing 5-10 mm long) recognizable as follows: mandible broad, lower tooth a little shorter than upper; occipital carina joins base of mandible; scutellum nearly flat, with a strong, percurrent lateral carina; propodeum with broadly triangular apico-latera1 crests; female gaster short and broad; second tergite with coarse punctures, thyridia broad, space between them not much greater than width …


Small Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae) From Burrows Of Geomys And Thomomys Pocket Gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) In The United States, Stewart B. Peck, Paul E. Skelley Sep 2001

Small Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae) From Burrows Of Geomys And Thomomys Pocket Gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) In The United States, Stewart B. Peck, Paul E. Skelley

Insecta Mundi

The cholevine beetles inhabiting burrows of Geomys and Thomomys pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) are reviewed. Catops geomysi n. sp. and Ptomaphagus geomysi n. sp. are described. Both of these species and Ptomaphagus schwarzi Hatch appear to be regular and obligate inhabitants of Geomys burrows but are not host specific. Nemadus hornii Hatch, Sciodrepoides ruatsoni hornianus (Blanchard), Catops simplex Say, Ptomaphagus cavernicola Schwarz, Ptomaphagus consobrinus (LeConte), Ptomaphagus fisus Horn, and Ptomaphagus texanus Horn were less frequently collected and are probably facultative inhabitants of Geomys burrows, as well as nests or dens of other small mammals. Ptomaphagus nevadicus Horn is an inhabitant …


New Dung Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Records For Florida, David Almquist Sep 2001

New Dung Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Records For Florida, David Almquist

Insecta Mundi

Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) was released by the USDA for the purpose of dung removal and control of pestiferous dung-breeding flies in Texas, California, and Georgia around 1978-1979, although it did not become established in Georgia at that time (Blume 1984; Fincher 1986; Montes and Halffter 1998). Apparently, it has not been officially recorded outside of Arizona, California, and Texas in the contiguous U.S., although Montes and Halffter (1998) did a detailed study of its migration into Mexico.


A Checklist Of The Limnichidae And The Lutrochidae (Coleoptera) Of The World, P. J. Spangler, C. L. Staines, P. M. Spangler, S. L. Staines Sep 2001

A Checklist Of The Limnichidae And The Lutrochidae (Coleoptera) Of The World, P. J. Spangler, C. L. Staines, P. M. Spangler, S. L. Staines

Insecta Mundi

A checklist of the world species of Limnichidae (35 genera, 345 species) and Lutrochidae (1 genus, 11 species) is presented. The author, year of publication and page number, synonyms, distribution by country, and a terminal bibliography are given for each genus and species. Biological information is also reviewed.


A Taxonomic Study Of The Genus Atheas Champion (Heteroptera: Tingidae), Laura Torres Miller Sep 2001

A Taxonomic Study Of The Genus Atheas Champion (Heteroptera: Tingidae), Laura Torres Miller

Insecta Mundi

The genus Atheas Champion is revised. A key to all 14 species cataloged in the genus is included. Species occurring in Mexico are redefined and illustrated. Descriptions of species not occurring in Mexico are also provided. Host plant information has been included, when available.


A New Key To The Species Of The Genus Cradytes Casey (Insecta: Coleoptera: Melyridae), Jonathan R. Mawdsley Sep 2001

A New Key To The Species Of The Genus Cradytes Casey (Insecta: Coleoptera: Melyridae), Jonathan R. Mawdsley

Insecta Mundi

A new key is presented to separate adults of the four currently-recognized species of the genus Cradytes Casey (Insecta: Coleoptera: Melyridae): C. longicollis Casey, C. serricollis (LeConte), C. serrulatus (LeConte), and C. ursinus Blaisdell. The inaccurate statements in an earlier key to species of Cradytes are discussed.


New Records And Synonyms In The Colydiinae And Pycnornerini (Coleoptera: Zopheridae), Michael A. Ivie, Stanislaw Adam Slipinski, Piotr Wegrzynowski Sep 2001

New Records And Synonyms In The Colydiinae And Pycnornerini (Coleoptera: Zopheridae), Michael A. Ivie, Stanislaw Adam Slipinski, Piotr Wegrzynowski

Insecta Mundi

New synonyms are proposed for: Pethelispa arizoizica Dajoz 1992 = Pycnomerus arizonicus Stephan 1989 NEW SYNONYW Microprius cubanus Slipinski 1985 = Eudesmula california Dajoz 1992 = Microprius rufulus (Motschulsky 1863) NEW SYNONYMIES; and Auloniuln chilense Dajoz 1980=Aulonium parallelopedium (Say 1826) NEW SYNONYMY. Colobicus parilis Pascoe is recorded from Louisiana, a new distributional record for the New World.


Tres Nuevos Registros De Cóccidos (Hemíptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) Para Cuba, Nereida Mestre Novoa, Avas B. Hamon, Pedro Herrara Oliver Sep 2001

Tres Nuevos Registros De Cóccidos (Hemíptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) Para Cuba, Nereida Mestre Novoa, Avas B. Hamon, Pedro Herrara Oliver

Insecta Mundi

Resumen: La mayoría de las especies de "guaguas" blandas presentes en Cuba han sido estudiadas por su relación con las plantas de interés económico, sin embargo, en los sistemas naturales la fauna de estos insectos es casi desconocida. En este trabajo se dan a conocer tres nuevos registros de cóccidos para Cuba, recolectados en ecosistemas naturales, los cuales corresponden a Coccus capparidis (Green, 1904), Saissetia miranda (Cockerell & Parrot, 1899) y Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin, 1790), y se relacionan sus plantas hospedantes con nuevos registros para estas especies.

Abstract:Most of the soft scales present in Cuba have been studied because …


A New Species Of Neonella (Araneae: Salticidae) From Southeast Florida, G. B. Edwards Sep 2001

A New Species Of Neonella (Araneae: Salticidae) From Southeast Florida, G. B. Edwards

Insecta Mundi

A new species of Neonella is described that has a distribution apparently restricted to the southeast coast of Florida. So far, it has only been found in Brevard and Monroe counties. It is closely related to N. mayaguez Galiano from Puerto Rico.


New Records Of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) From The United States, Daniel J. Heffern Jun 2001

New Records Of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) From The United States, Daniel J. Heffern

Insecta Mundi

Five new records of Cerambycidae for the United States, all from Southern Texas, are presented. Specimens are deposited in the collections of Texas A&M University and the author unless otherwise indicated.


Larvae And Pupae Of New Guinea Tabanidae (Diptera). I. Species Of Chrysops Meigen, James T. Goodwin Jun 2001

Larvae And Pupae Of New Guinea Tabanidae (Diptera). I. Species Of Chrysops Meigen, James T. Goodwin

Insecta Mundi

Information on the immature stages of Australasian Tabanidae found in published literature dealt with only 17 species, all so far known only from Australia and none representing the genus Chrysops Meigen. Two of the four Australian species of Chrysops are found on the island of New Guinea, and both, C. albicinctus Wulp and C. australis Ricardo, are described and illustrated.


Color Forms Of Monocesta Coryli (Say) In West Virginia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Shawn M. Clark Jun 2001

Color Forms Of Monocesta Coryli (Say) In West Virginia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Shawn M. Clark

Insecta Mundi

Monocesta coryli (Say) is rather widespread in the eastern United States. In life, the beetles are usually bright yellow with the basal and apical thirds of the elytra metallic blue. In pinned specimens, the yellow areas fade to pale tan. A number of years ago (Clark, 1986), I reported on an unusual color form that occurs in southern Ohio, the dark elytral markings being either entirely absent or very poorly developed. More recently (Clark, 2000), I stated that both forms occur in West Virginia, but I gave very little information regarding the distribution of each.


A Taxonomic Review Of Species Of The Neotropical Pericaline Genus Oreodicastes Maindron, 1905 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiini), Danny Shpeley, George E. Ball Jun 2001

A Taxonomic Review Of Species Of The Neotropical Pericaline Genus Oreodicastes Maindron, 1905 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiini), Danny Shpeley, George E. Ball

Insecta Mundi

Based on adult character states, a key is provided to the seven known species of Oreodicastes Maindron 1905 (type species Oxyglossus subcyaneus Chaudoir 1843). Two new species (with type locality) are described: 0. virginia (Fazenda dos Campos, Virginia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil) and 0. zikani (Macieiras, Itatihia, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).


Scarab Beetles From Pocket Gopher Burrows In The Southeastern United States (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Paul E. Skelley, Robert D. Gordon Jun 2001

Scarab Beetles From Pocket Gopher Burrows In The Southeastern United States (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Paul E. Skelley, Robert D. Gordon

Insecta Mundi

This paper reports on the scarab beetles collected during a survey of nonparasitic arthopods living in burrows of the southeastern pocket gopher (Geomys pinetus Rafinesque, Geomyidae). Three new species are described: Aphodius bakeri, A. baileyi and A. gambrinus. A key to species of Aphodius occurring in these burrows is presented. Distributional data is provided for species of Aphodius and one species of Euphoria occurring in this microhabitat. Aspects of life histories of burrow inhabiting insects are speculated upon.


Revision Of The Weevil Genus Epimechus Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Anthonomini), Wayne E. Clark, Horace R. Burke Jun 2001

Revision Of The Weevil Genus Epimechus Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Anthonomini), Wayne E. Clark, Horace R. Burke

Insecta Mundi

Epimechus curvipes Dietz is designated as type species of the genus Epimechus Dietz. Ten additional species from western North America, including four new species, are assigned to the genus: E. aemulus Fall; E. flavirostris Fall; E. mimicus Dietz; E. adspersus Dietz; E. mobilis Fall; E. nevadicus Dietz; E. molina, new species (Arizona, Baja California Norte); E. cornbustus, new species (Arizona, New Mexico, Utah); E. signnum, new species (Arizona, Coahuila, Colorado, New Mexico, Saskatchewan, Texas, Utah) and E. hesperius, new species (Arizona, California, Colorado, Guanajuato, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Nuevo Leon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming). These …


A New Family, Coryphoridae (Ephemeroptera: Ephernerelloidea), And Description Of The Winged And Egg Stages Of Coryphorus, Carlos Molineri, Janice G. Peters, Maria Del Carmen Zuniga De Cardoso Jun 2001

A New Family, Coryphoridae (Ephemeroptera: Ephernerelloidea), And Description Of The Winged And Egg Stages Of Coryphorus, Carlos Molineri, Janice G. Peters, Maria Del Carmen Zuniga De Cardoso

Insecta Mundi

ABSTRACT: A new family Coryphoridae is proposed in the superfamily Ephemerelloidea for the monotypic genus Coryphorus. Characters that distinguish Coryphoridae from all other Ephemerelloidea are discussed. The male imago, male subimago, female imago, and egg of Coryphorus aquilus Peters are described for the first time.

RESUMEN: Se propone a Coryphoridae como una nueva familia de Ephemerelloidea para el gdnero monotipico Coryphorus. Se discuten los caracteres que distinguen a Coryphoridae del resto de 10s Ephemerelloidea. Se describen por primera vez el imago macho, subimago macho, imago hembra y huevo de Coryphorus aquilus Peters.


Taxonomy, Phylogeny, And Biogeography Of The Genus Asydates Casey (Insecta: Coleoptera: Melyridae), Jonathan R. Mawdsley Jun 2001

Taxonomy, Phylogeny, And Biogeography Of The Genus Asydates Casey (Insecta: Coleoptera: Melyridae), Jonathan R. Mawdsley

Insecta Mundi

The genus Asydates Casey (Coleoptera: Melyridae) is revised, containing three species from Arizona and California: A. explanatus Casey; A. inyoensis (Blaisdell), new combination; and A. rufiventris Casey. The monotypic genus Pseudasydates Blaisdell is placed in synonymy with Asydates Casey, syn. nov., and Asydates puncticeps Blaisdell is placed in synonymy with Asydates explanatus Casey, syn. nov. A key separating adults of Asydates species is provided, and the results of a computerized cladistic analysis of Asydates species are presented. GIs mapping of Asydates species distributions indicates that these species are nearly allopatric, with A. explanatus found in the lower Colorado River basin …


Hymenopteran Parasitoids Associated With Spiders In Florida, Julieta Brambila, Gregory A. Evans Mar 2001

Hymenopteran Parasitoids Associated With Spiders In Florida, Julieta Brambila, Gregory A. Evans

Insecta Mundi

Five different parasitoid species associated with spiders are reported &om collections made in Florida


New Records, Nomenclatural Changes, And Taxonomic Notes For Select North American Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Edward G. Riley, Shawn M. Clark, Arthur J. Gilbert Mar 2001

New Records, Nomenclatural Changes, And Taxonomic Notes For Select North American Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Edward G. Riley, Shawn M. Clark, Arthur J. Gilbert

Insecta Mundi

New records, nomenclatural changes and taxonoinic notes are presented for select North American leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The following genera are newly recorded from the United States: Nesaecrepida Blake, 1964; Acallepitrix Bechyne, 1959; Margaridisa Bechyne, 1958; Parchicola Bechyne and Springlovh de Bechyne, 1975; (all Galerucinae: Alticini); and Dernotina Baly, 1874 (Eumolpinae). The following species are newly recorded from the United States: Neolerna dorsalis (Olivier, 1791) (Criocerinae); Charidotella bifossulata Boheman, 1855 (Hispinae: Cassidini); Syphrea flauicollis (Jacoby, 1884) (Galerucinae: Alticini); and Prornecosolna inflatum Lefevre, 1877, and Dernotina modesta Baly, 1874 (Eumolpinae). The following new synonymies are proposed: Deloyala clauata, var. …


Bruchidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Galapagos Islands With New Host And Locality Records, New Synonyms, And Descriptions Of Two New Species, John M. Kingsolver, Cebile S. Rebeiro-Costa Mar 2001

Bruchidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Galapagos Islands With New Host And Locality Records, New Synonyms, And Descriptions Of Two New Species, John M. Kingsolver, Cebile S. Rebeiro-Costa

Insecta Mundi

Records and descriptions are given for the 10 known species in six genera of Bruchidae from the Archipelago including Sennius falcatus New Species and Acanthoscelides rossi New Species. Amblycerus (Spermophagus) insularum (Blair) is synonymized with Amblycerus piurae (Pierce), New Synonymy. Five of the species herein treated are new records for the Archipelago, and 8 of the 10 are also known from mainland South America, principally Ecuador.