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Articles 1 - 30 of 40
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Agricultural And Food Policy Preferences: The 1994 Perspectives Of South Dakota Agricultural Producers, Bashir Qasmi, John A. Sondey
Agricultural And Food Policy Preferences: The 1994 Perspectives Of South Dakota Agricultural Producers, Bashir Qasmi, John A. Sondey
Economics Research Reports
U.S. farm policies are reviewed, every five years concurrent with the drafting of new farm legislation. The present farm bill expires in 1995, and a new bill will be debated and enacted in 1995. Since farm and food policies have a major impact on farmers, information on their preferences with regard to these policies are invaluable to legislators as well as to different advocacy groups (working for farmers). The research was completed as a part of a 15 state study to document the agricultural and food policy preferences by agricultural producers. This report deals with the policy preferences of South …
Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1994, Agricultural Experiment Station, Plant Science Department
Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1994, Agricultural Experiment Station, Plant Science Department
Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports
This is the 1994 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State University Plant Science Department. This report includes information on the 1994 crop season, including: precipitation summary, crop performance trials, oat research forage yields, soybean breeding, various fungicide testing, weed control.
Southeast South Dakota Experiment Farm Annual Progress Report, 1994, Agricultural Experiment Station
Southeast South Dakota Experiment Farm Annual Progress Report, 1994, Agricultural Experiment Station
Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports
This thirty-fourth annual report of the research program at the Southeast South Dakota Experiment Farm has special significance for those engaged in agriculture and the agriculturally related businesses in the nine county area of southeast South Dakota. Reports in this document include information on: temperatures and precipitation data, corn production and performance, soybean research and planting, soil testing, alfalfa yield test, fertilizer testing, herbicide research, crop rotation, sorghum, small grains, livestock research, and pest and weed control.
Livestock Manure Production And Disposition: South Dakota Feedlots-Farms-Ranches, Donald Taylor
Livestock Manure Production And Disposition: South Dakota Feedlots-Farms-Ranches, Donald Taylor
Economics Research Reports
In summary, compared to the U.S. 's major cattle feeding states in the Central and Southern Plains and the West, South Dakota's concentration of fed cattle per acre of cropland and per feedlot is limited. Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota--along with South Dakota--are way at the other end of the U.S. fed cattle concentration continuum. Compared to these three Midwestheartland states, however, developments in South Dakota's fed cattle industry over the past two decades have been greatly different. In 1993, compared to 1973, the average number of fed cattle marketed per feedlot in South Dakota has doubled, whereas in the three …
Long-Term Productivity And Profitability Of Conventional And Alternative Farming Systems In East-Central South Dakota: A Case Study, Thomas Dobbs, James D. Smolik
Long-Term Productivity And Profitability Of Conventional And Alternative Farming Systems In East-Central South Dakota: A Case Study, Thomas Dobbs, James D. Smolik
Economics Research Reports
A small body of evidence has begun to emerge over the last 3 to 4 years on the comparative productivity and profitability of conventional farming systems and alternative systems which (1) avoid or use very small amounts of synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and (2) place greater emphasis on crop rotations, especially rotations which involve forage and green manure legumes. Most of the evidence thus far has been based on only a few years of data, however. In contrast, South Dakota State university (SDSU) has recently completed three relatively long-term studies comparing conventional and alternative systems. Two of the studies …
South Dakota Farm And Home Research, South Dakota State University
South Dakota Farm And Home Research, South Dakota State University
South Dakota Farm and Home Research: 1949 -1998
The better part of communication is listening: Ag Experiment Station Director Fred Cholick plans to communicate by doing a lot of listening. What he hears will help him develop a better understanding of the needs of farmers and ranchers, scientists, and other South Dakotans. [p] 1
New director encourages integrated approach to ag research: All the resources necessary for the production of food and fiber-humans, soil, air, plants, animals-come under the umbrella of agriculture. All these resources will affect the course of SDSU ag research. [p] 2
New approach unlocks secrets of soybean plant: Take scientists from a variety of …
Publication List Economics Department: 1993 - 1994, Department Of Economics
Publication List Economics Department: 1993 - 1994, Department Of Economics
Economics Pamphlet Series
The publications listed herein were prepared during April 1993 - July 1994 by the faculty and graduate students in the Economics Department at South Dakota State University. The publications are arranged by series (Staff Paper, Research Paper, Economics Commentator, Experiment Station Bulletin, etc.). There is a subject matter index, author index and a Economics Faculty listing included also.
Grain Basis Patterns For Selected Locations In South Dakota: 1992, Bashir Qasmi
Grain Basis Patterns For Selected Locations In South Dakota: 1992, Bashir Qasmi
Economics Research Reports
For successful marketing, and merchandising in commodity markets, it is important to understand the relationship between cash and futures contract prices. The principal measure for relating cash and futures price is local cash basis or "Basis".
South Dakota Farm And Home Research, South Dakota State University
South Dakota Farm And Home Research, South Dakota State University
South Dakota Farm and Home Research: 1949 -1998
Guest Comments: 'New way of doing research' in Northern Plains Biostress Laboratory: Dr. David Hurley delivers an overview of the new integrated research team concept at the NPBL. The team designs allow for quicker reaction and innovative new solutions to agricultural problems. [p] 1
SDSU scientists add a new dimension to research: Biotechnology has become an integral part of research in many agricultural disciplines at SDSU. Five SDSU scientists are actually transferring genes, and over 25 others are using the tools of molecular biology in their work. [p] 2
New SDSU facilities nearing completion: New construction at SDSU did not …
South Dakota Farm And Home Research, South Dakota State University
South Dakota Farm And Home Research, South Dakota State University
South Dakota Farm and Home Research: 1949 -1998
Dean's Comments: Dean David A. Bryant reflects on Dr. Ray Moore's career as a teacher and agricultural research leader, and the impact his commitment to "creating opportunities for a lifetime" has had on South Dakota. [p] 1
CRM: it settles differences: Landowners often find themselves locking horns with government and special interest groups over use of natural resources. Coordinated Resource Management (CAM) brings all parties together to work things out as a team. [p] 2
South Dakota: not too cold for cattle: A common perception among second party investors is that South Dakota winters are too cold to feed cattle …
Cattle Feedlot Management In South Dakota, Donald Taylor, Dillion M. Feuz
Cattle Feedlot Management In South Dakota, Donald Taylor, Dillion M. Feuz
Economics Research Reports
This research report is based on the results of a mail survey of randomly selected South Dakota beef cattle feeders undertaken during the winter of 1991-92. The purpose of the survey was to determine the nature of management practices followed by the state's cattle feeders and whether those practices differ by size- and/or location-of-feedlot.
West River Agricultural Research And Extension Center Progress Report, 1993, Agricultural Experiment Station
West River Agricultural Research And Extension Center Progress Report, 1993, Agricultural Experiment Station
Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports
This is the 1993 annual progress report of the West River Crops Soils Research and Extension Center, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. This report includes a weather summary, herbicide and cultural practices in crop performance testing, information on CPT field conditions in 1992-93, small grain variety trials, grain crops variety trials, oilseed crops variety testing, management, tillage and cultural practices, weed control research, and disease control.
Central Crops And Soils Research Station Highmore, South Dakota: Annual Progress Report, 1993, Agricultural Experiment Station, Plant Science Department
Central Crops And Soils Research Station Highmore, South Dakota: Annual Progress Report, 1993, Agricultural Experiment Station, Plant Science Department
Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports
This is the 1993 progress report for the Central Crops and Soils Research Station at Highmore, South Dakota State College. This document represents the research conducted at the Station during the 1993 crop season including: weather data, alafalfa cultivar yield test, forage legume and grass breeding, forage production of cowpeas and millets, soybean breeding, wheat breeding, oat research, corn breeding, small grain trials, fertilizer evaluations, evaluation of azospirillum lipifertml as inoculant for corn, and weed control evaluations.
South Dakota Beef Herd Profitability 1986-1993, Curtis Hoyt, Dan Oedekoven
South Dakota Beef Herd Profitability 1986-1993, Curtis Hoyt, Dan Oedekoven
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
The average profitability of beef cow herds evaluated by the South Dakota Farm Business Management group has ranged from $201 profit in 1987 to $104 profit per cow in 1993. Average total costs per cow in a pasture drylot have increased from $180 in 1986 to $310 in 1993. Average total cow costs of range run have increased from $1 66 in 1986 to $302 in 1993. High profit herds in both range run and pasture drylot had lower 8-year average total costs, $264/cow drylot high profit compared to $272 drylot average (-3%) and $252/ cow range high profit compared …
Predicting The Value Of Feeder Cattle Placed Into An Accelerated Finishing Program Under Dynamic Market Conditions, J. J. Wagner, D. M. Feuz
Predicting The Value Of Feeder Cattle Placed Into An Accelerated Finishing Program Under Dynamic Market Conditions, J. J. Wagner, D. M. Feuz
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
Data from 769 steer calves that were fed as part of the South Dakota Retained Ownership Demonstration program were used for this study. At feedlot placement, variables that included initial weight, hip height, fat thickness, age, sire breed, and dam breed were recorded on each calf. Calves that were creep fed, vaccinated, and weaned prior to feedlot arrival were identified. 'These initial variables accounted for only 17.16% of the variation in calf value. When using multiple regression techniques to predict calf value, including year, average daily gain, dressing percentage, and quality grade improved R2 to .8275. Initial variables accounted for …
Use Of Futures And Options In A Retained Ownership Program, Dillion M. Feuz
Use Of Futures And Options In A Retained Ownership Program, Dillion M. Feuz
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
Four alternative marketing strategies were evaluated for cattle placed in the South Dakota Retained Ownership Program on October 13, 1993. The strategies were 1) cash marketing only, 2) a futures hedge, 3) a put option, and 4) an options "fence." Each of these market alternatives were described and expected net prices were determined. The actual net prices from using each of these strategies were calculated for three different marketing periods. For steers marketed in April, the cash only alternative provided the highest net price. The options "fence" net price was only $.20/cwt to $.25/cwt lower than the cash price. However, …
Using Ultrasound Techonology In Incoming Feedlot Steers To Predict Marbling And The Effect Of Anabolic Agents On Marbling, L. A. Senn, J. J. Wagner
Using Ultrasound Techonology In Incoming Feedlot Steers To Predict Marbling And The Effect Of Anabolic Agents On Marbling, L. A. Senn, J. J. Wagner
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
One hundred seventy-four mixed crossbred yearling steers (789 Ib) were used to determine if ultrasound technology could be used to predict eventual marbling score in incoming feedlot cattle. Implants were also administered to study the effects of anabolic agents on marbling. Steers were fed in a single pen at a commercial feedlot for an average of 127 days, slaughtered, and carcass data were collected. Implanted cattle gained significantly more weight (P < .05) than nonimplanted cattle. Steers implanted with Revalor gained weight more rapidly than Synovex implanted cattle. Steers that were implanted with Revalor showed a significant decrease in marbling score when compared to no implant and Synovex groups. The percentage of choice carcasses for no implant, Revalor, and Synovex were 65.5, 47.4, and 68.4. The correlation between initial ether extract, as estimated by ultrasound, and marbling score was .45 and a prediction equation including coat color, initial ether extract, and Revalor implant accounted for 26.59% of the variability in the final marbling score.
Effect Of Implant Strategies On Feedlot Performance And Carcass Traits Of Steers, R. H. Pritchard
Effect Of Implant Strategies On Feedlot Performance And Carcass Traits Of Steers, R. H. Pritchard
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
The role of implant selection on feedlot performance and carcass traits was evaluated in 200 yearling steers. The steers (initial body weight 709 Ib) were implanted on day 1 or day 70 of the 140-day experiment. Implant combinations (day 1 /day 70) included none/none, Synovex-S + Finaplix-S/Synovex-S + Finaplix-S, Ralgro (36 mg)/Revalor, Synovex-S/Revalor, and Ralgro (72 mg)/Revalor. Day 1 implants increased (P < .05) average daily gain and reduced feed/gain through 70 days on feed. During the 71- to 140-day period implanted cattle exhibited higher (P<.05) average daily gain and lower (P<.05) feed/gain than nonimplanted steers. Specific implant combinations were all of comparable value. Implants increased (P< .05) carcass weights by 55 Ib over nonimplanted steers and increased (P< .05) rib eye area 1 in'. Rib fat thickness and rib eye area/cwt carcass were not affected by implanting. The percentage of choice grade carcasses was reduced (P<.05) from 82.5% to 62.3% by implanting. There were no appreciable differences in carcass traits attributable to specific implant combinations.
Effect Of Synovex, Synovex + Finaplix, And Revalor On Daily Gain And Carcass Characteristics Of Yearling Steers, C. P. Birkelo, R. Van Der Wal, J. Lounsbery
Effect Of Synovex, Synovex + Finaplix, And Revalor On Daily Gain And Carcass Characteristics Of Yearling Steers, C. P. Birkelo, R. Van Der Wal, J. Lounsbery
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
The objective of this study was to determine if there were differences in daily gain and carcass traits of yearling steers implanted with Synovex-S (S), Synovex-S + Finaplix-S (S + F), or Revalor-S (R). Upon arrival at the feedlot, 264 steers (average weight 731 Ib) were allotted to 24 pens and adapted to a 90% concentrate diet over a period of 23 days. They were implanted on day 20 with either S, S+F, or R. No differences were found between S + F and R (P>.10) at any time during the study. However, combination implants (S+F and R) both …
Effect Of Morning, Evening Or Twice Daily Feeding On Yearling Steer Performance, J. S. Knutsen, J. J. Vetos, R. H. Pritchard
Effect Of Morning, Evening Or Twice Daily Feeding On Yearling Steer Performance, J. S. Knutsen, J. J. Vetos, R. H. Pritchard
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
The impact of morning (0730), evening (1 600), and twice daily (0730/1600) feeding on feedlot performance was evaluated in yearling steers fed high grain diets. Exp. 1 was conducted from July 20 to October 12, 1993. The 92% concentrate diets were based on dry whole shelled corn. There were four pen replicates per treatment. Exp. 2 was conducted from January 6 to May 10, 1994. The 93% concentrate diets were based on a 50/50 blend of dry whole shelled corn and high moisture corn. There were six pen replicates per treatment. In Exp. 1 evening feeding increased (P<.06) average daily gain and improved (P< .06) feed/gain over morning feeding. The most pronounced effects were during the initial 28 days of the 84-day experiment. Performance of steers fed twice daily was intermediate to evening and morning treatments. Twice daily feeding improved performance over morning feeding (average daily gain, P<.10; feed/gain P<.01). Most of this response occurred during the final 28 days of the experiment. During Exp. 2 there were treatment effects on interim period performance but no responses (P>.10) occurred …
Use Of Ultrasound In Reproductive Management Of Beef Cow Herds, Douglas D. Zalesky
Use Of Ultrasound In Reproductive Management Of Beef Cow Herds, Douglas D. Zalesky
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
The use of ultrasound technology in reproductive management of beef cow herds is currently being evaluated in ongoing projects with cooperator herds in South Dakota. The projects include the use of ultrasound for the purposes of evaluating 1) cycling activity of heifers on estrous synchronization programs immediately prior to breeding and 2) early pregnancy detection and aging of fetuses in heifers and mature cows. Information obtained from these images will be used by producers to make management decisions associated with the breeding season, selection of heifers, and nutrition. Ovaries are evaluated for the presence of follicles and a corpus luteum, …
Effects Of Progesterone Or Progesterone And Gnrh Administration On Blood Serum Progesterone, Estradiol And Luteinizing Hormone In Prepuberal Beef Heifers, C. L. Henderson, H. L. Miller, M. B. Long, D. M. Marshall
Effects Of Progesterone Or Progesterone And Gnrh Administration On Blood Serum Progesterone, Estradiol And Luteinizing Hormone In Prepuberal Beef Heifers, C. L. Henderson, H. L. Miller, M. B. Long, D. M. Marshall
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
A study using twelve prepuberal Angus heifers was conducted to determine the effects that synthetic progesterone with or without gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) had on blood serum concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) over a 48-hour period. Four heifers were given an implant containing the synthetic progestogen norgestomet for 9 days. Four other heifers were given a similar implant and also received an injection of GnRH after implant removal. The remaining four heifers served as controls and received no treatment. Serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations did not differ between treatments (P> .8). Heifers receiving norgestomet and GnRH had increased …
Effect Of Weaning Date On Performance Of Beef Cows, R. J. Pruitt, P. A. Momont
Effect Of Weaning Date On Performance Of Beef Cows, R. J. Pruitt, P. A. Momont
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
Records from 92 mature crossbred cows calving in March and April were used to determine the effect of weaning calves 40 days earlier than the traditional weaning time on cow weight change, body condition, and reproductive performance. When calves were weaned early (September 14 versus October 231, their dams gained more weight from September 14 to early December and had higher body condition scores in December than the dams of later weaned calves. The two nutritional treaments imposed after calving were important in explaining the effects of earlier weaning on cow reproductive performance. For cows that were fed grass hay …
Relationship Of Beef Sire Birth Weight And Weaning Weight Expected Progeny Differences To Actual Performance Of Crossbred Offspring, M. B. Long, D. M. Marshall
Relationship Of Beef Sire Birth Weight And Weaning Weight Expected Progeny Differences To Actual Performance Of Crossbred Offspring, M. B. Long, D. M. Marshall
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
Performance records from 1982 to 1992 on 1365 calves for birth weight (BW) and 1492 calves for weaning weight (WW) were analyzed to estimate relationships of purebred sire expected progeny difference (EPD) values for BW and WW to actual crossbred progeny performance. Sires of the calves were Polled Hereford, Simmental, Angus, Salers, Tarentaise, or Charolais. The pooled-across-breed regressions (Ib/lb + SE) of BW and WW of calves on sire EPD were 1 .I 7 ±.31 and .75 + .28, respectively. Residual correlations of BW with BW EPD and WW with WW EPD were .I6 (P< -01) and .05 (P= .10), respectively. Additional regression and residual correlation analyses were conducted in which records from progeny of low-accuracy sires (Acc. < .50) were deleted. The reduced data set included 967 records for BW and 962 records for WW. The pooled-across-breed regressions (Ib/lb + SE) of BW and WW of calves on higher-accuracy sire EPD were 1.28 + .35 and .71 ± .31, respectively. Residual correlations using higher-accuracy sire data of BW with BW EPD and WW with WW EPD were .I8 (P<.01) and .09 (P = .02). Breeders who use BW and WW EPDs as a selection tool should expect such selection to be effective, on average, and reasonably consistent with theoretical expectation. However, some sires and small progeny groups may not rank as expected based on sire EPDs.
Farm Machinery Costs: Own Lease Or Custom Hire, Burton W. Pflueger, Larry Madsen, Alan May, Curtis Hoyt
Farm Machinery Costs: Own Lease Or Custom Hire, Burton W. Pflueger, Larry Madsen, Alan May, Curtis Hoyt
SDSU Extension Circulars
One of the largest annual costs on South Dakota farms and ranches today is that of owning and operating machinery. Total costs associated with farm machinery have increased as farm operators have expanded their operations and substituted machines for labor. This trend does not appear to have run its course because new and larger machines are continuously being developed and adopted. Along with these changes have been corresponding increases in productivity per worker, average farm size, and total machinery investment. In many cases, increased investment in machinery has occurred at the expense of operating capital. Farmers have had to invest …
Breed-Type And Mating System Effects On Beef Cattle Carcass Characteristics, D. M. Marshall
Breed-Type And Mating System Effects On Beef Cattle Carcass Characteristics, D. M. Marshall
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
The effects of dam breed-type (Simmental x Hereford, Angus x Hereford, and Tarentaise x Hereford) and mating system (rotational versus rota-terminal) on carcass characteristics were evaluated. Means for dam breed-type and mating system were adjusted in separate analyses to one of three slaughter endpoints: 437-day slaughter age, 734-lb carcass weight, or .49 inches of carcass fat thickness. Calves from Simmental x Hereford dams had heavier carcasses compared to the other two dam breed-types when adjusted to a constant slaughter age or fat thickness. Calves from Angus x Hereford dams tended to have more external fat, smaller rib eye area, and …
Evaluation Of Wheat Middlings As A Supplement For Beef Cows Grazing Native Winter Range, J. S. Heldt, R. J. Pruitt, R. H. Haigh, D. B. Young
Evaluation Of Wheat Middlings As A Supplement For Beef Cows Grazing Native Winter Range, J. S. Heldt, R. J. Pruitt, R. H. Haigh, D. B. Young
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
A winter grazing trial was conducted at the SDSU Cottonwood Research Station near Cottonwood, SD, to compare wheat middlings to soybean meal and corn-soybean meal supplements. During December and January 122 pregnant Simmental-Angus crossbred cows grazing two pastures with differing amounts of available forage were fed four supplemental treatments that provided the following amounts of crude protein (Ib) and metabolizable energy (Mcal) per cow daily: I) soybean meal .75 and 2.40, 2) corn-soybean meal 1.50 and 9.40, 3) low wheat middlings .75 and 4.76, and 4) high wheat middlings 1.50 and 9.40. Cows grazing the high available forage pasture gained …
Effect Of Corn Processing And Reconstitution In High Grain Diets On Feedlot Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Steers And Heifers, M. A. Robbins, R. H. Pritchard
Effect Of Corn Processing And Reconstitution In High Grain Diets On Feedlot Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Steers And Heifers, M. A. Robbins, R. H. Pritchard
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
A 167-day feedlot trial was conducted to examine the effects of corn processing and reconstitution on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. Initial weights of the continental cross steers (n = 95) and heifers (n =63) were 690 and 680 Ib, respectively. Diets were 84.5% corn, 7.0% ground grass hay, 4.9% soybean meal, and 3.6% liquid supplement. The grain component of the diet was either dry whole corn (WC), dry rolled corn (RC), corn reconstituted at least 12 h before rolling (RRC), or corn reconstituted with a commercial surfactant3 at least 12 hours before rolling (CRC). Monensin and …
Effect Of Corn Processing And Reconstitution On The Digestibility Of High Grain Diets, M. A. Robbins, R. H. Pritchard
Effect Of Corn Processing And Reconstitution On The Digestibility Of High Grain Diets, M. A. Robbins, R. H. Pritchard
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
Twelve steers (body weight 955 Ib + 37) were allotted to a 4 x 4 Latin square design digestion trial to examine the effects of corn processing on feed utilization. The grain component of the diet was either dry whole corn (WC), dry rolled corn (RC), corn reconstituted 12 hours before rolling (RRC), or corn reconstituted with a commercial surfactant3 12 hours before rolling (CRC). Dry matter content of the WC, RC, RRC, and CRC diets were 87.91, 87.30, 82.1 9, and 82.14%, respectively. Treatment had no effect on the digestibilities of dry matter (71.00% ± 1.57), organic matter (72.22% …
Effect Of A Yeast Culture Product (Yea-Sacc) On Feedlot Performance Of Growing Calves Limit-Fed A High Concentrate Diet, C. P. Birkelo, B. Rops
Effect Of A Yeast Culture Product (Yea-Sacc) On Feedlot Performance Of Growing Calves Limit-Fed A High Concentrate Diet, C. P. Birkelo, B. Rops
South Dakota Beef Report, 1994
Eighty weaned steer calves (initial weight 535 Ib) were blocked by weight, allotted within block to 8 pens and limit-fed a high concentrate diet without (CONT) or with Yea-Sacc (YS; 13 g per day). The diet consisted of 69% whole, high moisture corn, 20% ground alfalfa hay, 2% molasses, and 9% supplement (dry matter basis). The diet was fed once daily for an average of 99 days in amounts calculated to result in CONT calf daily gain of 2.25 Ib. As intended, dry matter intakes of calves on the two treatments were identical (13.3 Ib/day). Daily gains averaged 2.40 and …