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Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

1986

Dairy Science

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Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

Replacement Heifers-Health Program (1986), T.B. Avery Jan 1986

Replacement Heifers-Health Program (1986), T.B. Avery

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Common disease causing agents are identified and a sample replacement heifer health program is presented. Written objectives are useful for evaluation of heifer rearing.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Replacement Heifers - Breeding Management (1986), Edward P. Call Jan 1986

Replacement Heifers - Breeding Management (1986), Edward P. Call

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Records are the backbone of any breeding program. Artificial insemination (AI) is essential to maximizing genetic gain and minimizing calving problems and breeding costs. In addition, AI allows controlled calving - calving at the dairyman's discretion - not Mother Nature's! Adequately grown heifers should be added to the breeding list during the 13th month of age and serviced to meet the herd's calving goal. Feeding and handling systems should not change during the month preceding and during the breeding period, in order to minimize stress on the reproductive system. Economic loss because of delayed calving beyond 24 months of age …

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Ruminal Metabolic Development In Conventionally Or Early Weaned Calves (1986), K.L. Anderson, Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja, J.L. Morrill Jan 1986

Ruminal Metabolic Development In Conventionally Or Early Weaned Calves (1986), K.L. Anderson, Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja, J.L. Morrill

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Accelerating the weaning age of calves appeared to increase their ruminal metabolic activity. This was indicated by the lower ruminal pH and increased, total volatile fatty acid concentration of calves weaned at 4 wk of age compared with those weaned at 6 wk of age.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Aflatoxin In Milk And Dairy Products (1986), W.G. Ikins Jan 1986

Aflatoxin In Milk And Dairy Products (1986), W.G. Ikins

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds that are produced by certain strains of molds, namely, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These molds may invade stressed crops in the field or proliferate in improperly stored feed. Dairy cows are one of the many species of animals that may suffer both long-term and short-term adverse effects from consuming aflatoxin contaminated feed. In addition, dairy cows metabolize the toxin to a slightly different form, a portion of which is secreted into milk and can be consumed by humans.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Forage Analysis Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs) (1986), L.H. Harbers Jan 1986

Forage Analysis Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs) (1986), L.H. Harbers

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

It has been over 15 years since an analytical instrument was developed that could rapidly determine the concentration of organic compounds from the spectra produced by the bonding between carbon and certain molecules. The instrument is based on the principle that those molecules absorb energy in the infrared region and produce harmonics seen at lower wavelengths, namely the near-infrared region. Compounds may be quantitized by a computer that rapidly analyzes the absorption bands in the near-infrared compared to a standard. Peaks from compounds such as water, protein, fat, and carbohydrate may be detected. Those can be translated into components such …

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Influence Of Multiple Daily Injections Of Oxytocin On Reproductive And Milk Characteristics Of Postpartum Dairy Cows (1986), R.E. Stewart, Jeffrey S. Stevenson Jan 1986

Influence Of Multiple Daily Injections Of Oxytocin On Reproductive And Milk Characteristics Of Postpartum Dairy Cows (1986), R.E. Stewart, Jeffrey S. Stevenson

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Release of oxytocin at the time of suckling or milking may delay onset of estrous cycles in postpartum cows. Twenty lactating Holsteins were used in this study to determine if multiple daily injections of oxytocin would prolong postpartum anestrus. Cows received either oxytocin or saline (controls) intravenously through indwelling jugular catheters four times daily for 28 days following calving. Treatment with oxytocin did not lengthen intervals to ovulation or estrus or alter secretion patterns of luteinizing hormone, cortisol, progesterone, or 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2αin serum. Although milk production, percentage protein, and somatic cell counts were similar between treatment groups, oxytocin appeared …

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Review Of Production Responses From Cows Fed Calcium Salt Of Isobutyric And Mixed 5-Carbon Volatile Fatty Acids (1986), James R. Dunham Jan 1986

Review Of Production Responses From Cows Fed Calcium Salt Of Isobutyric And Mixed 5-Carbon Volatile Fatty Acids (1986), James R. Dunham

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Recent developments in dairy cattle nutrition have resulted in the marketing of a calcium salt of isobutyric and mixed 5-carbon volatile fatty acids (IsoPlus®). The FDA approved product has been neutralized with calcium to form a dry salt of the acids, which are found naturally in the rumen. The following review of research results is intended as a guide for feeding IsoPlus®).; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Field Applications Of Exogenous Hormones- Gonadotropin And Prostaglandin (1986), Edward P. Call Jan 1986

Field Applications Of Exogenous Hormones- Gonadotropin And Prostaglandin (1986), Edward P. Call

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

prostaglandin F2α(PGF) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have provided new dimensions in resolving certain reproductive maladies. Effective when used properly, these hormones have the advantage of mimicking the physiological activity of natural hormones without the negative, overriding effects of synthetic products. Effective use of the hormones requires accurate diagnoses. Moreover, side effects are nil except when PGF is mistakenly administered to pregnant animals. The effect of PGF in humans must be recognized. Current research under way gives promise that GnRH may have beneficial effects in the early postpartum cow suffering from problems around the time of calving.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas …

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Feed Additives (1986), James R. Dunham Jan 1986

Feed Additives (1986), James R. Dunham

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Feed additives are ration ingredients used in relatively small amounts to fortify certain nutrients or to affect a specific physiological function. The decision to include any additive should be based upon the economic response expected. The following guidelines are designed to help identify situations where additives may be considered.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Dairy Replacement Heifer Nutrition (1986), J.L. Morrill Jan 1986

Dairy Replacement Heifer Nutrition (1986), J.L. Morrill

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Proper nutrition and management are necessary to provide adequate numbers of healthy herd replacements. Satisfactory heifer programs must take into consideration care of the dam and characteristics of the newborn calf, including the deficiency of circulating antibodies at birth and the lack of a functioning rumen. Nutrition. Nutrition of the dry cow is very important because of the effect this has on the next lactation as well as 0[1 the developing fetus. Several points should receive special attention. (l) Provide adequate protein and energy to meet requirements. (2) Increase concentrate intake gradually during the last part of the "¢ dry …

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Overview: Developing A High Profit Herd (1986), John E. Shirley Jan 1986

Overview: Developing A High Profit Herd (1986), John E. Shirley

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The present surplus of dairy products has led to a decrease in farm-level milk receipts. Future reductions in the federal milk price support program, together with a predictable increase in feed grain and protein supplement prices, dictates that only the efficient producers will survive. By exercising known management options in the areas of herd health, reproduction, and nutrition, dairymen can increase production per cow, decrease feed cost, and thereby, increase profitability. Major management efforts need to be directed toward replacement heifer programs, planned matings, estrous detection, care of the periparturient cow, sanitation, and allocation of concentrate among cows according to …

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Using Ai Calving-Ease Bulls On Replacement Heifers (1986), K.A. Heikes Jan 1986

Using Ai Calving-Ease Bulls On Replacement Heifers (1986), K.A. Heikes

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

For maximal genetic progress in a dairy, proven AI sires should be selected to use on replacement heifers. To minimize problems at calving, these sires should be selected from bulls that are breed average or better for calving ease.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Introducing A Computer Feeding System At Various Lactational Stages For Dairy Cows (1986), J.C. Kube, John E. Shirley, K.D. Frantz, Jeffrey S. Stevenson Jan 1986

Introducing A Computer Feeding System At Various Lactational Stages For Dairy Cows (1986), J.C. Kube, John E. Shirley, K.D. Frantz, Jeffrey S. Stevenson

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Lactating dairy cows were introduced to a computer feeder in early (≤120 days in milk or D.I.M.), mid (120-220 D.I.M.), and late (>220 D.I.M.) lactation. Cows in the mid- and late-lactation groups adjusted quicker and exhibited a smaller decrease in production, relative to the early lactation group. Computer-controlled feeders are increasing in popularity nationwide and are creating some interest among dairy producers in the midwest. Computer-controlled feeders allow dairy producers with small to medium-sized herds to feed their cows according to production without dividing cows into groups or dispensing feed in the parlor. Many times, a producer considers only …

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Is A Computer Feeder Necessary In The Dry Lot Cow? (1986), J.C. Kube, John E. Shirley, K.D. Frantz Jan 1986

Is A Computer Feeder Necessary In The Dry Lot Cow? (1986), J.C. Kube, John E. Shirley, K.D. Frantz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Springing heifers and dry cows were introduced to a computer feeder either 2 wk before their estimated freshening date or at calving. There was no significant difference in milk production, percentage milk fat, percentage milk protein, or somatic cell count (SCC). Lead feeding with a computer feeder resulted in a 40% decrease in concentrate consumption over bunk feeding during the dry period.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Effect On Ruminal Lactic Acid Utilization And Lactic Acid-Utilizing Bacteria (1986), G.W. Miller, Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja Jan 1986

Effect On Ruminal Lactic Acid Utilization And Lactic Acid-Utilizing Bacteria (1986), G.W. Miller, Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The effect of diet on in vitro lactic acid utilization rate and counts of lactic add-utilizing bacteria was determined in ruminally cannulated steers. The steers were adapted to an alfalfa diet and gradually switched to an all-grain diet. The in vitro lactic acid fermentation rate increased with increased grain intake. Concurrently, the proportion of lactic acid-utilizing bacteria also increased. The increased population of lactic acid-utilizing bacteria is responsible for preventing lactic acid accumulation in the rumen of cattle adapted to consume a high-grain diet.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Evaluation Of High-Energy Calf Starter For Early-Weaned Calves (1986), W.H. Carinder, P.G. Reddy, J.L. Morrill Jan 1986

Evaluation Of High-Energy Calf Starter For Early-Weaned Calves (1986), W.H. Carinder, P.G. Reddy, J.L. Morrill

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

An experimental calf-starter diet containing roasted whole soybeans, buffer and dehydrated alfalfa pellets was compared with a conventional calf starter for young calves on an early-weaning program. Overall means for weight gains, dry feed consumption, and fecal scores were similar for the two treatments. However, calves fed the experimental calf starter showed a trend toward higher gains at 4 and 5 wk of age. More fat than necessary in the diet and feeding of prestarter until 8 wk of age may have precluded finding significant benefits with the experimental starter.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Soybean Products As A Protein Source In Milk Replacers For Calves (1986), D.P. Dawson, J.L. Morrill, P.G. Reddy, H.C. Minocha Jan 1986

Soybean Products As A Protein Source In Milk Replacers For Calves (1986), D.P. Dawson, J.L. Morrill, P.G. Reddy, H.C. Minocha

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Studies were conducted to evaluate two comrnercl.al soy products and one experimental soy flour as protein sources in calf milk-replacers. Further tests were conducted to produce an improved product. None of the products were as good as milk protein, with the difference being greatest in the very young calf. Calves fed milk replacers containing soy products commonly used today will not perform as well as calves fed good quality, all milk-protein, milk replacers.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Effect Of Buffers And Supplemental Potassium In Diets Of Early-Weaned Calves (1986), K.J. Jordan, J.L. Morrill, P.G. Reddy, James J. Higgins Jan 1986

Effect Of Buffers And Supplemental Potassium In Diets Of Early-Weaned Calves (1986), K.J. Jordan, J.L. Morrill, P.G. Reddy, James J. Higgins

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Potassium chloride added to the prestarter and/or potassium bicarbonate added to the starter fed to early weaned calves helped maintain normal blood alkalinity and normal levels of blood gases, and resulted in a trend toward increased feed consumption. Potassium bicarbonate added to the starter tended to improve weight gains.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Vitamin E Requirements Of Dairy Calves (1986), P.G. Reddy, J.L. Morrill, H.C. Minocha, R.A. Frey Jan 1986

Vitamin E Requirements Of Dairy Calves (1986), P.G. Reddy, J.L. Morrill, H.C. Minocha, R.A. Frey

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Thirty-two Holstein heifer calves receiving conventional rations were supplemented with 0 (control), 125, 250, or 500 IU vitamin E/calf/day. The objective was to determine the optimum requirement based on their performance from birth to 24 wk of age. Results on weight gains, feed consumption, serum enzymes indicative of cell membrane damage, immune responses, and metabolic profile indicated that supplementation of calves receiving conventional rations with 125 to 250 IU/day may maximize their performance.; Dairy Day, 1986, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1986;

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Effect Of Milk Intake And Method Of Weaning On Calf Performance And Stress In An Early-Weaning Program (1986), P. Flynn, P.G. Reddy, J.L. Morrill, Jeffrey S. Stevenson Jan 1986

Effect Of Milk Intake And Method Of Weaning On Calf Performance And Stress In An Early-Weaning Program (1986), P. Flynn, P.G. Reddy, J.L. Morrill, Jeffrey S. Stevenson

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Feeding milk at 8% of birthweight and gradual weaning resulted in the most consistent increases in weekly weight gain, highest overall weight gain, and greatest increases in dry feed consumption during an 8-wk trial compared to feeding milk at 8% and abrupt weaning, at 10% and gradual weaning, or at 10% and abrupt weaning. By 8 wk, the 8% gradually-weaned calves also had higher levels of serum protein and lower levels of urea nitrogen in blood than calves in other treatment groups. Therefore, the 8% gradual-weaning program was determined to be the most appropriate for early weaning of dairy calves.; …

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Milk Flavor Quality On The Farm (1986), H.A. Roberts Jan 1986

Milk Flavor Quality On The Farm (1986), H.A. Roberts

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Milk consumption is influenced by the quality and flavor of the milk a person drinks. Today the consumer evaluates milk solely on its taste and keeping quality. Since the flavor of milk cannot be improved after it leaves the dairy farm, it is of the utmost importance to produce milk with the best flavor quality possible. Milk is a highly perishable food and must be produced under conditions that will ensure keeping quality. Generally speaking, dairymen are doing a good job of producing high quality milk but we need to be aware that problems may occur with feeding, cow health, …

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Availability Of Calcium In Dairy And Other Human Foods (1986), I.J. Jeon Jan 1986

Availability Of Calcium In Dairy And Other Human Foods (1986), I.J. Jeon

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

In 1985 the annual sales of dairy products on the average grew 3.3%, and is expected to grow 6.4% in 1986, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce. This positive growth was attributed in part to increased consumer awareness on the reported role of calcium in combating hypertension (high blood pressure) and osteoporosis (a brittle bone disease common in older women). A recent report suggested that many consumers are seeing the publicity that many cases of hypertension may be the result of too little calcium intake, not too much sodium. Consumers are also well aware that a calcium-deficient diet can …

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Ration Fiber Analysis (1986), J.L. Morrill Jan 1986

Ration Fiber Analysis (1986), J.L. Morrill

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

For many years, fiber in dairy rations was measured and expressed as crude fiber. More recently acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) have been used. The crude fiber (CF) determination uses acid and alkali treatment and is an attempt to simulate reactions within the digestive tract, whereas the newer techniques use detergents and attempt to divide the plant cells into their component parts. Thus, NDF is resistant to breakdown by a certain detergent in neutral solution and represents the structural part of the cell, the cell wall. Acid detergent fiber is resistant to breakdown by a certain …

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Bypass Protein-Theory And Concept (1986), D.L. Harmon, Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja Jan 1986

Bypass Protein-Theory And Concept (1986), D.L. Harmon, Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The ruminant animal has the unique advantage of microbial digestion in the rumen. This relationship between host animal and microbial population presents some unique advantages and disadvantages to the animal in terms of using dietary nutrients. The greatest advantage, obviously, is the utilization of dietary fiber. The microbes digest these feedstuffs and derive energy for their growth and maintenance while producing volatile fatty acids for the energy needs of the host animal. Other important products of this microbial digestion are the microbes themselves. They supply the major portion of the animal's protein needs as microbial protein. However, it is inefficient …

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Milk Progesterone Kits: On-Farm Use (1986), Jeffrey S. Stevenson, Edward P. Call Jan 1986

Milk Progesterone Kits: On-Farm Use (1986), Jeffrey S. Stevenson, Edward P. Call

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Diagnosing pregnancy in dairy cattle is an essential part of good management. The objective of this procedure is not to identify pregnant cows, but to identify the nonpregnant cows, those that become the breeding challenge. Economics dictate that verifying the pregnancy or "open" status of the cow is essential. Estimated losses of $1 to $3 per cow per day when conception is delayed beyond 85 days postpartum emphasize the importance of inseminating cows early to allow for 12 to 13-month calving intervals. A number of diagnostic tools are available and increasing scientific knowledge and technology will provide for improved pregnancy …

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