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Articles 1 - 30 of 37
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Current Status Of National Cattle Evaluation Programs For Carcass Traits, Larry Benyshek
Current Status Of National Cattle Evaluation Programs For Carcass Traits, Larry Benyshek
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
At present, diet conscious consumers are exerting considerable pressure on the beef industry. Consumers continually indicate they are concerned about, and in fact, will not tolerate fat associated with red meat products (Breidenstein, 1988). This has resulted in many retailers trimming various cuts of beef to 1/8 inch of subcutaneous fat and in some cases a complete trimming of fat. It is probably conservative to estimate the industry produces an excess of 500 million pounds of fat each year from those carcasses with a yield grade above two. This excess fat represents the nutritional energy in more than a million …
Real-Time Ultrasound To Predict Carcass Traits In Live Cattle, Gene Rouse
Real-Time Ultrasound To Predict Carcass Traits In Live Cattle, Gene Rouse
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
Ultrasound technology offers a low-cost alternative to expensive and time-consuming progeny testing of beef sires for carcass merit. Expected progeny differences (EPDs) for carcass traits such as fat cover, ribeye area, and marbling would provide a tremendous tool to the beef 'cattle industry for producing a high quality, uniform end product. With these EPDs, breeders and commercial bull buyers will be able to directionally change the end product through genetic improvement programs. The objective of this report is to relate the accuracy with which fat cover and ribeye area can be measured with ultrasound equipment when compared with carcass measurements …
Impacts Of Types On Feed And Market Requirements, Donald L. Boggs
Impacts Of Types On Feed And Market Requirements, Donald L. Boggs
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
So you want to make them bigger! Or, do you want to add some milk to your cow herd? Improvements in these and other traits offer opportunities to increase production through higher weaning weights. However, the increased outputs are accompanied by increased feed and management inputs. Available research indicates that the increased production may or may not outweigh the increased inputs. Mature cow size and level of milk production are typically the factors considered when changes in cattle type are discussed. Numerous research studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of these factors on biological and economic efficiency. In …
Which Cows Are More Efficient, D. M. Marshall
Which Cows Are More Efficient, D. M. Marshall
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
On the surface, the topic of cow efficiency may seem to be primarily of importance to commercial cow-calf producers. The topic is also of importance to seedstock producers, because the primary purpose of the seedstock industry is to provide genetic resources for the commercial industry. It is critical that seedstock producers develop a good understanding of the challenges faced by commercial producers in order to provide the best possible services. Feed costs for the cow herd represent the single largest expense in producing retail beef. The proportion of total energy utilized in beef production that is required to support the …
The State Of Interbreed Epds, Jim Gibb
The State Of Interbreed Epds, Jim Gibb
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
During the past ten years, the use of Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) by both seedstock producers and commercial cattlemen has increased markedly. EPDs have proven to be very valuable for discerning within breed sire differences, but are still of no value for comparing sires between breeds. Even though EPDs were never intended for across breed comparisons, many commercial cattlemen find this limitation to be very frustrating.
Beef Cattle National Genetic Evaluation Programs, Larry Benyshek
Beef Cattle National Genetic Evaluation Programs, Larry Benyshek
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
Selection alters the frequency of genes in a population (breed) affecting a particular characteristic. Population genetic change is difficult for breeders to understand because they deal with individuals when making selection decisions and in their merchandising programs. Nevertheless, breeds (populations) which practice intense selection for characteristics of economic importance to the cattle industry will change genetically and eventually be the successful populations because they will leave the most progeny in the next generation. The genetic improvement of a population (breed) cannot overlook the individual because the individual, if selected, is the vehicle containing the genes which are to be passed …
Calving Difficulty In Beef Cattle: Part I, Harlan D. Ritchie, Peter T. Anderson
Calving Difficulty In Beef Cattle: Part I, Harlan D. Ritchie, Peter T. Anderson
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
Calving difficulty (dystocia) can increase calf losses, cow mortality, and veterinary and labor costs, as well as delay return to estrus, and lower conception rates. In two studies at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC), Clay Center, Nebraska, calf losses within 24 hours of birth averaged 4 percent for those born with little or no assistance compared to 16 percent for those requiring assistance. Calf mortality increased by a 0.35 percent per pound increase in birth weight. In a Hereford herd at the U.S. Livestock and Range Research Station. Miles City, Montana, 57 percent of all calf losses were …
Establishing Genetic Lines For Goal Oriented Buyers, Richard Janssen
Establishing Genetic Lines For Goal Oriented Buyers, Richard Janssen
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
No abstract provided.
Computations Associated With National Beef Cattle Evaluation Programs, Larry Benyshek
Computations Associated With National Beef Cattle Evaluation Programs, Larry Benyshek
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
In 1971-72 the first U.S. National Sire Summary was published by a beef cattle breed association. At that time the idea of extending beef performance records into a national progeny testing program was indeed revolutionary. Until 1972, truly accurate comparisons of bulls could only be made within a herd-year-season contemporary group. The first and subsequent National Sire Summaries compared bulls across herds and/or generations.
Calving Difficulty In Beef Cattle: Part Ii, Harlan D. Ritchie, Peter T. Anderson
Calving Difficulty In Beef Cattle: Part Ii, Harlan D. Ritchie, Peter T. Anderson
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
Many cattlemen believe reducing dietary energy during late pregnancy will decrease fetal size resulting in improved calving ease, whereas increasing energy will increase fetal size leading to a higher incidence of dystocia. Generally speaking, research has shown that lowering the energy allowance will decrease birth weight but will not significantly reduce dystocia. At MARC, Hereford and Angus 2-year-old heifers were fed three levels of energy (10.8, 13.7 or 17 .0 lb TDN/head/day) for 90 days prior to calving. Increasing the level of dietary energy resulted in increased birth weight but not increased dystocia; in fact, the incidence of calving difficulty …
1991 South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, December 13-14, 1991, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences, South Dakota State University
1991 South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, December 13-14, 1991, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences, South Dakota State University
South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991
This is the complete publication of presentations from the 1991 South Dakota Seedstock Symposium held on December 13-14, 1991 at South Dakota State University, Brookings.
Western Wheatgrass Recovery From Drought, F. R. Gartner, E. M. White, K. D. Klement
Western Wheatgrass Recovery From Drought, F. R. Gartner, E. M. White, K. D. Klement
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Native grasses are predictably taller in wet years than in dry years and their density also increases with favorable precipitation. These responses of western wheatgrass are more dramatic on mechanically treated rangeland when precipitation is adequate. Measurements taken in July 1991 confirmed that western wheatgrass was slightly taller and density at least two times greater on mechanically treated claypan soils compared with untreated soils 13 and 18 years following treatment. Increases of this magnitude constitute a potentially greater carrying capacity which livestock producers should be prepared to utilize. This report briefly summarizes the effects of mechanical treatment on height and …
Grasshopper Destruction Of Rangeland Grasses, P. S. Johnson
Grasshopper Destruction Of Rangeland Grasses, P. S. Johnson
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Utilization of leaf material from cool and warm season grasses by grasshoppers was determined in 1987 and 1988. The study was conducted on a Mixed Grass Prairie site in western South Dakota near the town of Belle Fourche. The principal cool season grass was western wheatgrass and the warm season grasses were blue grama and buffalograss. Utilization of these grasses was evaluated for two grasshopper species, Melanoplus sanguinipes in 1987 and Aulocara elliotti in 1988. Grasshoppers were stocked in 0.25 m2 caged plots at a rate of 20/m2 (5 per cage) for the grazing treatments. Caged plots with no grasshopper …
South Dakota Retained Ownership Demonstration, J. J. Wagner, T. L. Goehring, D. L. Boggs, L. W. Insley
South Dakota Retained Ownership Demonstration, J. J. Wagner, T. L. Goehring, D. L. Boggs, L. W. Insley
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Three hundred forty-five steer calves representing 53 cow-calf producers were consigned to a custom feedlot in late October. Cattle were fed in one of two pens. One pen of calves received a moderate roughage growing diet for 39 days and then were switched to a high energy finishing diet (ACC). The other pen of calves received a moderate roughage growing diet for 109 days and then were switched to a high energy finishing diet (TWO). The ACC calves weighed 574 lb initially, gained 2.94 Ib per head daily and were slaughtered at 1147 Ib after an average of 196 days …
Replacement Beef Heifer Economics, D. M. Feuz
Replacement Beef Heifer Economics, D. M. Feuz
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
The nutritional management of weaned heifer calves affects not only the conception rate of yearling heifers but also their subsequent conception rate as 2-year-old cows and the weight of their first weaned calf. The costs involved in raising the replacement heifer and the value of cull heifers, 2-year-old cull cows and weaned first calves all need to be considered when determining the least cost method of raising replacement heifers. 'The effects of raising replacement heifers to prebreeding weights of 50% 62.5% and 70% of expected mature weight are evaluated from an economic perspective. If replacement heifers are only evaluated for …
Effect Of Valbazen And Levasole On Cow-Calf Performance, T. B. Goehring, D. M. Marshall
Effect Of Valbazen And Levasole On Cow-Calf Performance, T. B. Goehring, D. M. Marshall
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of deworming beef cows on weaning weight production and calf sickness. In Trial 1, deworming first-calf heifers with Valbazen approximately 2 weeks prior to the start of calving did not significantly affect calf weaning weight, weight per day of age or number of treatments for sickness. In Trial 2, deworming cows 3 years of age or older with Valbazen or Levasole approximately 2 weeks prior to the start of calving did not significantly affect calf weaning weight, weight per day of age or number of treatments for sickness. Under the experimental conditions …
Effects Of Cryptosporidiosis On Feed Utilization By Yearling Steers, L. A. Goss, J. U. Thomson, R. H. Pritchard
Effects Of Cryptosporidiosis On Feed Utilization By Yearling Steers, L. A. Goss, J. U. Thomson, R. H. Pritchard
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Four 18-month-old Angus steers were used to study the effects of chronic cryptosporidiosis on feed utilization. Two of the steers tested positive for shedding Cryptosporidium and two noninfected steers were used as controls. The steers were offered a high concentrate diet. Digestibilities of dry matter (85.66 vs 80.33 ± 3.49%), crude protein (80.12 vs 73.47 ± 5.18%), ADF (72.88 vs 70.92 ± 2.32%) and NDF (86.28 vs 84.40 ± 1.99%) were similar for control and Cryptosporidium infected steers, respectively. The mean abomasal chyme pH was 4.72 ± .016. Abomasal weight was 3.72 Ib for the control steers and 6.50 Ib …
Comparison Of Lutylase And Bovilene For Estrus Synchronization Of Heifers, T. B. Goehring, E. M. Weaver
Comparison Of Lutylase And Bovilene For Estrus Synchronization Of Heifers, T. B. Goehring, E. M. Weaver
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
A total of 533 yearling heifers were used to compare the effect of Lutylase vs Bovilene on estrus response within 5 days of injection. There was no difference between products in the percentage of heifers showing estrus within 5 days of injection. The average time from injection until detection of estrus was longer for Bovilene than Lutylase (64.5 hours vs 60.7 hours, P<.05).
Factors Affecting Weaning Weight Production, T. B. Goehring, D. M. Marshall, D. L. Boggs
Factors Affecting Weaning Weight Production, T. B. Goehring, D. M. Marshall, D. L. Boggs
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Weaning weight records from a commercial cow herd were statistically analyzed to demonstrate suspected sources of variation in weaning weight. Data from first-calf heifers and mature cows (3 to 9 year olds) were analyzed separately. For every one day increase in calf age at weaning, weaning weight was increased by 1.65 and 1.76 Ib for first-calf heifers and mature cows, respectively. For every 1 percentage point increase in MPPA of the cow, weaning weight was increased by 4.5 Ib. A 10% advantage in weaning weights and weight per day of age (WDA) was observed in steers over heifers. A 3 …
Chaps Summary For South Dakota, 1990, D. L. Boggs
Chaps Summary For South Dakota, 1990, D. L. Boggs
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Calving distribution and calf performance data were summarized from the CHAPS (Cow Herd Appraisal of Performance Software) analyses of 61 South Dakota cow herds. CHAPS uses standard beef cow weaning weight records to calculate adjusted 205-day weights and ratios, keep lifetime production records on cows, calculate Most Probable Producing Ability estimates for cows, produce a sire summary and analyze production according to cow age and 21 -day calving periods. The 1990 summary represents 6,771 calves for an average of 110 cows per herd. The average actual birth and weaning weights were 82.2 and 523.2 Ib, respectively, with the average age …
Milk Production In First-Lactation Beef Heifers, D. M. Marshall
Milk Production In First-Lactation Beef Heifers, D. M. Marshall
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Milk production was estimated by weigh-suckle-weigh procedures at six dates during the first lactation of 250 first-calf beef heifers representing several crossbred types. The effect of dam breed group on milk yield was significant for each measurement date. The effect of calf sex on milk intake was significant or at least approached significance for the three earliest measurement dates but was nonsignificant for the last three dates. Compared to milk production at an average of 51 days, production at 79 days was similar, while production estimated at later stages of lactation declined. Estimated milk production during later lactation was less …
Combinations Of Synovex¹ And Finaplix² For Yearling Steers, J. J. Wagner, R. H. Pritchard
Combinations Of Synovex¹ And Finaplix² For Yearling Steers, J. J. Wagner, R. H. Pritchard
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Ninety crossbred yearling steers (818 ± 19 Ib) were utilized to evaluate the influence of implant treatment and days on feed on carcass characteristics and feedlot average daily gain (ADG). Treatments included no implant (C), implanted with Synovex-S on day 1 and Synovex-S on day 60 (SS) and implanted with Synovex-S on day 1 and with Synovex-S and Finaplix-S on day 60 (SSF). Ten steers from each treatment were slaughtered after 120, 134 or 148 days on feed. Implanting increased (P< .0001) ADG 18.9% and hot carcass weight (HCW) 6.4%. However, interactions between treatment and days on feed were significant (P<.05) for ADG and HCW. No other interactions were apparent. Rib eye area (REA) was 4.7% greater (P<.05) for implanted steers as compared to nonimplanted controls (13.72 vs 13.11 in.2). ADG (P<.12), HCW (P<.10) and REA (P<.05) were greater for steers implanted with SSF as compared to steers implanted with SS (3.90 vs 3.75 Ib, 846 vs 831 Ib, and 14.06 vs 13.38 in. , respectively). Marbling score (5.00 = Small°) tended (P<.16) to be lower for implanted steers compared with nonimplanted controls (5.54 vs 5.77 units). Marbling score was slightly (P<.16) lower for cattle implanted with SSF as compared to cattle implanted with SS (5.40 vs 5.67). Predicted days required to reach 75% low choice were 113, 124 and 138 for C, SS and SSF, respectively.
Implant Strategies For Yearling Steers, R. H. Pritchard, M. A. Robbins
Implant Strategies For Yearling Steers, R. H. Pritchard, M. A. Robbins
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Various implant strategies were compared in heavy yearling steers fed for 98 days. Implant treatments included control (nonimplanted), 722 (72 mg zeranol), 36TBA (36 mg zeranol plus 140 mg trenbolone acetate [TBA]), 72TBA (72 mg zeranol plus TBA) and ETBA (20 mg estradiol-200 mg progesterone plus TBA). The 72-mg zeranol dosage represents two implants in one site. Combinations of implants were administered, one in each ear. Implanting increased (P<.05) ADG and DM1 and decreased (P<.05) feed/gain values. Among implanted steers, no differences (P>.10) in ADG or DM1 were observed. Feed/gain was lower (P< .05) for zeranol-TBA combinations than the 72-mg zeranol treatment. Carcasses were heavier and rib eye area was greater (P<.05) in the 72TBA than 36TBA treatment. Kidney-pelvic-heart fat was lower (P<.05) when the ETBA combination was used.
Alternate Day Protein Supplementation Of Corn Stalk Based Diets With High And Low Ruminal Escape Protein Sources, R. M. Collins, R. H. Pritchard
Alternate Day Protein Supplementation Of Corn Stalk Based Diets With High And Low Ruminal Escape Protein Sources, R. M. Collins, R. H. Pritchard
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Twenty-four crossbred wethers (88 ± .44 Ib) were utilized to determine optimal level of dietary CP when corn gluten meal (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM) based supplements were fed alternate days. Diets were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design with SBM and CGM fed at 8, 9 or 10% dietary CP. Supplements were top dressed on ground corn stalks at a rate of two times the daily required amount (19.78% DM basis). The collection term consisted of an 8-day total feces and urine collection. DM1 and DDMl were improved (P<.01) when CGM was fed and as dietary CP was increased by either supplement. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) decreased (P<.05) as dietary CP level increased. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) did not differ (P>.05) for protein source or dietary CP level. …
Effects Of Energy Restriction And Realimentation On The Development Of Carcass Traits Of Yearling Heifers, C. L. Anderson, R. H. Pritchard, D. L. Boggs
Effects Of Energy Restriction And Realimentation On The Development Of Carcass Traits Of Yearling Heifers, C. L. Anderson, R. H. Pritchard, D. L. Boggs
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Feedlot performance and carcass development were compared between heifers fed a low energy diet for an 88-day backgrounding period before receiving a high energy diet (LE) and heifers receiving a high energy diet throughout the trial (HE). The LE heifers were delayed in carcass and muscle growth (P<.10) when compared to HE heifers on day 89. At an 1100 1b weight constant, LE and HE carcasses had similar dissected muscle weights, rib fat measurements and marbling scores. Carcass dressing percentage was only affected by time (P<.10) on an energy dense diet at 1030 Ib. During the initial 88-day background period, HE heifers had higher ADG (P<.001) and lower Feed/gain requirements (P<.001). During realimentation, compensatory growth was exhibited through increased ADG (P< .lo) and improved feed/gain (P<.05) for LE heifers. From day 0 until slaughter, the cumulative ADG for HE heifers was greater (P<.05) and the cumulative feed conversion was lower for HE heifers (P<.10).
Effects Of Level Of Concentrate And Forage Availability On The Performance Of Beef Cows Grazing Winter Range, M. C. Namminga, R. J. Pruitt, C. A. Tusler, P. S. Johnson
Effects Of Level Of Concentrate And Forage Availability On The Performance Of Beef Cows Grazing Winter Range, M. C. Namminga, R. J. Pruitt, C. A. Tusler, P. S. Johnson
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
A winter grazing study was conducted using 120 pregnant Simmental x Angus cows to determine the effect of level of concentrate supplement and amount of available forage on cow performance. Concentrate supplements were fed at a high, medium and low level which included corn, corn-soybean meal and soybean meal, respectively, and were formulated to provide .7 Ib of crude protein per cow daily. Two winter pastures with distinctly different amounts of available forage were used in the trial. The amount of available forage had a greater effect on body weight and condition score change than did level of concentrate supplement …
Effect Of Inoculants On High Moisture Corn Fermentation Characteristics And Cattle Performance, C. P. Birkelo, D. Sorenson
Effect Of Inoculants On High Moisture Corn Fermentation Characteristics And Cattle Performance, C. P. Birkelo, D. Sorenson
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
High moisture corn was ensiled untreated (treatment 1) or treated with one of three different inoculants (treatment 2 = lactobacillus; treatment 3 = lactobacillus + streptococcus; treatment4 = lactobacillus + serratia), each at two moisture levels (27.2% and 22.4%). lnoculant effects on fermentation were moisture dependent. The pH, acetate concentrations and dry matter losses were generally lower and lactate concentrations higher due to inoculation at 27.2% moisture. Overall, treatment 3 was somewhat more effective than treatments 2 or 4. Inoculation effects were generally less at 22.4% moisture. lnoculant effects on soluble N were small and probably of little nutritional importance. …
Environmental Effects On Limit-Fed Feedlot Finishing Diets, C. P. Birkelo, D. Sorenson, J. Lounsbery
Environmental Effects On Limit-Fed Feedlot Finishing Diets, C. P. Birkelo, D. Sorenson, J. Lounsbery
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Ninety-six crossbred yearling steers were allotted to either ad libitum or 93% of ad libitum intake treatments in a 117-day winter finishing trial. Intake restriction began once the 93% treatment group was started on its finishing diet. Finishing diets were formulated to result in similar absolute intakes of nutrients and feed additives. Restricted treatment dry matter intake was lower than ad libitum as intended (P<.05), but average daily gain was also less, 3.71 and 3.50 Ib per day (P<.05) and resulted in similar feed/gain, 6.01 and 6.07 (P>.82). These results are in contrast to two previous trials conducted during summer and mild winter/spring conditions and suggest that cold stress may affect the response to limit-feeding of feedlot finishing diets.
Methionine Addition To A Urea-Grain Supplement For Cows Grazing Dormant Winter Range, P. A. Momont, R. J. Pruitt, P. S. Johnson
Methionine Addition To A Urea-Grain Supplement For Cows Grazing Dormant Winter Range, P. A. Momont, R. J. Pruitt, P. S. Johnson
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
A 2-year grazing study involving 103 mature pregnant Simmental x Angus cows grazing dormant winter range was conducted to determine the effects of methionine addition to a urea-grain supplement on forage intake and digestibility and on cow performance. Four protein supplements designed to supply .8 1b crude protein per head daily were fed from mid-November to mid-February. Supplements contained (1) urea (CON), (2) urea plus methionine (MET), (3) urea plus sodium sulfate (SUL) and (4) soybean meal (SBM). Twice during the second winter (late November and late January), cows were administered controlled release chromic oxide boluses and fecal samples were …
Substitution Of Rolled Barley For Whole Shelled Corn In Finishing Diets For Steers, R. H. Pritchard, M. A. Robbins
Substitution Of Rolled Barley For Whole Shelled Corn In Finishing Diets For Steers, R. H. Pritchard, M. A. Robbins
South Dakota Beef Report, 1991
Rolled barley was substituted for 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the whole shelled corn in finishing diets fed to steers for 84 days. Increasing barley substitution resulted in a linear (P=.12) decrease in ADG and a quadratic (P<.05) decrease in DM1 with no effect on feed conversion. At the termination of the study, barley substitution caused a linear reduction in carcass weight (P<.01) and dressing percent (P<.01). The 100% substitution of barley for corn reduced (Pc.05) the percentage of carcasses grading choice. Dietary net energy values calculated from steer weights, gain and feed intake increased linearly (P<.10) as barley content of the diets increased, possibly reflecting positive associative effects. Published energy values for barley may not be suitable for least cost pricing in all feeding situations.