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Articles 1 - 30 of 68
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Climate Change: Adapting Tropical And Subtropical Grasslands, G M. Mckeon, S M. Howden, N.O J. Abel, J M. King
Climate Change: Adapting Tropical And Subtropical Grasslands, G M. Mckeon, S M. Howden, N.O J. Abel, J M. King
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Climate change as a result of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations or lhe repetition of historical climale variability will affect the management and production of tropical and subtropical grasslands that support about half the world's domestic herbivores. Previous studies of the regional impact of climate change and climate variability on intensive agriculture have shown lhat such evaluation should include the known and expected abilities of managers and governments to respond by reducing the negative impacts and taking advantage of positive opportunities, A high priority for grassland scientists is the development of similar evaluation capabilities for grassland systems, which are more complex …
Evaluating The Effects Of Climate Changes On Grasslands, Robert G. Woodmansee, William E. Riebsame
Evaluating The Effects Of Climate Changes On Grasslands, Robert G. Woodmansee, William E. Riebsame
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Determining the effects of climate change on cold region grasslands requires the integration of knowledge from the biological, physical and social sciences. That integration is dependent on new methods, technologies and facilitation techniques ! that allow evaluation and management of complexity rather than focusing on simplification. Specifically, grassland response can be defined as the interaction of 10 basic sectors: (I) wenther and climate (Including chemical factors}, (2) winter, (3) soil properties, (4) assemblages of organisms, (5) energy, (6) economic viability, (7) individual human behavior, (8) cultural and community viability, (9) organisational penalty, and (10) political, legal, policy, and regulatory Influences. …
Prediction Of Grassland Plant Responses To Global Change, B D. Campbell, J P. Grime
Prediction Of Grassland Plant Responses To Global Change, B D. Campbell, J P. Grime
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Global change is challenging the predictive power of biology. Increasingly, biologists are being asked to draw together existing knowledge and new experimental data, in order to provide predictions of the effects of global change at regional, national and global scales. In this paper we examine how well global change effects on grassland plants can be predicted, and what avenues might be used in future to improve predictive capabilities. Broad predictions of the direction of change in grassland vegetation can be made quite simply and from a limited set of data. Predictions of the rate and magnitude of change are more …
Variation In The Response Of Pasture Plants To Carbon Dioxide, B D. Campbell, W A. Laing, P.C D. Newton
Variation In The Response Of Pasture Plants To Carbon Dioxide, B D. Campbell, W A. Laing, P.C D. Newton
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The percentage increases in growth resulting from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration were measured for 37 common pasture plants under strictly controlled conditions of temperature, nutrient supply and irradiance. A wide range of variation in potential response lo CO2 was detected in the day/night temperature range 12n°c to 28/ 23°C. C4 species responded litlle to elevated CO2 The mean ± standard deviation of the distribution of c3 species responses ranged from l±21% at 1m•c to 90±40% at 28/23°C. These responses varied with the stage of plant development. The response by Lolium perenne cv. Grasslands Nui was of intermediate size …
Will Subtropical Grasses Keep Spreading Through New Zealand?, B D. Campbell, R.J M. Hay
Will Subtropical Grasses Keep Spreading Through New Zealand?, B D. Campbell, R.J M. Hay
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
n this paper we briefly examine the effects that rising temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations may have on the spread of subtropical grasses in New Zealand. Data are presented from controlled-environment experiments measuring the growth and competitive suppression of white clover by a variety of local temperate and subtropical grasses at CO2 concentrations of 3S0 ppm and 700 ppm. These data support the prediction that some subtropical grasses may decline in aggressiveness relative to temperate species in New Zealand in the future as atmospheric CO2 levels rise. Some of the factors likely to modify the expression of temperature and CO2 …
Effect Of Carbon Dioxide Concentration On The Competitive Ability Of Clover: Measurements Of Growth And Rubisco, W A. Laing, D H. Greer, B D. Campbell
Effect Of Carbon Dioxide Concentration On The Competitive Ability Of Clover: Measurements Of Growth And Rubisco, W A. Laing, D H. Greer, B D. Campbell
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
White clover (Trifolium repens cv. Grasslands Huia) was grown in competition with one of 10 established grass species or else grown alone. Plants were grown at either 350 or 700 ppm CO2, at 28/23°C and 700 µmol/m1/sec photon flux density. Plant growth and extractable ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisCO) were measured. Grass growth responded less to CO2 than clover. In the absence of grass competition, clover growth Increased 30% under 700 ppm CO2 compared with 350 ppm, but the response varied from 0% to 100% • when grass competition was present. Increased CO2 reduced extractable rubisCO activity (expressed on a …
Response Of Natural Turves Of Pasture To Elevated Carbon Dioxide In A Controlled Environment, P.C D. Newton, H Clark, C C. Bell, E M. Glasgow
Response Of Natural Turves Of Pasture To Elevated Carbon Dioxide In A Controlled Environment, P.C D. Newton, H Clark, C C. Bell, E M. Glasgow
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Large natural turves from a ryegrass-white clover (Lolium pernne, trifolium repens) pasture were exposed to increasing day/nighl temperatures at 350 and 700 µVI CO2 over a 7•month period. Growth rate al the highest temperature (22/16°C day/night) was IS% higher at the elevated CO2 level; at lower temperatures the response to CO2 was reduced or even negative (-6% at 10/4°C). The growth rate of ryegrass was much lower at elevated CO2 while that of white clover and other grasses was increased. These results are compared with previous studies using synthetic communities, and the limited response to CO2 is noted …
Effect Of Elevated Carbon Dioxide On The Performance Of Nine Coexisting Grassland Species, J Watson, J D. Graves
Effect Of Elevated Carbon Dioxide On The Performance Of Nine Coexisting Grassland Species, J Watson, J D. Graves
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Microcosms were constructed to represent a neutral grassland community under traditional agricultural management. During a season of fumigation at ambient and 600 µmot/mot CO2, plant performance was recorded. An increase of biomass for the whole community resulted at elevated CO2, but the response of individual species differed, There are indications that competitive interactions may change within a community due to the effects of CO2 enrichment; this may eventually result in a change in species composition.
Comparison Of Photosynthetic Responses To Carbon Dioxide In Pasture Species, D H. Greer, W A. Laing, B D. Campbell
Comparison Of Photosynthetic Responses To Carbon Dioxide In Pasture Species, D H. Greer, W A. Laing, B D. Campbell
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Thirteen major pasture species were grown in controlled environments at 3 temperatures (12n, 18/13 and 28/23°C) and at 350 nnd 700 ppm CO2 for 4-8 weeks and net photosynthesis measured under these conditions. In C1 cultivars, short-term (within minutes) exposure to elevated CO2 had the greatest effect on photosynthesis, with an average of 55% higher rates than that at ambient CO2. There was also a response to long-term growth at high CO2, with a,1 average of 40% higher rates of photosynthesis than at ambient CO2 (both measured al their growth CO2) and a marked alteration in the temperature dependence Qf …
Modeling The Effects Of Climate Variability And Climate Change On A Pastoral Farming System, R J. Martin, D B. Baird, M J. Salinger, P R. Van Gardingen, D G. Mccall
Modeling The Effects Of Climate Variability And Climate Change On A Pastoral Farming System, R J. Martin, D B. Baird, M J. Salinger, P R. Van Gardingen, D G. Mccall
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A simulation model was used to investigate the pasture and animal production and gross margins of a typical all sheep permanent pasture farm in South Canterbury, New Zealand, using 60 years of current climate data, and also a climate change scenario. The model was run on a fixed management system at different stocking rates with and without destocking during feed shortages. Mean annual pasture production was 8060 kg/ha, with a coefficient of variation of 22%. Destocking enabled more stock to be carried on average, with higher, but rh.ore variable, returns. A climate change scenario of a 75% increase in CO2' …
Changes To Sheep Grazing Systems In Response To Climate Change, B M. Butler, S T. Morris, R S. Morris
Changes To Sheep Grazing Systems In Response To Climate Change, B M. Butler, S T. Morris, R S. Morris
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Simulation models were used to predict changes in pasture growth and sheep farming systems as a result of changes in climate due to global warming. The results of long•lerm mean climate and 10 years' individual climate simulations show Iha! increases in stocking rate of up to 40% may be possible with climate change. Benefits of climate change included increased lamb carcass weight and pasture cover. Climate change also resulted in the feasibility of autumn lambing systems in an environment in which these systems are currently difficult lo maintain. A change from 100% spring lambing to 40% of the flock lambing …
Climate Change And Variability: Impacts On New Zealand Pastures, M J. Salinger, A S. Porteous
Climate Change And Variability: Impacts On New Zealand Pastures, M J. Salinger, A S. Porteous
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Climate change and variability influence the productivity and distribution of New Zealand pasture species. Temperature and rainfall scenarios are used to explore the sensitivity of New Zealand pastures to potential climate warming next century. Temperature affects the length of the growing season with present pasture species extending 200 m higher in altitude for every 1 •c temperature increase. The greater area of New Zealand that becomes frost free allows the spread of subtropical pasture grasses southwards. However, where low rainfall limits pasture production, changes to the rainfall amount have a significant effect. A rainfall change of I 0% changes the …
A Climate Change Perspective On Grasslands, A Barrie Pottock
A Climate Change Perspective On Grasslands, A Barrie Pottock
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Grasslands are the result of interactions between climate, soil, interspecies competition and natural or humnn distucbance. They are vital to human sustenance but vulnerable to human mismanagement and climatic stress.• Thece is now a strong scientific consensus that climate will change during the next century at a rate unprecedented since the end of the last glaciation. Expected climatic changes include not only increasing temperatures, but also changes in total rainfall and its seasonality, and systematic increases in rainfall intensity. Along with the direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations on plants, and changes in fire frequency, these environmental influences will …
High Mountain Ecosystems And Snow Cover In A Changing Climate: For Better Or For Worse, Philippe Choler
High Mountain Ecosystems And Snow Cover In A Changing Climate: For Better Or For Worse, Philippe Choler
FRONTIERS UNBOUND: Exploring Extreme Environments
No abstract provided.
Simulation Models As Decision Aids For Management Of Rangeland Ecosystems, J Ross Wight, Clayton L. Hanson
Simulation Models As Decision Aids For Management Of Rangeland Ecosystems, J Ross Wight, Clayton L. Hanson
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Rangeland simulation models have been used primarily as research tools to synthesise and organise information and to conceptualise and describe the interacting components of the ecosystem. Their application as decision aids for range management has not been developed. This paper discusses ways simulation models, such as SPUR· (Simulation of Production and Utilisation of Rangelands), can be used to forecast herbage p1oduction and the occurrence of biological windows, enhance monitoring, and predict the impacts of management and climate change on the soil, water, and plant resources including species composition.
Investigating The Response Of The Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) To Low Dissolved Oxygen Conditions, Abiola Obafemi
Investigating The Response Of The Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) To Low Dissolved Oxygen Conditions, Abiola Obafemi
Master's Theses
The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) requires dissolved oxygen (DO) of about 4 mg/L to support proper physiological function. Hypoxia and/or microxia occur when DO decreases to ≤ 2 mg/L. Salinity and temperature changes resulting from large-scale freshwater influx have been identified as key factors influencing the oyster populations in the Mississippi Sound. It is important to investigate the impacts of DO conditions on oyster mortality, biomass, size, and condition during these freshening events. Under controlled laboratory experiments, this thesis investigated 1) the response of oysters to microxic, hypoxic, and normoxic conditions 2) the response of oysters to combined hypoxia and …
Microbiome Assembly And Function In The Solitary Mason Bee, Osmia Lignaria (Megachilidae), Bailey Crowley
Microbiome Assembly And Function In The Solitary Mason Bee, Osmia Lignaria (Megachilidae), Bailey Crowley
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present
Animal-microbe interactions can influence host biology, ecology, and evolution. The assembly and function of microbes found within animal hosts oftentimes depends on which species are involved. Advances in sequencing technologies have permitted the exploration of host-microbe interactions in a variety of animals, including bees. Early research aimed at understanding the microbiomes of social bees, such as honey bees and bumble bees, found that microbes prevent the spoilage of stored pollen, breakdown indigestible nutrients into smaller molecules available for uptake by the host, and also protect the host from pathogens. When environmental stressors, such as increased temperatures, disrupt the microbiome, the …
The Effects Of Cover Crop Adoption On Yield Distributions Under Extreme Drought, Emory Johnson
The Effects Of Cover Crop Adoption On Yield Distributions Under Extreme Drought, Emory Johnson
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events due to climate change negatively impact agriculture output. Of particular concern is the adverse impact of droughts on corn and soybean yields, as these crops represent a significant portion of cash crop receipts in the United States. Cover crops are one practice that has gained attention due to their agronomic benefits and their potential to reduce downside production risk for producers. This study focuses on the impact of cover crop adoption on corn and soybean yields during drought conditions. We use cover crop adoption data from the Operational Tillage Information System, RMA …
A Seasonal Decomposition Comparison Between Forest And Turf Habitats: Implications For Climate Change, Amanda Shirmer
A Seasonal Decomposition Comparison Between Forest And Turf Habitats: Implications For Climate Change, Amanda Shirmer
DePaul Discoveries
Decomposition is an essential ecosystem service in which microorganisms breakdown organic matter. This process improves soil health and acts as a vital step in global carbon cycles. In this study, we examined decomposition rates and associated soil properties in turf and forest habitats across summer and fall seasons in order to determine how land management practices and climate change may be altering local decomposition regimes. Our study determined that there was a statistically significant difference between decomposition rates in turf and forest ecosystems (P=0.003) and a significant difference in decomposition rate across season (P
Consequences Of Global Climate Change On Biodiversity And Food Security: A Mini Review, Hasan M. Agha, Abdulmutalib Alabeed Alkamil, Rana Tariq Yahya, Amjad Abdulhadi Mohammed, Zaid Tahseen Ali, Muneer Mohammed Saleh Alsayadi
Consequences Of Global Climate Change On Biodiversity And Food Security: A Mini Review, Hasan M. Agha, Abdulmutalib Alabeed Alkamil, Rana Tariq Yahya, Amjad Abdulhadi Mohammed, Zaid Tahseen Ali, Muneer Mohammed Saleh Alsayadi
AUIQ Complementary Biological System
A thriving eco-system and abundant species diversity are crucial for all forms of life on Earth. Whether or not the climate remains stable has a direct impact on biodiversity and the ecosystem services that are provided by that diversity. There is a strong correlation between biodiversity and food security, and this is influencing how the impact of biodiversity on climate change is felt. Changes in the duration of the growth season for plants, the distribution of arable lands, and the availability of high-quality water are all ways in which climate change impacts agriculture. There will be numerous positive effects on …
A Comparative Review Of Soil Carbon Sequestration Methods In Brazil’S Agriculture, Skylar Cheng
A Comparative Review Of Soil Carbon Sequestration Methods In Brazil’S Agriculture, Skylar Cheng
Discussions
Brazil is under unique pressure to adopt sustainable agricultural practices due to its intricate biodiversity and globally dominant agricultural sector. Increasing soil degradation, agricultural land expansion, and rising levels of atmospheric carbon are nationwide concerns that require multifaceted solutions. Integrated agricultural systems, which rehabilitate soils through crop, forage, and livestock rotation as well as biochar—a carbon-rich soil amendment—can address such concerns. These sustainable farming practices improve carbon sequestration and soil fertility; however, uptake remains minimal due to environmental, economic, and policy barriers. Accordingly, this paper proposes a comprehensive model of integrated systems and biochar, in which the benefits of one …
Socio-Economic And Climate Change In Mongolia - Effects On Grassland Ecosystems, C Opp
Socio-Economic And Climate Change In Mongolia - Effects On Grassland Ecosystems, C Opp
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
In Mongolia, in combination with strong changes of the whole society during the past 76 years, from the feudal system to socialism and from the socialist system of planned development to the market economy, there are a lot of changes in the use of natural resources all over the country. In consequence of this a lot of effects on grassland ecosystems, caused by socio-economic and climate driving factors, were observed and studied in different scales: zonal, regional, local.
Long-Term Effects Of Co2 Enrichment And Temperate Increase On Forage Quality In A Temperate Grass, J F. Soussana, J M. Besle, I Chabaux, P Loiseau, P C. De Faccio Carvalho
Long-Term Effects Of Co2 Enrichment And Temperate Increase On Forage Quality In A Temperate Grass, J F. Soussana, J M. Besle, I Chabaux, P Loiseau, P C. De Faccio Carvalho
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Perennial ryegrass swards were grown during two years at two N fertilizer supplies in elevated (700 ppm) or ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration at outdoor temperature and at + 3°C in elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 and temperature increase had only minor impacts on the digestibility and on the fiber composition of the cut material. On average, the water soluble carbohydrate concentration of the leaf laminae was doubled in elevated CO2, whereas a 3°C temperature increase reduced this concentration by 25 %.
Co2 Enrichment And Temperature Effects On Productivity Of Field-Grown Phalaris And Subterranean Clover, J M. Lilley, T P. Bolger, R M. Gifford
Co2 Enrichment And Temperature Effects On Productivity Of Field-Grown Phalaris And Subterranean Clover, J M. Lilley, T P. Bolger, R M. Gifford
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Pure and mixed swards of Phalaris aquatica and Trifolium subterraneum were exposed to cool (ambient) and warm (cool +3oC) temperatures, at both 380 and 690 ppm CO2 concentrations in field temperature gradient tunnels for 5 months. In general, clover and the mixture had similar forage productivity in each treatment, while phalaris was less productive. Elevated CO2 increased clover production 40% in the monoculture and the mixture. Higher temperatures reduced clover regrowth at ambient CO2 and reduced the response to elevated CO2 in the monoculture but not in the mixture. In contrast, phalaris regrowth in the monoculture was not increased by …
Effects Of Climate Change On Grassland Production In Switzerland, J Fuhrer, M Riedo
Effects Of Climate Change On Grassland Production In Switzerland, J Fuhrer, M Riedo
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A mechanistic model for productive grassland was used to simulate annual dry matter yield in relation to fluxes of C, N, and water, and to test the sensitivity to climate change and to elevated [CO2] (2xCO2). Local weather scenarios were derived from the results of two General Circulation Models (GCM) by statistical down-scaling. Annual yield increased by a maximum of 10% without 2xCO2 effects, by 1-16% in response to 2xCO2, and by 6-24% with the combination of climate change and 2xCO2. Decreased evapotranspiration and increased water use efficiency in response to 2xCO2 were partially offset by climate change. The simulations …
The Role Of Mycorrhizal Associations In Modulating Poplar Growth, Phytohormone Responses, And Mortality Under Elevated Co2 And Temperature Conditions, Joshua Jr Frank-Webb
The Role Of Mycorrhizal Associations In Modulating Poplar Growth, Phytohormone Responses, And Mortality Under Elevated Co2 And Temperature Conditions, Joshua Jr Frank-Webb
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Climate change poses significant challenges to forests worldwide, particularly the Canadian boreal forest. Populus spp. are ecologically and economically important tree species that have had declining growth and survival due to elevated temperatures and droughts associated with climate change. Symbiotic microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi, may increase plant growth under climate change conditions by altering tree metabolic profiles and increasing tree access to water and nutrients. My thesis explores the relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and a Populus hybrid (Populus x canadensis) grown under a range of future climate scenarios: ambient CO2 (400 ppm) or elevated CO2 …
Assessing The Use Of Regenerative Agriculture In California Almonds As Climate Change Resilience, Skyler M. Seamons
Assessing The Use Of Regenerative Agriculture In California Almonds As Climate Change Resilience, Skyler M. Seamons
Master's Projects and Capstones
The agriculture sector is responsible for 10% of the United States’ greenhouse gas emissions. In turn, anthropogenic climate change threatens crops. With its Mediterranean climate, California is the country’s largest agricultural-producing state. Many California crops are at risk due to increasing temperatures and changed precipitation patterns. This paper investigates regenerative farming techniques as a tool to protect California crops from a changing climate. Almonds are used as a case study to analyze the soil management practices, finances, and policies underlying regenerative agriculture in California. A literature review and comparative analysis are used to compare regenerative and conventional soil management practices …
Biodiversity Loss & Urban Heat: A Nature- Based Wildlife Policy For The Las Vegas Metro, Zachary Billot
Biodiversity Loss & Urban Heat: A Nature- Based Wildlife Policy For The Las Vegas Metro, Zachary Billot
Student Research
As the population of the Las Vegas Metro continues to grow, new developments expand on the periphery. As Las Vegas continues to increase in size and develop further into wildlife habitat, not only are native animals and plants endangered, but residents are at risk of increasingly dangerous urban heat given the increase in impervious cover that makes Las Vegas the 2nd fastest warming metro in the U.S. This policy brief examines current policy and practice in place to highlight the need for positive human-wildlife interaction that will address the growing threat of biodiversity loss and heat vulnerability. This policy brief …
Land Use Intensification And Bio-Resource Utilisation In The South Pacific Islands, David Lopez Cornelio
Land Use Intensification And Bio-Resource Utilisation In The South Pacific Islands, David Lopez Cornelio
International Journal of Islands Research
The long and gradual colonisation of the Pacific islands created settlements of cohesive social networks that fused or were displaced by western ways of life, trade and governance through the centuries. In this paper, a historical review of the processes of island discovery, plants domestication, and of land use practices are discussed alongside the main socioeconomic drivers of land cover change. The native trees of the South Pacific constitute an invaluable resource for sustainable development; they were used and domesticated for thousands of years but logging, commercial agriculture, mining, the introduction of exotic species and urban expansion are threatening them …
Climate Change And Environmental Crises In Coastal Cities: Charleston Vs New York City, Nolan Rodriguez
Climate Change And Environmental Crises In Coastal Cities: Charleston Vs New York City, Nolan Rodriguez
Student Theses 2015-Present
This paper addresses the increasing vulnerability that coastal communities face regarding climate crises and rising sea levels. Specifically, this paper investigates the environmental crises facing Charleston, South Carolina, and New York City. The geographical location of these cities places a more severe threat upon their environment, as opposed to urban collectives removed from the immediate effect of rising sea levels. A cross-examination of politics and economics is discussed in order to determine the causal relationship of each city’s engagement with its surrounding environment. This paper examines how each city is affected by climate change, what measures are in place to …