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Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 2009, Agricultural Experiment Station, Plant Science Department

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This is the 2009 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State University Plant Science Department. This report includes weather data, yield comparisons, crop performance trials, corn trials, soybean trials, winter wheat performance testing, Barley Foliar information, weed and pest control, herbicide demonstrations, canola and flax variety trials and more.

Small Grains And Field Peas: 2009 Variety Recommendations (2008 Crop Performance Results), Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University

SDSU Extension Circulars

Variety selection is a fundamental element in a sound crop production program. This report contains variety recommendations, descriptions, and yield data for the spring-seeded small grains – hard red spring wheat, oat, and barley, along with the fall-seeded small grain –hard red winter wheat. Key factors in variety selection include yield, yield stability, maturity, straw strength, height, test weight, quality, and disease resistance. Yield is an important factor; however, a variety with good disease resistance, straw strength, and high grain quality may be more profitable in some cases than the highest yielding variety. Disease resistance information is based on reactions …

Vitisnet: ‘‘Omics’’ Integration Through Grapevine Molecular Networks, Jerome Grimplet, Grant R. Cramer, Julie A. Dickerson, Kathy Mathiason, John Van Hemert, Anne Y. Fennell Dr

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Background: Genomic data release for the grapevine has increased exponentially in the last five years. The Vitis vinifera genome has been sequenced and Vitis EST, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic tools and data sets continue to be developed. The next critical challenge is to provide biological meaning to this tremendous amount of data by annotating genes and integrating them within their biological context. We have developed and validated a system of Grapevine Molecular Networks (VitisNet). Methodology/Principal Findings: The sequences from the Vitis vinifera (cv. Pinot Noir PN40024) genome sequencing project and ESTs from the Vitis genus have been paired and the …

Nesting Ecology Of Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus Urophasianus At The Eastern Edge Of Their Historic Distribution, Katie M. Herman-Brunson, Kent C. Jensen, Nicholas W. Kaczor, Christopher C. Swanson, Mark A. Rumble, Robert W. Klaver

Natural Resource Management Faculty Publications

Greater sage-grouse Centrocercus urophasianus populations in North Dakota declined approximately 67% between 1965 and 2003, and the species is listed as a Priority Level 1 Species of Special Concern by the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. The habitat and ecology of the species at the eastern edge of its historical range is largely unknown. We investigated nest site selection by greater sage-grouse and nest survival in North Dakota during 2005 - 2006. Sage-grouse selected nest sites in sagebrush Artemisia spp. with more total vegetative cover, greater sagebrush density, and greater 1-m visual obstruction from the nest than at random …

Vitisnet: ‘‘Omics’’ Integration Through Grapevine Molecular Networks, Jerome Grimplet, Grant R. Cramer, Julie A. Dickerson, Kathy Mathiason, John Van Hemert, Anne Y. Fennell

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Background: Genomic data release for the grapevine has increased exponentially in the last five years. The Vitis vinifera genome has been sequenced and Vitis EST, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic tools and data sets continue to be developed. The next critical challenge is to provide biological meaning to this tremendous amount of data by annotating genes and integrating them within their biological context. We have developed and validated a system of Grapevine Molecular Networks (VitisNet).

Methodology/Principal Findings: The sequences from the Vitis vinifera (cv. Pinot Noir PN40024) genome sequencing project and ESTs from the Vitis genus have been paired and the …

Dietary Response Of Sympatric Deer To Fire Using Stable Isotope Analysis Of Liver Tissue, W.D. Walter, T. J. Zimmerman, D. M. Leslie Jr., J. A. Jenks

Natural Resource Management Faculty Publications

Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in biological samples from large herbivores identify photosynthetic pathways (C3 vs. C4 ) of plants they consumed and can elucidate potential nutritional characteristics of dietary selection. Because large herbivores consume a diversity of forage types, δ13C and δ15N in their tissue can index ingested and assimilated diets through time. We assessed δ13C and δ15N in metabolically active liver tissue of sympatric mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) to identify dietary disparity resulting from use of burned and unburned areas in a largely forested landscape. Interspecific variation in dietary disparity of deer …

Corn Response To Competition: Growth Alteration Vs. Yield Limiting Factors, Sharon A. Clay, David E. Clay, D. P. Horvath, J. Pullis, C. Gregg Carlson, Stephanie A. Hansen, Graig Reicks

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Competition mechanisms among adjacent plants are not well understood. This study compared corn growth and yield responses to water, N, and shade at 74,500 plants ha⁻¹ (1×) with responses to water and N when planted at 149,000 plant ha⁻¹ Plant biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll content, reflectance, and enzyme expression (transcriptome analysis) were measured at V-12. Grain and stover yields were measured with grain analyzed for ¹³C isotopic discrimination (Δ) and N concentration. At V-12, 60% shade plants had increased chlorophyll and reduced leaf area and height compared to full sun plants. In the 2× treatment, plants had …

Molt Migration By Giant Canada Geese In Eastern South Dakota, Charles D. Dieter, Bobby J. Anderson

Natural Resource Management Faculty Publications

We captured giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) in 7 counties in eastern South Dakota during the summer molting period, 2000–2003. We attached very high frequency (VHF) transmitters to 150 adult female geese with brood patches, and leg bands to 3,839 geese. We documented molt migrations using VHF telemetry and indirect band recovery at locations north of South Dakota. Telemetry of radio-collared female geese during the breeding season indicated that 56% of nonbreeders, 81% of unsuccessful breeders, and 19% of successful female breeders embarked on a molt migration. Five of 34 geese that underwent molt migrations moved to …

South Dakota Thriving, Fall 2009, College Of Agriculture &. Biological Sciences

Growing South Dakota (Publication of the College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences)

Table of Contents:
[Page] 2 Growing Farmers Markets: South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Helps Develop and Grow Booming Homegrown markets
[Page] 4 Lighari Leads Restructuring of Extension: Director of South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Focuses on Building Relationships
[Page} 6 South Dakota's Newest Research Station: The Addition of the SDSU Cow Camp Means Another Tremendous Resource for South Dakota and SDSU
[Page] 8 SDSU Rodeo Builds World Champs: Focus on Academics and Team Leads to Success Inside Both the Classroom and the Arena
|[Page] 12 Behind the Scenes in SDSU's Anatomy Lab: SDSU's Hands-On Anatomy Lab Gives Students the Edge …

Morphology And Biomass Production Of Prairie Cordgrasson Marginal Lands, A. Boe, V Owens, J. Gonzalez-Hernandez, J. Stein, D. K. Lee, B. C. Koo

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link.) is indigenous throughout most of the continental United States and Canada to 60°N latitude and is well suited to marginal land too wet for maize (Zea mays L.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Evaluations of prairie cordgrass in Europe and North America indicated it has high potential for biomass production, relative to switchgrass, in short‐season areas. Our objective was to describe morphology and biomass production and partitioning in mature stands of ‘Red River’ prairie cordgrass and determine biomass production of natural populations on marginal land. This study was conducted from 2000 to …

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Websites With Related Information, David E. Clay, Kurtis D. Reitsma

SDSU Extension Circulars

No abstract provided.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Recordkeeping, James A. Wilson, Kurtis D. Reitsma, David E. Clay

SDSU Extension Circulars

Recordkeeping is an important component of all crop production systems. The time that is spent maintaining careful records can help to improve the production, profit, and overall efficiency of the production enterprise. Records provide information needed to identify successes and failures.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Corn Drying And Storage, Richard E. Nicolai

SDSU Extension Circulars

The goal for a corn drying and storage system is to maintain grain quality without impeding harvesting or shipping. This chapter describes the factors that influence grain quality, proper handling techniques, drying procedures, storage management, and safety precautions.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Corn Grain Harvest, Daniel S. Humberg, Richard E. Nicolai, Kurtis D. Reitsma

SDSU Extension Circulars

Corn (grain) harvest can begin when grain moisture drops below 30%. However, most producers will allow corn to dry in the field until grain moisture is between 18 to 25%. Harvesting corn when grain moisture levels are high can result in excessive drying costs, kernel damage, and harvest loss from improper threshing. Allowing corn to stay in the field too long can result in excess harvest loss from stalk lodging, ear drop, or kernel shattering. An optimal harvest depends not only on the condition of the crop but also on the proper maintenance and adjustment of harvest and grain handling …

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Corn Insect Pests, Michael A. Catangui, Billy W. Fuller, B. Wade French

SDSU Extension Circulars

Historically, the major corn insect pests have been corn rootworms (northern and western), European corn borer, and black cutworm. Bt-corn hybrids are effective against most of these pests. However, Bt-corn hybrids are not effective against corn leaf aphid, corn root aphid, sap beetles, corn rootworm adults, grasshoppers, white grubs, wireworms, seed corn beetle, and seed corn maggots. These insect pests can reduce corn yields. This chapter discusses the management and biology of important corn insect pests commonly observed in South Dakota.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Soil Fertility, David E. Clay, Kurtis D. Reitsma

SDSU Extension Circulars

Corn requires sufficient amounts of at least 14 nutrients for optimal production (fig. 7.1). Soil fertility strategies should consider soil residual plant nutrients, cost of fertilizer relative to the value of corn, and management techniques that increase efficiency.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Irrigation And Salt Management, Todd P. Trooien, C. Gregg Carlson, Hal D. Werner

SDSU Extension Circulars

In South Dakota, average annual precipitation ranges from less than 13 inches to nearly 30 inches, generally increasing from west to east (fig. 6.1). However, all regions of South Dakota can experience drought. Irrigation can reduce a crop’s dependence on natural rainfall and improve yields. To best capitalize on investment in irrigation equipment, it has been suggested that one should increase plant populations on irrigated land by 2,000 to 3,000 plants per acre (Aldrich et al. 1975). This chapter discusses how much irrigation water to apply and how to manage the salts contained in the water. If you are planning …

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Tillage, Crop Rotations, And Cover Crops, Dwayne L. Beck, David E. Clay, Kurtis D. Reitsma

SDSU Extension Circulars

Historically, tillage and cultivation were used to manage residue, diseases, insects, weeds, and soil compaction. Tillage equipment that has been used includes molderboard plows, discs, cultivators, rippers, and chisel plows. Conservation practices and innovations in production tools (i.e., planters, herbicides, and genetically modified crops) provide farmers with the opportunity to minimize losses.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Seasonal Hazards—Frost, Hail, Drought, And Flooding, Robert G. Hall, Todd P. Trooien, Dennis P. Todey, David E. Clay

SDSU Extension Circulars

Conclusion: Weather conditions such as frost, hail, flood, or drought can severely reduce yields. Effects from these events are manageable to a certain extent, but loss can be expected when these events occur. The degree of loss depends on the severity of the event. Crop insurance has become a common component of corn production in the U.S.; the insurance provides the producer economic protection for uncontrollable events. Producers should consider crop insurance based on the consequences of crop loss.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Corn Planting Guide, Robert G. Hall, Kurtis D. Reitsma, David E. Clay

SDSU Extension Circulars

Obtaining maximum profit from a corn crop depends on the timely planting of an appropriate hybrid, at the proper depth, with a planter that evenly spaces the seed. The success of a corn crop is dependent on equipment maintenance, seedbed preparation, the development of a sound fertility and pest management program, and planting the seed. Early planting is best, but temperatures should be warm enough to assure quick germination and emergence, and late enough to avoid hard frosts. Planting-opportunity windows can be narrow due to spring rains or a late warm-up. Time spent in the off-season maintaining equipment and planning …

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Corn Hybrid Selection, Robert G. Hall, Kurtis D. Reitsma

SDSU Extension Circulars

Selecting a hybrid is one of the most important decisions a producer makes. Hybrid selection should consider yield, maturity resistance to disease and insect pests, and other traits important to individual production systems.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Corn Diseases In South Dakota, Martin A. Draper, Marie A. Langham, Sharon Clay, Bradley E. Ruden

SDSU Extension Circulars

Corn diseases can be separated into 1) seed and seedling diseases, 2) root-infecting nematodes, 3) leaf diseases, 4) rusts, 5) stalk rots, and 6) ear and grain molds. Yield losses can result from diseases directly reducing yields or from harvestability, spoilage, or marketing and/or use issues associated with mycotoxin contamination. See Table 9.1 for corn disease management information. Attention to optimal seed quality, hybrid selection, seed treatments, weed and insect control, crop rotation, soil fertility, irrigation, and prompt harvest can reduce disease impacts. This chapter discusses aspects of recognizing and managing South Dakota corn diseases.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Corn Growth And Development, Kurtis D. Reitsma, Sharon Clay, Robert G. Hall

SDSU Extension Circulars

Corn growth is influenced by cultural practices and available natural resources. The rate of growth and development changes during the season (fig. 1.1). In South Dakota, water and nitrogen (N) are important resources that limit yield. Other factors that reduce yield include disease, insects, weeds, and deficiency of other plant nutrients. For example, disease and insect infestations can reduce water and nutrient uptake or severely damage the plant to the point of yield loss. Weeds compete with the crop for water, nutrients, and light. Stress from temperature and water extremes affects nutrient availability, often increasing pest population and occurrence and …

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Weeds And Herbicide Injury In Corn, Sharon Clay, Mike J. Moechnig

SDSU Extension Circulars

This chapter addresses weed problems and herbicide injuries that commonly occur in South Dakota corn production. Photographs and information are provided to assist producers in managing weed pressure and to help identify herbicide injury symptoms resulting from improper application, unintentional exposure, or adverse environmental conditions.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Useful Calculations: Corn Yields And Storage Requirements, Kurtis D. Reitsma, David Clay, Sharon Clay, C. Gregg Calson

SDSU Extension Circulars

No abstract provided.

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota, David Clay, Kurtis D. Reitsma, Sharon Clay

SDSU Extension Circulars

Table of Contents:

Introduction [Page] 1

1. Corn Growth and Development [Page] 3

2. Corn Hybrid Selection [Page] 9

3. Corn Planting Guide [Page] 13

4. Seasonal Hazards—Frost, Hail, Drought, and Flooding [Page] 17

5. Tillage, Crop Rotations, and Cover Crops [Page] 21

6. Irrigation and Salt Management [Page] 31

7. Soil Fertility [Page] 39

8. Corn Insect Pests [Page] 49

9. Corn Diseases in South Dakota [Page] 59

10. Weeds and Herbicide Injury in Corn [Page] 71

11. Corn Grain Harvest [Page] 93

12. Corn Drying and Storage [Page] 99

13. Recordkeeping [Page] 107

14. Useful Calculations: Corn Yields …

Best Management Practices For Corn Production In South Dakota: Corn Calendar And Troubleshooting Guide, Kurtis D. Reitsma, Sharon Clay, C. Gregg Calson, David Clay

SDSU Extension Circulars

No abstract provided.

Biomass And Seed Yields Of Big Bluestem, Switchgrass, And Intermediate Wheatgrass In Response To Manure And Harvest Timing At Two Topographic Positions, Dokyoung Lee, Vance N. Owens, Arvid Boe, Bon-Cheol Koo

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

A principle attribute of perennial grasses for biomass energy is the potential for high yields on marginal lands. Objectives of this study were to compare biomass and seed production of intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and D.R. Dewey), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as affected by harvest timing and manure application on two topographic positions (footslope and backslope). Footslope is the hillslope position that forms the inclined surface at the base of a slope and backslope forms the steepest, middle position of the hillslope. Grasses were harvested for biomass at anthesis …

West River Ag Center Crops And Soils Research Annual Progress Report, 2008, Agricultural Experiment Station

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This is the 2008 annual progress report of the West River Crops Soils Research and Extension Center, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. This report includes a weather summary, winter wheat variety trials, spring and durum wheat variety trials, oat and barley variety trials, safflower variety trials, field pea variety trials, chickpea variety trials, soybean variety testing, forage trials, management practices, reduced tillage practices, and tillage practices.

Mapping Of Photoperiod-Induced Growth Cessation In The Wild Grape Vitis Riparia, Amanda Garris, Lindsay Clark, Chris Owens, Steven Mckay, James Luby, Kathy Mathiason, Anne Fennell

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

In grapevines (Vitis spp.), the timing of growth cessation in the fall is an important aspect of adaptation and a key objective in breeding new grape cultivars suitable for continental climates. Growth cessation is a complex biological process that is initiated by environmental cues such as daylength and temperature, as well as water and nutrient availability. The genetic control of growth cessation in grapevines was studied by mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a hybrid grape population. An F2 mapping population was developed by selfing a single F1 plant derived from a cross between an accession of the North American …