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Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Wood Anatomy Of Argophyllaceae (Asterales): Adaptation In A Small Clade, Sherwin Carlquist, Mark E. Olson
Wood Anatomy Of Argophyllaceae (Asterales): Adaptation In A Small Clade, Sherwin Carlquist, Mark E. Olson
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Argophyllaceae (Argophyllum, 14 spp.; Corokia, 6 spp.; Lautea, 1 sp.), are shrubs that occur in the southwestern Pacific and eastern Australia. They occur in habitats where moisture is relatively common but dry days and mild frost may occur. The woods of these genera show enough distinctive features to justify their grouping in a single family: perforation plates with 10–20 bars, vessel elements narrow and numerous per mm2, imperforate tracheary elements about 50% longer than the vessel elements, axial parenchyma scarce, diffuse, multiseriate rays narrow and heterocellular (upright cells common in uniseriate rays), crystals absent, …
Wood Anatomy Of Gnetales In A Functional, Ecological, And Evolutionary Context, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Gnetales In A Functional, Ecological, And Evolutionary Context, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
New scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope data and illustrations are presented in order to compare hydraulic adaptations of non-gnetalean conifers and angiosperms to relevant wood features of Gnetales. Gnetales have essentially all of the adaptations of both groups, yet have not competed well, despite predating angiosperms in origin and radiation. Angiosperms may be advantaged more by life cycle abbreviation and by heterochronic possibilities than by wood features. Wood features of Gnetales that relate to conduction (torus-margo differentiation of tracheid pit membranes, distribution of tori within the wood, perforation plate simplification, growth rings, vesturing, helical thickenings, and axial parenchyma) …
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Myricaceae: Relationships, Generic Definitions, And Ecological Interpretations, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Myricaceae: Relationships, Generic Definitions, And Ecological Interpretations, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomy of the single species of Canacomyrica (hitherto not studied) shows that it belongs in Myricaceae, although it differs from other genera in several respects (axial parenchyma grouped in bands or columns as well as diffuse; Heterogeneous Type I rays; more numerous bars per perforation plate). The latter two features are primitive for the family. The four genera (Canacomyrica. Comptonia, Morella, and Myrica s.s.) differ from each other not only by qualitative features but by quantitative features (feature means in genera mostly non- overl apping). Wood of Comptonia and Myri ca s.s. lacks chambered crystals in axial parenchyma and …
Wood And Stem Anatomy Of Phytolaccoid And Rivinoid Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales): Ecology, Systematics, Nature Of Successive Cambia, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood And Stem Anatomy Of Phytolaccoid And Rivinoid Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales): Ecology, Systematics, Nature Of Successive Cambia, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative wood features are presented and analyzed for seven species of subfamily Rivinoideae and four of subfamily Phytolaccoideae. All species have nonbordered perforations plates, as elsewhere in suborder Phylocaccineae. Libriform fibers characterize both subfamilies, but vasicentric tracheids occur in two rivinoid species. Axial parenchyma is vasicentric scanty (apotracheal bands and patches in one species). Rays are mostly multiseriate, with procumbent cells infrequent in most species. Rivinoids and phytolaccoids differ from each other in ray height and width and in crystal types. The xeromorphic wood of Petiveria and Rivina is related to their short duration (woody herbs) in disturbed …
Wood Anatomy Of Fouquieriaceae In Relation To Habit, Ecology, And Systematics; Nature Of Meristems In Wood And Bark, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Fouquieriaceae In Relation To Habit, Ecology, And Systematics; Nature Of Meristems In Wood And Bark, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative data are presented for wood of all species of Fouquieriaceae, the samples selected so as to cover important variables with respect to organography and age. Wood contains fibertracheids (plus a few vasicentric tracheids). Diffuse axial parenchyma is mostly grouped as diffuse-in-aggregates or diffuse clusters (new term), with transitions to pervasive axial parenchyma in some species. Rays are Heterogeneous Type II. These wood features are relatively unspecialized and are consistent with placement of the family in Ericales s.1. as defined in recent DNA-based cladograms. Xeromorphic wood in nonsucculent species occurs only in Fouquieria shrevei; the lateral branches …
Wood Anatomy Of Resedaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Resedaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for seven species of four genera of Resedaceae. Newly reported for the family are helical striations in vessels, vasicentric and marginal axial parenchyma, procumbent ray cells, and perforated ray cells. Wood features of Resedaceae may be found in one or more of the families of Capparales close to it (Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Tovariaceae). Lack of borders on pits of imperforate tracheary elements is likely a derived character state. Wood of Reseda is more nearly juvenile than that of the other genera in ray histology; this corresponds to the herbaceousness of Reseda. The quantitative features …
Wood Anatomy Of Portulacaceae And Hectorellaceae: Ecological, Habital, And Systematic Implications, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Portulacaceae And Hectorellaceae: Ecological, Habital, And Systematic Implications, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative wood data are given for 13 species of 10 genera of Portulacaceae (secondary xylem from additional species of Anacampseros and Lewisia were studied but not quantitatively analyzed). Most Portulacaceae show modifications that can be related to the succulent habit, including wide, tall rays mostly composed of thin-walled cells; total or partial substitution of axial parenchyma for libriform fibers ; and modified patterns of pitting on lateral walls of vessels. Pseudoscalariform pitting is more common in Portulacaceae than in other dicotyledon families. In vessels of Anacampseros wood, wide helical bands of secondary wall materi al are present. Similar …
Wood Anatomy Of Calyceraceae With Reference To Ecology, Habit, And Systematic Relationships, Sherwin Carlquist, Melanie L. Devore
Wood Anatomy Of Calyceraceae With Reference To Ecology, Habit, And Systematic Relationships, Sherwin Carlquist, Melanie L. Devore
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative data are presented for secondary xylem of 14 species of four genera of Calyceraceae; root wood is studied for acaulescent perennials and one annual. The wood anatomy of most species of Calycera has character states identical to those seen in wood of most Asteraceae (including phylads of Asteraceae thought to be basic in that family). Goodeniaceae have two features (tracheids, diffuse parenchyma) more primitive than corresponding conditions in Asteraceae and CaIyceraceae according to traditional criteria. Diversity in wood anatomy within Calyceraceae is explainable in terms of adaptation to particular ecological conditions. Although woods of the family as …
Wood Anatomy Of Buddlejaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Buddlejaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for 23 species of Buddleja and one species each of Emorya, Nuxia, and Peltanthera. Although crystal distribution is likely a systematic feature of some species of Buddleja, other wood features relate closely to ecology. Features correlated with xeromorphy in Buddleja include strongly marked growth rings (terminating with vascular tracheids), narrower mean vessel diameter, shorter vessel elements, greater vessel density, and helical thickenings in vessels. Old World species of Buddleja cannot be differentiated from New World species on the basis of wood features. Emorya wood is like that of xeromorphic species …
Wood Anatomy Of Caryophyllaceae: Ecological, Habital, Systematic, And Phylogenetic Implications, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Caryophyllaceae: Ecological, Habital, Systematic, And Phylogenetic Implications, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood of Caryophyllaceae is more diverse than has been appreciated. Imperforate tracheary elements may be tracheids, fiber-tracheids, or libriform fibers. Rays may be uniseriate only, multiseriate only, or absent. Roots of some species (and sterns of a few of those same genera) have vascular tissue produced by successive cambia. The diversity in wood anatomy character states shows a range from primitive to specialized so great that origin close to one of the more specialized families of Chenopodiales, such as Chenopodiaceae or Amaranthaceae, is unlikely. Caryophyllaceae probably branched from the ordinal clade near the clade's base, as cladistic evidence suggests. Raylessness …
Wood Anatomy Of Berberidaceae: Ecological And Phylogenetic Considerations, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Berberidaceae: Ecological And Phylogenetic Considerations, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative data are presented for 21 collections of Berberis and one each of Epimedium, Jeffersonia, and Nandina. Most species of Berberis have large numbers of narrow vessels ~ixed with vasicentric tracheids. Scalariform perforation plates are reported here only for Epimedium, m wh1ch they are occasional. Berberidaceae have living fibers (Berberis), fiber-tracheids plus living fibers (Nandina), or tracheids (Jeffersonia) as imperforate tracheary elements. Axial parenchyma is reported here for Jeffersonia and one species of Berberis. Previous reports of axial parenchyma in Berberis and Nandina likely refer to undivided living fibers, mostly intermixed with vessels, which are slightly shorter and …
Wood Anatomy Of Sabiaceae (S.L.), Sherwin Carlquist, Peter L. Morrell, Steven R. Manchester
Wood Anatomy Of Sabiaceae (S.L.), Sherwin Carlquist, Peter L. Morrell, Steven R. Manchester
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data were offered for 30 taxa of Meliosma and one species each of Ophiocaryon and Sabia; qualitative data were available for additional species of Meliosma and Sabia. For a small family restricted to mesic sites, Sabiaceae had a wide range of wood anatomical expressions (e.g., long scalariform to simple perforation plates; heterocellular to homocellular multiseriate rays; tracheids, fiber-tracheids, or libriform fibers as imperforate tracheary elements; presence or absence of silica bodies and calcium oxalate crystals in rays). Growth ring type, vessel diameter, vessel density, and vessel element length were sensitively related to ecology, but to …
Wood, Bark, And Pith Anatomy Of Old World Species Of Ephedra And Summary For The Genus, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood, Bark, And Pith Anatomy Of Old World Species Of Ephedra And Summary For The Genus, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for wood anatomy of 35 collections representing 22 Old World species of Ephedra; the survey of bark and pith anatomy is based on some of these species. Character-state ranges similar to those of the New World species are reported, although more numerous species show vessel absence in latewood. Little diminution in vessel diameter or density occurs in latewood of the eight species that are scandant or sprawling. Helical thickenings or sculpture occur in vessels of about a third of the Old World species, but these thickenings are clearly related to pits, often not …
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of The New World Species Of Ephedra, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of The New World Species Of Ephedra, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for wood of 42 collections of 23 species of Ephedra from North and South America; data on bark anatomy are offered for most of these. For five collections, root as well as stem wood is analyzed, and for two collections, anatomy of horizontal underground stems is compared to that of upright stems. Vessel diameter, vessel element length, fiber-tracheid length, and tracheid length increase with age. Vessels and tracheids bear helical thickenings in 10 North American species (first report); thickenings are absent in Mexican and South American species. Mean total area of perforations per mm …
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Empetraceae; Comments On Paedomorphosis In Woods Of Certain Small Shrubs, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Empetraceae; Comments On Paedomorphosis In Woods Of Certain Small Shrubs, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood and bark of 12 collections of Empetraceae representing three genera containing seven species (one with two subspecies) are analyzed with respect to quantitative and qualitative features. Empetraceae have vessels somewhat angular in transection, with scalariform perforation plates and scalariform to opposite vessel-ray pitting. Imperforate tracheary elements are all tracheids. Axial parenchyma is sparse and not subdivided. Rays are characteristically uniseriate and composed of upright cells (older stems have rays with both upright and procumbent cells). These features ally Empetraceae closely to Ericaceae and Epacridaceae. The narrow vessels, quite numerous per mm2 , denote a high degree of wood …
Wood Anatomy Of Cercidium (Fabaceae), With Emphasis On Vessel Wall Sculpture, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Cercidium (Fabaceae), With Emphasis On Vessel Wall Sculpture, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for wood anatomy of the seven species of Cercidium (including two subspecies of C. floridum as well as the hybrid C. x sonorae) currently recognized. Data on wood of Parkinsonia are presented for purposes of comparison. Vessel walls of Cercidium show unusual sculpture: coarse excrescences termed verrucae here, crateriform pits, and grooves interconnecting pit apertures. These plus crystal distribution, presence of septa in fibers, pit diameter, presence of vasicentric tracheids, and presence of diagonal vessel aggregations are probably species distinctions to various degrees. The crystal-bearing fibers of Cercidium, some of which have …
Wood Anatomy Of Tasmannia, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Tasmannia, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for 11 collections of eight taxa. Diameter and length of tracheids are related to plant size, but populations in cooler locations have narrower and shorter tracheids than one would expect on the basis of plant size and age, and smaller tracheids are believed to be of selective value in these environments because of their resistance to embolisms. Vesturing is absent from tracheids in taxa from warmer localities but pronounced in colder places; this, too, is a probable mechanism for resistance to embolism formation. Helical thickenings are reported for one collection of T. insipida; …
Wood Anatomy Of Cneoraceae: Ecology, Relationships, And Generic Definition, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Cneoraceae: Ecology, Relationships, And Generic Definition, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomy of the three species of Cneorurm is described qualitatively and quantitatively. The species differ in features related to ecology and form a clear series in this regard. The wood features of the family can all be matched by some Rutaceae and Simarubaceae, and the characteristics of Cneoraceae are listed in this connection. Nearly as many features are shared by Cneoraceae with Anacardiaceae and Sapindaceae; certain distinctive features may be found in somewhat more distant families, such as Oxalidaceae. Resemblances between Cneoraceae and Euphorbiaceae are attributed at least in part to the fact that Euphorbiaceae comprise a highly heterogeneous …
Wood Anatomy Of Scytopetalaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Scytopetalaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Eight wood samples representing six species in two genera of Scytopetalaceae are examined with respect to qualitative and quantitative features. Rhaptopetalum differs from Scytopetalum by having scalariform perforation plates, fiber-tracheids, longer vessel elements, and a series of features probably related to the understory status of Rhaptopetalum is compared to the emergent nature of Scytopetalum. Features ofScytopetalaceae relevant to relationships of the family include (I) scaJariform perforation plates; (2) alternate medium-sized intervascular pits; (3) scalariform vessel-parenchyma pitting; (4) diffuse-in-aggregates and scanty vasicentric axial parenchyma; (5) axial parenchyma strands subdivided in places into chains of chambered crystals; and (6) rays that are …
Wood Anatomy Of Drimys S.S. (Winteraceae), Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Drimys S.S. (Winteraceae), Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative data are reported for seven specimens representing six varieties of the four species of Drimys generally recognized. Tracheid length and diameter are correlated both with plant size and with severity of climate: wide, long tracheids, not fluctuating in diameter seasonally, occur in Drimys of moderate elevations in subtropical latitude; narrower, shorter tracheids, becoming radially narrower briefly in latewood, occur in Drimys from higher altitudes and latitudes. Vesturing (warty layer) on the inside surface of tracheids occurs in Drimys from latitudes and altitudes where appreciable freezing is to be expected, but vesturing is absent at lower elevations and …
Wood Anatomy Of Acanthaceae: A Survey, Sherwin Carlquist, Scott Zona
Wood Anatomy Of Acanthaceae: A Survey, Sherwin Carlquist, Scott Zona
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative wood features are reported for 38 species representing 22 genera, including the scandent genera Mendoncia and Thunbergia. Woods of Acanthaceae are characterized by relatively narrow vessels with simple perforation plates and alternate lateral wall pitting, septate libriform fibers, scanty vasicentric axial parenchyma, rays both multiseriate and uniseriate, erect ray cells abundant in rays (some species rayless or near-rayless), numerous small crystals or cystoliths in ray cells in a few genera (first documented reports of both characters in woods of Acanthaceae), and nonstoried structure. This constellation of features is very closely matched by woods of Gesneriaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Pedaliaceae, …
Diagonal And Tangential Vessel Aggregations In Wood: Function And Relationship To Vasecentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Diagonal And Tangential Vessel Aggregations In Wood: Function And Relationship To Vasecentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The list of families with diagonal ("dendritic" or " flamelike" of other authors) patterns of vessel aggregation is similar to the list of families that have vasicentric tracheids. This paper attempts to deal with apparent exceptions. Because of recent reports of vasicentric tracheids, the families with diagonal vessel aggregations are all also on the list of families with vasicentric tracheids with the exception of four families. Genera of those four families are studied to see if a relationship between vasicentric tracheids and diagonal vessel aggregations does hold. Of the families not on both lists, Leitneriaceae (Leitneria), Melastomataceae ( …
Wood Anatomy Of Martniaceae And Pedaliaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Martniaceae And Pedaliaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative features are reported for one species of Martynia (Martyniaceae) and for seven species of six genera of Pedaliaceae. The inclusion of woody annuals as well as of shrubs provides a broader picture ofPedaliaceae than hitherto available. The wood features of Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae (listed in the Systematic Conclusions) are compatible with placement of these families in Scrophulariales (Bignoniales). Ifindividual features of the two families are compared with those of other families of the order, however, no one family can be cited as more closely related to Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae than any other. Martyniaceae is not necessarily the …
Wood Anatomy Of Stilbaceae And Retziaceae: Ecological And Systematic Implications, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Stilbaceae And Retziaceae: Ecological And Systematic Implications, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomy of ten species in five genera of the Cape Province (South Africa) family Stilbaceae is reported in quantitative and qualitative terms. Wood anatomy for stem, root, and lignotuber is reported for the monotypic Cape genus Retzia. Stilbaceae and Retziaceae are alike in wood anatomy but differ from Verbenaceae by having scalariform perforation plates with few and wide-bordered bars (simple plates and modified scalariform plates are also present); vessel elements clearly fibriform in shape; very scarce axial parenchyma; and long uniseriate wings on multiseriate rays. When added to endosperm presence and ericoid habit, these features may serve to segregate …
Wood Anatomy Of Myoporaceae: Ecological And Systematic Considerations, Sherwin Carlquist, David A. Hoekman
Wood Anatomy Of Myoporaceae: Ecological And Systematic Considerations, Sherwin Carlquist, David A. Hoekman
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative features are presented for 28 collections of three genera (Bontia, Eremophila, Myoporum); data on Oftia are also included since it is sometimes referred to Myoporaceae. Wood of all Myoporaceae represents variation on a basic plan: woods diffuse porous or semi-ringporous; vessels with simple perforation plates; lateral wall pits of vessels alternate and circular, with grooves interconnecting some pit apertures; vessels grouped to various degrees into radial multiples; imperforate tracheary elements all fiber-tracheids with pit cavities 1-5 μm in diameter (wider on contacts with ray cells), nonseptate; axial parenchyma vasicentric scanty plus, in some …
Wood Anatomy Of Cassiope (Ericaceae), Gary D. Wallace
Wood Anatomy Of Cassiope (Ericaceae), Gary D. Wallace
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomical characteristics for 21 taxa of Cassiope are reported. Qualitative features differ somewhat from the general pattern of the Ericaceae. However, considerable deviation is found in the quantitative aspects of the wood features. The stems are very slender with narrow growth rings evident in all but one species. Vessel elements are very small and usually have scalariform perforation plates with several bars. Vessels are extremely abundant in transection. Vascular rays are mostly uniseriate with a few biseriates and all are composed exclusively of erect cells. The imperforate elements are tracheids which are the only conductive elements in the late …
Vasicentric Tracheids As A Drought Survival Mechanism In The Woody Flora Of Southern California And Similar Regions; Review Of Vasicentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Vasicentric Tracheids As A Drought Survival Mechanism In The Woody Flora Of Southern California And Similar Regions; Review Of Vasicentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Vasicentric tracheids are defined as tracheids present adjacent to vessels in a wood which also possesses libriform fibers or fiber-tracheids as imperforate tracheary elements. Vasculartracheids would correspond with this definition, but are defined as occurring only in latewood, whereas vasicentric tracheids occur throughout a growth ring or in wood of a diffuse-porous species. V asicentric tracheids offer a subsidiary conducting system which can supply stems and leaves when the vessels to which vasicentric tracheids are adjacent fail because of air embolisms. True tracheids (present as the sole imperforate tracheary element type in the woods in which they occur) have much …
Wood Anatomy And Familial Status Of Viviania, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy And Familial Status Of Viviania, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood of three species of Viviania from Chile was studied. The wood has growth rings, moderately grouped vessels, helical sculpture in vessels, fiber-tracheids with small pits, and various degrees of storying. Axial parenchyma and rays are absent, regardless of age of stem. These facts are in accord with close relationship to other genera of Geraniaceae sl. Viviania differs from other Geraniaceae in presence of borders on imperforate tracheary elements and presence of endosperm; other differences (polyporate pollen; loculicidal capsules) are shared with some other genera which have familial status according to some authors, subfamilial status according to others. Viviania is …