Life Sciences Commons^™

Pb1760-Tennessee 4-H Horse Championships Handbook, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Animals/Livestock

This handbook is to serve as a guide for conducting the Tennessee 4-H Horse Show, Public Speaking, Team and Individual Demonstration Contests and the State 4-H Horse Judging Contest. Extension agents, 4-H Club members, parents, leaders and others involved with these events should read and become familiar with these rules, accept the responsibility to follow these guidelines and, upon signature and submission of entry forms, agree to abide by the rules and regulations. These rules are taken directly and indirectly from breed association rule books and altered to accommodate the Tennessee 4-H Horse Program participants.

Pb1607 Landowner's Guide To Timber Sale Contracts, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

A written timber sale agreement or contract is generally the preferable and safest method of selling timber. A written contract is a legally binding document that protects both the buyer and the seller (the landowner) from misunderstandings that may develop in the absence of such an agreement. A contract will verify the seller’s ownership of the timber to be sold and the absence of liens or other liabilities. There is little legal recourse with verbal agreements. By negotiating a contract, both parties are likely to work out difficulties before they occur and be more pleased with the transaction.

No two …

Sp652 Decking Lumber Options, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

If you are thinking of building a deck, you face many choices including what decking boards to use. There are many factors to consider, and there is no perfect option. Considering the pros and cons of each product will help you decide which decking board to use.

This fact sheet briefly describes each type of decking material and discusses some of the pros and cons of each. Some of the important factors in choosing decking boards for your project include price, availability, construction flexibility, maintenance and environmental impact. Each ofthese factors will be addressed in the discussion of each material. …

Efficient Gene-Driven Germ-Line Point Mutagenesis Of C57bl/6j Mice, Edward J. Michaud, Cymbeline T. Culiat, Mitchell L. Klebig, Paul E. Barker, Kt Cain, Debra J. Carpenter, Lori L. Easter, Carmen M. Foster, Alysyn W. Gardner, Zy Guo, Kay J. Houser, Lori A. Hughes, Marilyn K. Kerley, Zhaowei Liu, Robert E. Olszewski, Irina Pinn, Ginger D. Shaw, Sarah G. Shinpock, Ann M. Wymore, Eugene M. Rinchik, Dabney K. Johnson

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- General Biology

Background

Analysis of an allelic series of point mutations in a gene, generated by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis, is a valuable method for discovering the full scope of its biological function. Here we present an efficient gene-driven approach for identifying ENU-induced point mutations in any gene in C57BL/6J mice. The advantage of such an approach is that it allows one to select any gene of interest in the mouse genome and to go directly from DNA sequence to mutant mice.

Results

We produced the Cryopreserved Mutant Mouse Bank (CMMB), which is an archive of DNA, cDNA, tissues, and …

Sp651-Costs Of Managing A Bermudagrass Football Field In Tennessee, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Commercial Horticulture

This publication is intended to provide sports turf managers and coaches an estimate of the costs of managing an existing bermudagrass football fi eld in Tennessee. Managing a healthy, wear-resistant football field requires routine mowing and fertilization. Bermudagrass football fields are most often maintained with a reel mower set at cutting heights from ¾ to 2 inches. Sports turfs often require more nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) than the soil can supply. Magnesium and iron applications can improve plant color. Applying calcium, a component of plant cell walls, may result in added plant strength. Sulfur, found in …

Sp291-L-Fresh Vegetable Storage For Homeowners, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Home Garden, Lawn, and Landscape

Many vegetables grown in home gardens can be stored fresh, but they must be harvested at the proper maturity and kept at the correct temperature and humidity. In addition, proper ventilation and sanitation must be maintained during storage. Basically, storage is placing harvested vegetables in an environment where the life processes, respiration and water loss, are kept at low levels.

Sp663 Tree Planting Procedure For Small, Bare-Root Seedings, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Tree seedlings receive foremost care while growing in a managed nursery: fertile soil; ample moisture; and weed, insect and disease control. Lifting seedlings out of this comfort zone shocks them. Consider: they are dislodged from the soil; their roots are often torn; they are handled several times; they are packaged, shipped, exposed to wind and heat, and placed in planting bags or machine buckets; their roots are unveiled to open air; and they are often replanted in harsh soil where they are left to high temperatures with the hope of adequate precipitation for sustenance through the first few growing seasons.

Sp661 Bacterial Leaf Scorch In Landscape Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Bacterial leaf scorch is a chronic disease caused by a bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, that grows in the xylem of the tree and physically clogs these water-conducting vessels. As the bacterium multiplies, water transport becomes more limited. The tree suffers water stress, especially in mid to late summer, resulting in leaf scorch; a browning or discoloration of the margins of the leaves with interior portions of the leaves near the veins remaining green. The bacterium is spread by leafhoppers, spittlebugs and other xylem-feeding insects.

Sp628 Choosing 'Sewer Safer' Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Municipal sanitary sewer systems are, second to the drinking water system, the most important public health asset of a city. When they are properly operating, that is, carrying the wastewater and sewage away from homes and businesses and to the treatment plant, they protect the public from the potential health hazards associated with human waste. However, when blockages in the pipes cause backups into homes or businesses or overflows in streets or rightof- ways, the health of citizens is at risk. One of the factors that contributes to sewer line blockages is the intrusion of tree roots. Landowners and landscape …

Sp662 Guidelines For Buying Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Plant high-quality stock to avoid future tree hazards associated with your tree. Planting poor stock will probably lead to more expense in the long run because of increased maintenance and a shorter life span. The best protocol is to purchase trees from a reputable nursery, establish careful specifications for your purchased tree and obtain a warranty for your tree.

Sp656 Shade And Flood Tolerance Of Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Most trees have very specific requirements for how much sunlight or shade that they are able to endure. Some trees do well in full sunlight, while other trees do not perform as well. Some trees are more adaptable than others to varying amounts of sunlight. Recognizing the light requirements of different species of trees will assist in proper tree selection in the landscape and will promote healthy trees.

As with light requirements, different trees have different tolerances to flooding. This factsheet discusses and lists the comparative tolerance of trees to shade or sunlight and to flooding.

Sp657 Impacts Of Air Pollution On The Urban Forest, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

An average human breathes around 3,400 gallons of air each day. Included in each breath can be numerous noxious chemicals as well as suspended particles. Consequently, human lungs must cope with this pollution. It is well known that air pollution is hazardous to human health and of enormous concern today. However, the “lungs” of our urban areas, trees growing in and around our cities, must also contend with air pollution. Just as air pollution impacts humans, air pollution affects trees in a variety of ways.

Pollution has long been identified as harmful to trees. Historically, impacts of air pollution were …

Sp658 Lightning Protection For Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Lightning is one of nature’s most powerful forces. Lightning can have devastating effects on people, property and trees. Each strike of lightning can reach more than five miles in length, and produce temperatures greater than 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit and an electrical charge of 100 million volts. At any given moment, there are 1,800 thunderstorms in progress somewhere across the earth. Lightning detection systems in the United States sense an average of 25 million lightning strikes per year.

Trees occupy a particularly susceptible position in the landscape, since they are often the tallest objects. Tall trees are the most vulnerable, especially …

Sp660 Lichens And Vines On Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

No abstract provided.

Expression Of G-Protein Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels (Girks) In Lung Cancer Cell Lines, Howard Plummer 3rd, Madhu Dhar, Maria Cekanova Ms, Rndr, Phd, Hildegard Schuller

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology

BACKGROUND: Previous data from our laboratory has indicated that there is a functional link between the beta-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway and the G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium channel (GIRK1) in human breast cancer cell lines. We wanted to determine if GIRK channels were expressed in lung cancers and if a similar link exists in lung cancer. METHODS: GIRK1-4 expression and levels were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. GIRK protein levels were determined by western blots and cell proliferation was determined by a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. RESULTS: GIRK1 mRNA was expressed in three of six small …

Sp341-G Corn Earworm On Sweet Corn, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is the most serious insect pest of sweet corn in Tennessee. This pest feeds directly on the market product.

Pb1724-Maintaining Quality In On-Farm Stored Grain, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

Industry concerns over grain quality, along with increased production of specialty, identity-preserved and food-grade crops, have placed increased focus on grain quality and storage issues. Most damage that occurs during storage is caused by molds and insects. Grain spoilage occurs as microorganisms feed on teh nutrients in the grain. As they grow and develop, these microorganisms produce heat, which increases the temperature of the surrounding grain. This heating may result in hot spots. If the temperature and moisture in the grain are just right, the major mold species Apergillus, Fusarium and Pencillum may produce mycotoxins such as aflatoxin, fumonisin, DON …

Sp277-W Foliar Diseases Of Tomato, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

No abstract provided.

Sp277-Q Black Shank Of Tobacco, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

Black shank is a widespread and destructive disease of tobacco in Tennessee. It was first identified in Robertson County in 1935 and has since spread to most tobacco-producing counties in the state. Burley, dark air-cured and dark fire-cured types of tobacco are all susceptible to black shank.

Black shank disease is caused by a soil-borne fungus, Phytophthora parasitica f. nicotianae. The fungus can survive in the soil for many years, even in the absence of tobacco.

Sp370-C-Tomato Wilt Problems, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Home Garden, Lawn, and Landscape

There are many possible causes of wilting of tomato plants. Successful treatment of the problem depends on accurate diagnosis and appropriate preventive measures. Some of the major causes of wilting are discussed below.

Oogenesis In Cultures Derived From Adult Human Ovaries, Antonin Bukovsky, Marta Svetlikova, Michael R. Caudle

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- General Biology

Ten years ago, we reported that in adult human females the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) is a source of germ cells. Recently, we also demonstrated that new primary follicles are formed by assembly of oocytes with nests of primitive granulosa cells in the ovarian cortex. The components of the new primary follicles, primitive granulosa and germ cells, differentiated sequentially from the OSE, which arises from cytokeratin positive mesenchymal progenitor cells residing in the ovarian tunica albuginea. In the present study, we investigated the possibility that the oocytes and granulosa cells may differentiate in cultures derived from adult human ovaries. Cells …

Sp645-When Are Micronutrients Needed For Farm Fields, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

This factsheet provides a listing of secondary and micronutrient soil tests available through the University of Tennessee Soil Testing Laboratory in Nashville. It also summarizes all of the university’s secondary and micronutrient recommendations and guidelines based on current research. Some recommendations are based upon soil test values (Table 1) interpreted as either satisfactory (levels adequate for excellent crop production) or unsatisfactory (levels indicating a need for fertilization). For other micronutrients, such as boron or molybdenum, a general recommendation is made for those crops observed to respond consistently to such fertilization. For copper, the soil test is currently only used to …

Pb1739-Managing Fire Ants In Urban Areas, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Commercial Horticulture

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, the black imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel, and their hybrid are nuisance insects and their stings can cause serious medical problems. Imported fire ants interfere with outdoor activities and harm wildlife throughout the southern United States. Ant mounds are unsightly and may reduce land values. In some cases, imported fire ants are considered to be beneficial because they prey upon other arthropod pests. In urban areas, fire ants prey on flea larvae, chinch bugs, cockroach eggs, ticks and other pests. In many infested areas, the problems outweigh the benefits and controlling …

Sp341-K Common Stalk Borer In Field Corn, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

The common stalk borer in Tennessee is reported to attack several crops in addition to field corn. However, the preferred host of the insect is giant ragweed. This preference is due to the largeness of the stem in which the larvae can mature. Fields of corn planted into a no-till situation are preferred by the moths because of the grassy weeds in those fields. The adult moth deposits eggs on grassy weeds in the early spring. Later, the larvae will migrate to any corn planted in the fields.

Tnh1006- Emergency First Aid For Horses, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Animals/Livestock

You come home after a long, hard day at work and go to the barn to feed. Your gelding, named “Disaster,” has a deep cut on his forearm and the cut is bleeding in spurts. What do you do?

An emergency is a medical condition that requires immediate care. Sensible emergency care can prevent the problem from worsening, reduce discomfort and promote more rapid correction of the problem. The cut described above could result in a dangerous blood loss and quickly become infected if first aid is not given.

The most common veterinary complaints seen in horses are colic, lacerations …

Pb901-Growing Vegetables In Home Gardens, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Home Garden, Lawn, and Landscape

Gardening can be highly rewarding, but it is not without problems and efforts. A successful garden requires a good site, careful planning, good management and considerable hard work. Insects, diseases and weeds require control measures. Acidic, infertile, poorly drained or sandy soil may have to be improved. Shade and extremes of moisture and temperature are other problems that must be overcome for a garden to be successful.

For those willing to plan carefully and to perform timely gardening tasks, gardening can be very worthwhile. A vegetable garden can produce a steady supply of vegetables from spring to fall. These vegetables …

Sp341-Y Western Corn Rootworm, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

Three species of corn rootworms are found in Tennessee. The Western corn rootworm is the most destructive of the three species. This insect is now prevalent from Texas to the Dakotas, and has moved into Tennessee within the past 10 to 15 years. Until 1955, this rootworm was found in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, South Dakota and Iowa. The Western corn rootworm has traditionally moved into the territory of the Northern corn rootworm, which is also found in Tennessee.

Pb1751 A Southern Pine Management Guide For Tennessee Landowners, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Forestry’s impact upon Tennessee is inescapable. The wood products industry contributes more than $21 billion annually to the state economy and employs 184,000 workers.1 There are 14.4 million acres of forestland across the state, more than half the land base, and nearly 70 percent of these lands are owned by private, non-industrial landowners. Tennessee prides itself upon being one of the nation’s largest producers of hardwood timber, but 1.2 million acres of our forests are comprised of southern yellow pines.

These pines contribute not only to a diversity of products that can be commercially marketed, but also increase the wide …

Methanogen Diversity Evidenced By Molecular Characterization Of Methyl Coenzyme M Reductase A (Mcra) Genes In Hydrothermal Sediments Of The Guaymas Basin, Ashita Dhillon, Mark Lever, Karen Lloyd, Daniel B. Albert, Mitchell L. Sogin, Andreas Teske

Microbiology Publications and Other Works

The methanogenic community in hydrothermally active sediments of Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California, Mexico) was analyzed by PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) and 16S rRNA genes. Members of the Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales dominated the mcrA and 16S rRNA clone libraries from the upper 15 cm of the sediments. Within the H2/CO2- and formate-utilizing family Methanomicrobiales, two mcrA and 16S rRNA lineages were closely affiliated with cultured species of the genera Methanoculleus and Methanocorpusculum. The most frequently recovered mcrA PCR amplicons within the Methanomicrobiales did not branch with any cultured genera. Within the nutritionally versatile …

Sp641-Tennessee Farm-Level Economic Implications Of Soybean Rust, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Marketing, Finances and Value-Added Agriculture

Asian Soybean Rust (here after referred to as “rust”) is a potentially devastating crop disease. It now afflicts soybean production in the Eastern Hemisphere and in the Western Hemisphere south of the equator. The first case of rust in the continental United States was confirmed on November 10, 2004. While the extent of the outbreak is not known, concern over the long-range impact of rust on U.S. soybeans has grown as a result of the confirmation.

Many federal and state agricultural agencies have begun preparations for such an outbreak. Defined protocols have been developed in some states for better agency …