Life Sciences Commons^™

The Effects Of Increasing Solids Concentration In Air Knife Coatings For Boxboard, Merri G. Onofrio

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to determine whether high solids concentrations may be applied to air knife coatings for boxboard. Considerations were the effects of high solids on coat weight controllability and final sheet properties.

The study was conducted on a pilot air knife coater using coatings at 56-62% solids and containing .2 to .6 parts per hundred CMC as water retention aid. Finished sheet properties evaluated included brightness, gloss, smoothness, IGT pick strength, K & N ink absorption and glueability.

It was determined that solids levels up to 58% could be efficiently run providing machine speed did not …

The Study Of A Laboratory Screw Press Washer As A Means Of Deinking Offset Newsprint At High Consistencies, Kim A. Anderson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis is to study a laboratory horizontal screw press washer as an effective, yet economical, means of deinking offset newsprint wastes at high consistencies. The theoretical advantages of utilizing a high consistency deinking process include minimal water consumption, reduced and more concentrated filtrate volumes, low effluent solids and fiber loss, and minimal space requirements. The disadvantages include a relatively high unit power consumption, high capital cost, sometimes an inefficient amount of fillers and fines removed, and ink particles may get trapped at consistencies greater than 18%. Results proved many of these theoretical advantages and disadvantages. Also, …

A Study Of The Flow Of Pulp Slurries Through A Motionless Mixer, Brian F. Berger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was conducted to determine the behavior of pulp flows through a motionless mixer. Specifically, the effects of stock consistency, pulp type, and number of mixing elements on the pressure drop across a motionless mixer were examined. An attempt was made to develop correlations between pressure drop across the motionless mixer due to pulp flows and the consistency of the pulp slurries. From the data generated by this study, it was determined that using the value of pressure drop across the motionless mixer to determine pulp consistency is not very feasible. However, the empirical data generated should be useful …

The Feasibility Of Applying Solar Industrial Process Heat To Paper Machine Dryer Sections, Curtis J. Rollo

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Fossil fuel deficiencies and escalating costs are presented. The application of solar industrial process heat (SIPH) to the paper industry is examined with focus on cylinder dryer sections located at the dry end of a paper machine in a non-integrated mill. Drying theory, as it relates to SIPH, is discussed in detail. Very high steam temperatures are deemed unnecessary for good dryer efficiency. Factors favoring application are listed, as are those U.S. installations similar to the type investigated. A fabric drying facility, using SIPH, is described with respect to the paper drying facility, using SIPH, is described with respect to …

The Effects Of Wet End Chemical Additives On Recycled Filler Furnish, Jeff Oman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Improvements in desired characteristics can be seen from wet and chemical additives and will be accompanied by some degree of negative results in other desired characteristics. Lab work is useful in identifying qualitatively the specific areas where negative and positive effects will be seen. The negative results must then be weighted against the positive gains.

The Britt Jar is a powerful tool for predicting pilot machine behavior and should be used with hand sheet data. Pilot machine data is included as verification of Lab findings.

Parental Foraging In Chipping Sparrows (Spizella Passerina), Dora Elisa Perez

Masters Theses

During the breeding season of 1982, the population of Chipping Sparrows ( Spizella passerina) that inhabits the Western Michigan University's campus was chosen to study the use of foliage and other foraging sites. Three pairs were selected to be observed intensively.

During the time the female is foraging and when the male is either foraging or in territorial advertisement activities both sexes choose needleleaf trees out of proportion to their availability.

It is also likely that in the later stages of caring for young, when food demands were highest, the birds become less selective and forage on needleleaf trees as …

Recipe Design And Management In A Nutritional Data Base System, Robert G. Trenary

Masters Theses

The Nutritional Data Base System (NDBS) is an interactive information system which provides the user the ability to create and process menus, recipes and food items. Three primary program modules are thus indicated along with modules to translate user requests and process file and directory information. A discussion of standard data base concepts and an application of these concepts to the processing of recipes in the NDBS system is presented. Future possible expansions are suggested and other similar information systems are discussed.

The Effects Of Pentazocine And Tripelennamine On Analgesia And Locomotion, James Philip Cleary

Dissertations

The effects of pentazocine and tripelennamine, alone and in combination, were assessed on measures of analgesia (hot plate test) and locomotion (open field) in rats and mice. In Experiment 1, the combination of pentazocine and tripelennamine was found to produce analgesia at doses which were not analgesic when the drugs were given alone. This combination also reestablished analgesia in subjects made tolerant to pentazocine's effects. In Experiment 2, development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of pentazocine was delayed by addition of tripelennamine. In Experiment 3, locomotion was decreased by pentazocine at the highest dose. A similar reduction was produced …

A Histopathological Study Of The Effect Of Ethylnitrosourea On Ha(Icr) Mice Testes, Mildred Rodriguez

Masters Theses

Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) is very strongly mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic in mice. In the present study ENU was used to induce germ cell damage in the mouse testis. Mice were given single injections of vehicle, 50, 100, or 200 milligrams of ENU per kilogram of body weight and killed at various times over a fifteen week period. Microscopic examination of the testes showed that extensive killing of spermatogonial cells and therefore maturation depletion had occurred in the seminiferous tubules. The histopathology was dose dependent and the testicular weight decreased with an increasing ENU concentration.

Fidelity Of Dna Polymerase In Vitro, Yannacos C. Philopoulos

Dissertations

The fidelity of DNA Polymerase I, isolated from B. licheniformis and B. stearothermophilus, was tested in the presence of carcinogens and anticancer compounds. All of these compounds inhibited (62.4-99.2%) the synthesis of DNA using Poly(dA-dT) as a template. The compounds were inhibitory at all concentration levels tested, 0.01, 1.0 and 100 mM. The fidelity of the enzyme appeared to be enhanced by the presence of these compounds, as indicated by misincorporation (50-70%), that is, the incorporation of incorrect nucleotide. Misincorporation in the presence of either carcinogens or anticancer compounds was less than that of control. The results from both organisms …

The Effect Of Pressdrying On Bogus Medium, Judith Lynn Reames

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Pressdrying is simultaneous pressing and drying. It employs a steam heated roll in some type of extended nip.

This study was made to determine the effects of pressdrying on 100% bogus medium. Pressure during pressdrying and nip residence time were constant. Freeness and solids content before drying were varied. Pressdried sheets were compared to sheets dried under no pressure but produced under otherwise similar conditions.

At any given freeness level, the pressdried sheets were higher in density and ring crush, and lower in tensile and caliper. Variance of solids content before drying showed no trend for tensile. Based on significance …

Evaluation Of Helianthus Turberosus As An Alternative Fiber Source, Bruce E. Hammond

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Depithing of Helianthus Tuberosus was performed for one and five minutes in a Morden Slush Maker at 115°C and 7% consistency. The pith and fines were removed, leaving the woody chips. The chips were pulped using sodium hydroxide in a bomb digestor at a five to one liquor to wood ratio using 20% active alkali for one hour at 170°C. The resulting chips were fiberized and handsheets were made according to Noble and Wood procedures. The handsheets were tested and reported.

The resulting fibers show little promise for use in papers requiring high tensile or tear.

A Comparison Of Insolubilizers For Naoh Cut Protein Coatings, Jon Rock

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Soy protein is commonly dispersed with NH₄OH, which is a volatile alkali driven off during the drying process. This creates a potential health hazard. Sodium hydroxide, which does not vaporize, can be used to disperse the protein. However, when using it, it is difficult to develop water resistance. This project is designed to find an additive that when used in conjunction with NaOH dispersed proteins will produce a water resistant coating.

Four insolubilizing agents: melamine formaldehyde, ammonium zirconium carbonate, glyoxal, and sunrez 700FF, were tested with 2.5-3.5 and 5% NaOH dispersed proteins, while a 15% NH₄OH …

Glycosaminoglycans Of Normal And Diabetic Human Plasma, Gloria Badiner

Masters Theses

Diabetic complications in nnn-insulin dependent tissues have led < researchers to investigate causitive parameters at the biochemical level. The purpose of this project was to measure glycosaminoglycans in diabetic and normal human plasma and to investigate any changes in glycosaminoglycan content for possible roles in diabetic complications.

Glycosaminoglycan content was measured by three methods; the alcian blue assay, protein-bound hexosamine, and total glycosaminoglycan isolate methods. Results show IDDM plasma to have significantly increased levels of glycosaminoglycans as assayed by the alcian blue test and protein-bound hexosamine. The total glycosaminoglycan isolate method did not correlate with either of the two other methods. No difference was demonstrated between normal and NIDDM plasma glycosamino glycan content.

The protein-bound hexosamine and the alcian blue assays correlate with age and type of diabetes. No differences between the sexes were demonstrated. Of particular interest are …

An Analysis Of The Fractionating Capabilities Of The Black Clawson Selectifier Pressure Screen, Jim Tinsler

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to analyze the fiber fractionation capabilities of the Black Clawson Selectifier Pressure Screen. Due to problems associated with the equipment, the actual analysis was not performed, However, it was found that for a setup such as the secondary fiber pilot plant, it is not possible to secure the piping system good enough to permit the use of sonic flowmeters. These meters are intended to be used on piping systems that are free from heavy vibrations.

The Effects Of Steam Dispersion On Water Retention In The Coating System, Jeffrey J. Lettenberger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship that steam dispersion has upon water holding characteristics of a starch/clay system. It is proposed that the amount of dispersion during and after depolymerization of starch will have a direct relationship with water retention. The water retention values were measured on a modified Warren tester. It was found that excess steam dispersion of the starch increased the water retention values of the coatings. However, water retention values were found to be very sensitive to %solids of the starch/clay slurry, that is, as %solids decreased, water retention of the coatings decreased. …

The Effect Of Dryer Fabric Tension On The Moisture Removal In Paper, Scott D. Adams

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The efficiency of the dryer sections is becoming increasingly important as energy prices soar. In an attempt to evaluate one of the possible variables which influence the efficiency of the dryer sections, this study of dryer fabric tension was made.

Previous studies have shown that increased tension improves the heat transfer from the cylinder to the sheet by dissipating the insulating layer of air which separates the two. The tension necessary for this to occur was labeled the optimum tension. Tensions above the optimum gave no added benefits.

To test this hypothesis, three sets of trials were made on the …

The Effects Of Preprinted Supplements On A Flotation Deinking Operation, Monty L. Adams

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Objective: The objective of this thesis was to see the effects of heavy offset inked supplements on a newsprint flotation deinking operation.

Coated and uncoated supplements were studied separately and in combination to see what quantities could be allowed to enter into a flotation deinking process without seriously reducing the quality of the resulting paper.

Goal: The goal of this thesis was to obtain a final product comparable in quality to the material in which these supplements were printed on.

This study should result in the ultimate reuse of a seldom used fiber source and eliminate the added expense of …

The Effect Of Surface Pretreatment On Binder Penetration In Coated Board, William A. Hillberg

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was performed to determine the effects of surface size pretreatments on binder penetration into coated board. Sixteen point board was sized with water, oxidized starch, polyvinyl alcohol and a 20:1 mixture of the two utilizing the blade coater. This treated board was then coated with a latex-clay coating on the air knife coater.

Testing of the board samples showed that the coated board pretreated with the oxidized starch had the best surface strength and ink hold-out characteristics. This was followed by the mixture and finally by the polyvinyl alcohol. The coated board with no surface size had the …

The Effect Of Temperature, Moisture Content And Latex Particle Size On Latex Coating Gloss, Edmund J. Miller

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis involved the study of the effects on gloss of moisture, temperature, and particle size of styrene butadiene bound pigmented coatings. Variables investigated were substrate absorbancy, latex particle size, moisture content and calendar stack temperature. Substrate absorbancy was varied by comparing an unsized 70 g/m 2 paper base sheet to a polymer drafting film (mylar). Latex particle size was varied by method of emulsion manufacture so that each was uniform and monodispersed. Moisture content was varied by allowing the sheets to come to equilibrium in a room where the humidity was changed. The temperature of the calendar stack was …

The Reprocessing Of Aged Newsprint, Debra L. Miersma

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to determine the most efficient strength of bleach to whiten aged, unprinted news keeping strength loss to a minimum. The paper was aged in natural sunlight on a clothesline at four levels of exposure: No aging, 3 days, 12 days and 24 days. Bleaching sequence used was a two-stage hydrogen peroxide/sodium hydrosulfite. One percent, 2%,and 3% peroxide levels were used. The hydrosulfite was kept at constant 1%. All percentages were based on oven dry fiber.

Results showed an increase in yellowing of the paper with greater sun exposure; one percent peroxide effected a brightness …

Pulp Consistency Correlation To Pressure Drop Across A Static Mixer As A Possible Means Of Consistency Measurement, Kevin J. Mcmunn

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this project was to determine if pressure drop in a static mixer can be related to pulp consistency in the 2-4% range. If this relationship can be found, it would be possible to use the static mixer as a consistency sensor. Consistency measurement is one of the most difficult variables to measure and control in the pulp and paper mill. Any sensor which would improve reliability and accuracy of consistency measurement would be worthwhile.

The results of this project indicate that the use of pressure drop across a static mixer is not a practical method of consistency …

An Investigation Of The Relationships Between Water Retention Additives And The Water Retention Mechanism, Thomas P. Mckeel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to examine how CMC, HEC and Kelgin QL function in their control of water retention. It is proposed that their performance can be related to the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the hydrocolloid molecule. It was also proposed to study the effect of pigment selection on water retention. Water retention values (WRV) were measured on a modified S. D. Warren conductivity tester. It was concluded that the proposed theory represents a valid explanation of the water retention mechanism involving these additives. Differences in WRV of the additives was attributed to structural differences …

Anaerobic Degradation Of Pulp And Paper Industry Landfill Leachate In Soil, Susie K. Leclear

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this project is to determine if organics in pulp and paper industry leachates can undergo anaerobic degradation in soil. If the leachate does degrade, it could reduce the potential for groundwater pollution. Attenuation, the decrease in the concentration of contaminants, can be affected by different soil parameters like biological activity, particle size and pore spaces. Also, temperature can affect the rate of degradation.

Not only does this study want to show the presence of degradation, but also the effects of adsorption with different soils.

The results of pH, ORP, and COD tests show that degradation occurred at …

The Effects Of Electron Beam Radiation On Paper, Paul R. Proxmire

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objectives of this investigation were as follows:

1. To see the general effects of electron beam radiation on paper.

2. To see the effect of varying lignin content of paper as it pertains to electron beam radiation.

3. To see the effects of possible protecting compounds.

It was clearly shown by this investigation that electron beam radiation has detrimental effects on paper. Decreases in brightness, tensile, tear, burst, and fold were observed along with an increase in yellowness. It was also shown that the greatest percentage of damage occurred during low dosage (

The investigation also showed that as …

The Separation Of Low Density Polyethylene Laminates From Paper, Angela M. Selchan

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Low density polyethylene is a very popular plastic which is commonly found in laminations which are extruded onto paper and paperboard. It is often used on products used for food packaging because of its inert and protective properties. With the aid of a corona discharge, polyethylene becomes ink receptive and forms a strong bond with the substrate; however, this bond is not a major problem when polyethylene laminated paper is recycled. The problems with recyclingcan be contributed to the heat sensitivity of the polyethylene. At high temperatures the polymer stretches and forms tangled conglomerations which trap fibers. Therefore the key …

The Influence Of Fillers On Alkaline Sizing, Thomas K. Shannon

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study was to determine whether filler surface area or filler type has the greater effect on alkaline sizing efficiency. At a given surface area and sizing addition level, ground CaCO₃ consistently gave higher sizing efficiency than clay. As the filler surface area increases the sizing efficiency decreases. At higher filler loadings there is a dramatic decrease in sizing response.

This report shows the following conclusions: CaCO₃ gives higher sizing response than clay at a given surface area, both an increase in surface area and filler loading decreases sizing efficiency.

Many mills are going to …

Interaction Of Specific Contaminants In Pulp And Paper Effluents/ Leachates With The Soil, Steven G. Ziolkowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis deals with the interaction of specific contaminants in pulp and paper effluents and how they leach into the soil. The mill included in my study applies its effluent to special irrigation fields on a daily basis. The mill produces some specialty paper which involves the use of heavy metals in its paper-making process and as a result some of the metals are applied on the irrigation field. By taking soil samples from the irrigation fields and analyzing them for heavy metals, I hope to come up with some conclusions for the behavior of vertical migration of heavy metals …

Variables Affecting Impregnation During Kraft Pulping, William J. Corriveau

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The purpose of this report was twofold. First, a pulping aid was evaluated for its effects on pulp properties. Then, the pulping aid was used in conjunction with a reduction in the times to temperature for several cooks, to see if the pulping aid could be used to reduce the total cooking time for kraft cooks.

To gain some background as to how the pulping aid might affect the cook, variables affecting impregnation are presented and discussed.

Press Water Reclamation Using A New High Solids Filter, Jonathan C. Kerr

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Press section water cannot be reused on a fine papermachine due solely to the fact that fibrous contaminants, specifically felt fibers that are removed by the felt cleaning system, cause an inordinate amount of trailing blade coater scratches and other defects in the final product. In this study, the feasability was examined of using a Ronnigen-Petter CycloSpray high solids filter to remove felt and cellulose fibers from press water.

By maintaining a constant fiber content of 0.4 lbs./1000 gallons and increasing the filler loading from 20 lbs./1000 gallons to 40 lbs./1000 gallons, the effect of increasing filler loading on fiber …