Life Sciences Commons^™

Flowability And Handling Characteristics Of Bulk Solids And Powders—A Review With Implications For Ddgs, V. Ganesan, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Much research regarding handling and storage characteristics of bulk solids has been conducted over the years. Physical properties of granular solids play a significant role in their resulting storage and flow behaviour, and are therefore essential to design appropriate, efficient, and economic bulk solids handling and storage equipment and structures. Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is a bulk material that has been widely used as a protein source for ruminants and non-ruminants for more than two decades. Distillers grains are energy and nutrient dense, and are often used as a replacement for corn in animal diets. With the exponential …

Impact Of An External Energy On Staphylococcus Epidermis [Atcc –13518] In Relation To Antibiotic Susceptibility And Biochemical Reactions – An Experimental Study, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Purpose:

While spiritual and mental energies are known to man, their impact has never been scientifically measurable in the material world and they remain outside the domain of science. The present experiment on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC –13518], validate the effects of such energy transmitted through a person, Mahendra Trivedi, which has produced an impact measurable in scientifically rigorous manner.

Methods:

Staphylococcus epidermis strains in revived and lyophilized state were subjected to spiritual energy transmitted through thought intervention and/or physical touch of Mahendra Trivedi to the sealed tubes containing strain, the process taking about 3 minutes and were analyzed within 10 …

Understanding Consumer Preference For Functional Barley Tortillas Through Sensory, Demographic, And Behavioral Data, Ayako Toma, Maria Botero Omary, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Elizabeth A. Arndt, Naruemon Prasopsunwattana, Sutida Chongcham, Rolando A. Flores

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Consumption of whole grains as part of a health-promoting diet is encouraged among Americans due to beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of whole barley flour particle size on consumer acceptance of whole grain and soluble fiber-enriched tortillas; to examine the effect of demographic and behavioral data on consumer acceptance; and to establish relationships between consumer acceptance and survey results to identify market opportunities among particular groups of consumers. Four experimental tortillas and two representative commercial brands were tested by 95 untrained panelists using a 9-point hedonic scale for appearance, color, …

No Evidence That Bacillus Thuringiensis Genes And Their Products Influence The Susceptibility Of Corn Residue To Decomposition, R. Michael Lehman, Shannon L. Osborne, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The possibility that Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn (Zea mays L.) residues resist decomposition compared to non-Bt residues would present direct (soil carbon turnover times) and indirect (changes in tillage practices) effects on carbon budgets in agricultural systems. We evaluated the relative decomposition of residue from two pairs of Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids from different seed manufacturers buried in the root zone of adjacent Bt and non-Bt corn plots over a period of 384 d. We found no persistent differences in residue decomposition among the different hybrids regardless of the seed manufacturer or the presence of the Bt genes (both …

Determination Of Machining Parameters Of Corn Byproduct Filled Plastics, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

In a collaborative project between the USDA and Northern Illinois University, the use of ethanol corn processing by-products as bio-filler materials in the compression molding of phenolic plastics has been studied. This paper reports on the results of a machinability study in the milling of various grades of this material. Three types of samples were studied: 100%, 75% and 50% phenolic samples. The milling operation was carried out with a fixed depth of cut of 2.0 mm using a 12.5 mm diameter two-fluted end-mill. The cutting speed was varied between 120 and 160 m/min at feeds between 200 and 300 …

Flow Properties Of Ddgs With Varying Soluble And Moisture Contents Using Jenike Shear Testing, V. Ganesan, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are an excellent source of energy, minerals, and bypass protein for ruminants and are used in monogastric rations as well. With the remarkable growth of the US fuel ethanol industry in the past decade, large quantities of distillers grains are now being produced. Flow of DDGS is often restricted by caking and bridging during its storage and transportation. In our previous works, the Carr powder tester was used to measure various flow properties of DDGS. The objective of this study was to measure the flow properties (cohesion, effective angle of friction, internal angle of …

A Transcendental To Changing Metal Powder Characteristics, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

It’s not often that Metal Powder Report departs from the path of hard facts into the somewhat ‘mushier’ area of metaphysics, but opportunities crop up. While recognising that science has its fair share of charlatans, one such opportunity was presented by a paper submitted by an Indian researcher in which he details work aimed at probing the effects on powder samples where changes were apparently generated by thought. Some will laugh, others will cry, but perhaps among our readers there are those who might be able to help elucidate further the phenomena described…

Improved Uses And Values For The Byproducts Of The Developing Biofuels Industry, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

No abstract provided.

On The Physical Properties Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Klein Ileleji, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a complex heterogeneous granular solid that exhibit a wide range of physical and chemical properties. This fact is one of the major reasons that livestock nutritionists often find it difficult to include it in their feed rations. The rapid growth of the corn ethanol industry, the primary generator of DDGS, has resulted in a huge influx of this product into the marketplace. Unfortunately, the lack of standard methods for product quality determination and reporting is becoming a bottleneck to expanding the market for this product. Challenges in the logistics of moving DDGS through …

Effect Of Moisture Content And Soluble Level On The Physical, Chemical, And Flow Properties Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Vykundeshwari Ganesan, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a bulk material that has been widely used as a protein source for ruminants and nonruminants for more than two decades. DDGS is the nonfermentable processing residue (i.e., protein, fiber, fat, and ash) from fuel ethanol manufacturing. With the exponential growth of the fuel ethanol industry in the past several years, significant quantities (≈13.0 million tons in 2007) of distillers grains are now being produced. To effectively utilize these coproduct streams in the domestic market, DDGS must be transported greater distances and must be stored until final use. DDGS flow is often problematic …

Synergism Between Entomopathogenic Nematodes And Bacillus Thuringiensis Crops: Integrating Biological Control And Resistance Management, Aaron J. Gassmann, S. Patricia Stock, Mark S. Sisterson, Yves Carriere, Bruce E. Tabashnik

Aaron J. Gassmann

The past decade has witnessed a continual increase in the use of crops genetically modified to produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This presents the challenge of designing agricultural systems to manage pests and the evolution of resistance to Bt. We tested whether entomopathogenic nematodes might act synergistically with Bt crops by killing pests in non-Bt refuges and by increasing the fitness costs of resistance to Bt. We also tested whether insect mortality and fitness costs were affected by the cotton phytochemical gossypol. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave increased the fitness cost of Bt resistance, indicating that …

Effects Of Feed And Extruder Parameters On Extrudates Containing Ddgs, S. Kannadhason, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Twenty seven isocaloric (3.05 kcal/g) ingredient blends were factorially formulated using three levels each of DDGS (20, 25, and 30% db), protein (30, 32.5, and 35% db), and feed moisture content (25, 35, and 45% db), along with appropriate quantities of cassava starch, soybean meal, fish meal, whey, vitamin, and mineral mix to produce a balanced diet for tilapia feed. The ingredient blends were extruded using a laboratory-scale single screw extruder with varying screw speeds (100, 150, and 200 rpm) and extruder barrel temperatures (100, 125, and 150 o C). The resulting extrudates were subjected to extensive analyses of physical …

Understanding And Modeling Flowability Of Ddgs, Rumela Bhadra, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), the major coproduct from the corn-based fuel ethanol industry, is primarily used as livestock feed. Due to high protein, fiber, and energy contents, there is a high demand for DDGS. Flowability of DDGS is often hindered due the phenomenon of “caking”. Shipping and handling of DDGS has thus become a major issue due to bridge formation between the DDGS particles. The objective of this investigation was to measure flowability characteristics of DDGS samples from five ethanol plants in the north central region of the U.S. Carr and Jenike tests were performed, and the resulting …

Twin Screw Extrusion Of Ddgs-Based Aquaculture Feeds, S. Kannadhason, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Micahel L. Brown

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Six isocaloric (3.65 kcal/g), isonitrogenous (35% db protein), ingredient blends were prepared with 0, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, and 27.5% DDGS and other common ingredients, including soybean meal, corn, fish meal, whey, soybean oil, and vitamin and mineral mix, in order to produce balanced rations appropriate for tilapia grower diets. The blends were moisture balanced to 15% db, and then extruded in a pilot-scale twin screw extruder. The extrusion process was carried out using two processing conditions: a 2 mm die at 190 rpm (with temperatures ranging from 80 to 110 o C, depending on barrel location), and a 3 …

Surface Characteristics And Flowability Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles, Rumela Bhadra, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

With an annual production of approximately 6.5 billion gallons of fuel ethanol, and projected growth for the foreseeable future, supplies of coproducts such distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) are anticipated to continue to grow as well. DDGS is used primarily as livestock feed. Much of the DDGS must be shipped, often over large distances throughout the country, as much of the livestock (especially large dairies and feedlots) are outside the Corn Belt, where most of the ethanol plants are currently located. “Caking”, or stickiness, among particles is an important issue related to DDGS, especially when it leads to flowability …

Raman Multiplexers For Alternative Gene Splicing, Lan Sun, Chenxu Yu, Joseph Irudayaraj

Chenxu Yu

Nonfluorescent labels were used for an array-format multiplex detection of alternative splice junctions of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A four-plex detection scheme using nonfluorescent labels was demonstrated for DNA sequences specific to four BRCA1 alternative splice variants:  Δ(11q) (the last 3309 nt deleted from exon 11), Δ(9, 10) (exon 9 and 10 deleted), Δ(5) (exon 5 deleted), and Δ(5q, 6) (the last 22 nt of exon 5 and the entire exon 6 is deleted). This is the first proof-of-concept study to apply SERS-based detection using nonfluorescent labels to investigate alternative gene splicing. Detection …

Effect Of Ddgs, Moisture Content, And Screw Speed On Physical Properties Of Extrudates In Single-Screw Extrusion, Nehru Chevanan, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Three isocaloric (3.5 kcal/g) ingredient blends containing 20, 30, and 40% (wb) distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) along with soy flour, corn flour, fish meal, and mineral and vitamin mix, with net protein adjusted to 28% (wb) for all blends, were extruded in a single-screw laboratory-scale extruder at screw speeds of 100, 130, and 160 rpm, and 15, 20, and 25% (wb) moisture content. Increasing DDGS content from 20 to 40% resulted in a 37.1, 3.1, and 8.4% decrease in extrudate durability, specific gravity, and porosity, respectively, but a 7.5% increase in bulk density. Increasing screw speed from 100 …

Mycotoxins In Corn Distillers Grains: A Concern In Ruminants?, Alvaro Garcia, Kenneth Kalscheur, Arnold Hippen, David Schingoethe, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Themain fungi that produce toxins during storage belong to three genera: Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. When dealing with cattle diets, it is not easy to correlate the presence of mycotoxins to that of molds. The same types of molds can produce different types of toxins, and different types ofmolds can produce the samemycotoxin.

Impact Of An External Energy On Yersinia Enterocolitica [Atcc–23715] In Relation To Antibiotic Susceptibility And Biochemical Reactions: An Experimental Study, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Background: While spiritual and mental energies are known to man, their impact has never been scientifically measurable in the material world and they remain outside the domain of science. The present experiments on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC –23715], report the effects of such energy transmitted through a person, Mahendra Trivedi, which has produced an impact measurable in scientifically rigorous manner. Methods: Yersinia enterocolitica strains in revived and lyophilized state were subjected to spiritual energy transmitted through thought intervention and/or physical touch of Mahendra Trivedito the sealed tubes containing strain and were analyzed within 10 days after incubation. Results: The results indicated …

First Report Of Downy Mildew On Lepidium Sativum In India, Kunal Mandal

Kunal Mandal

Downy mildew caused by Hyaloperonospora parasitica on different members of Brassicaceae has been reported from different parts of the world. In India, the pathogen is recorded for the first time on Lepidium sativum. Proper management strategies need to be formulated against this disease as incidence is increasing.

Effect Of Different Levels Of N, P And K On Downy Mildew (Peronospora Plantaginis) And Seed Yield Of Isabgol (Plantago Ovata), Kunal Mandal, R. Saravanan, S. Maiti

Kunal Mandal

The study showed that application of different doses of inorganic nutrients had considerable influence on growth, yield and downy mildew interaction in isabgol (Plantago ovata). It included three levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60 kg N ha–1), two levels of phosphorous (0, 30 kg P ha–1) and two levels of potash (0, 40 kg K ha–1) for 2 consecutive years. The highest N supply (60 kg ha–1) caused more than 65% increase in disease severity compared with the control. However, application of 40 kg K ha–1 reduced percent disease index (PDI) by more than 10% compared with 0 kg K …

Physical And Chemical Properties Of Corn Distillers Wet Grains, Kurt A. Rosentrater, R. Michael Lehman

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The production of corn-based ethanol in the United States is dramatically increasing, and consequently, so is the quantity of generated coproducts, all of which are currently fed to livestock. Distillers Wet Grain (DWG) is one of these coproduct feeds. Many studies have investigated the nutritional properties of DWG and the response of livestock (primarily beef and dairy) to inclusion of these ingredients in their diets. To date, physical properties have been largely ignored, but they are needed for the design of storage facilities and equipment. The objective of this research was to quantify physical and chemical property values for typical …

Concentration Of Key Elements In North American Meat & Bone Meal, Rafael A. Garcia, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Meat & bone meal (MBM) and related rendered protein commodities have potential for use in applications other than animal feed, including use as a fuel or a phosphorus fertilizer. In order to develop these applications, data on the elemental composition are required; the currently available elemental composition data have important limitations. To generate more appropriate and reliable data, MBM samples were collected from 17 North American rendering plants, carefully prepared and analyzed for 20 elements. Preliminary studies showed that the sample preparation process artificially increased levels of sulfur and nickel in a manner that was correctable. Concentrations of many elements …

Determining Machining Parameters Of Corn Byproduct Filled Plastics, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Andrew W. Otieno, Pratyusha Melampati

Kurt A. Rosentrater

In a collaborative project between the USDA and Northern Illinois University, the use of corn ethanol processing byproducts (i.e., DDGS) as bio-filler materials in the compression molding of phenolic plastics has been studied. This paper reports on the results of a machinability study in the milling of various grades of this material. Three types of samples were studied: 100% (0% DDGS), 75% (25% DDGS), and 50% (50% DDGS) phenolic samples. The milling operation was carried out with a fixed depth of cut of 2.0 mm using a 12.5 mm diameter two-fluted end-mill. The cutting speed was varied between 120 and …

No Differences In Decomposition Rates Observed Between Bacillus Thuringiensis And Non-Bacillus Thuringiensis Corn Residue Incubated In The Field, R. Michael Lehman, Shannon L. Osborne, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Recent speculation of slower residue decomposition for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids compared with non-Bt corn hybrids has prompted investigative study. We evaluated the residue decomposition rates of Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids over a period of 22 mo under field conditions using the litter bag technique. The four corn hybrids used were (i) DKC60–16 (Bt+, Cry1Ab protein active against the leptidopteran European corn borer, event MON810), (ii) DKC60–12 (Bt+, Cry3Bb1 protein active against the coleopteran corn rootworm, event MON863), (iii) DKC60–14 (stacked Bt++, Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 proteins) and, (iv) DKC60–15 (Bt−, base genetics). The biochemical and …

Antidumping Duties In The Agriculture Sector: Trade Restricting Or Trade Deflecting?, Nisha Malhotra, Horatiu Rus, Shinan Kassam

Nisha Malhotra

In this paper we analyze whether U.S. Anti-Dumping (AD) duties in the agricultural sector are effective in restricting trade. More specifically, does imposition of an antidumping duty restrict imports of the named commodity or is there a diversion in the supply of imports from countries named in the petition to countries not named in the antidumping petition? We find that AD duties have had a significant impact on the imports of agricultural commodities from the countries named in the petition. However, our results also indicate that, unlike the manufacturing sector in the US, there was little trade diversion towards countries …

Properties Of Distillers Grains Composites: A Preliminary Investigation, Vanessa Cheesbrough, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Jerry Visser

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Interest in renewable biofuel sources has intensified in recent years, leading to greatly increased production of ethanol and its primary coproduct, Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles (DDGS). Consequently, the development of new outlets for DDGS has become crucial to maintaining the economic viability of the industry. In light of these developments, this preliminary study aimed to determine the suitability of DDGS for use as a biofiller in low-cost composites that could be produced by rapid prototyping applications. The effects of DDGS content, particle size, curing temperature, and compression on resulting properties, such as flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, water activity, …

Potential Bleaching Techniques For Corn Distillers Grains, Jessica A. Saunders, Kurt A. Rosentrater, P. G. Krishnan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The ethanol industry is booming and extensive research is now being pursued to develop alternative uses for Distillers Dried Grains (DDG) and Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS), coproducts of the ethanol production process. Currently, DDG and DDGS are used exclusively as livestock feed. The low starch, high protein and high fiber coproducts appear to be ideally suited for diets treating medical conditions such as diabetes and Celiac’s disease by virtue of their chemical composition. Processing methods need to be investigated to create flours that can be used effectively. Modifying aspects such as color, odor and baking functionality may eventually …

Effect Of Flow Agent Addition On The Physical Properties Of Ddgs With Varying Moisture Content And Soluble Levels, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Vykundeshwari Ganesan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is widely recognized as a highly nutritious animal feed ingredient. With the exponential growth of the fuel ethanol industry in the past several years, significant quantities of distillers grains are now being produced. To effectively utilize these feeds in the domestic market, these coproduct streams have to be transported greater distances, and must be stored in various structures until final use. Unfortunately, DDGS flow is often problematic, as it frequently becomes restricted by caking and bridging during storage and transport. This issue may arise from a number of factors, including storage moisture, temperature, relative …

Household's Olive Oil Consumption Preferences Socioeconomic And Demographic Differences, Gulgun Yildiz Ti̇ryaki̇

Dr. Gülgün YILDIZ TIRYAKI

Present study indicates specific consumer characteristics that affect consumer preferences for virgin, refined and blend olive oils. The findings of the study suggest that socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of household and household head such as household income, household size, education, age and gender of household head, household with working wife, residential areas (rural-urban), and regional differences were statistically significant factors and play an important role on olive oil consumption choices among Turkish households. Because olive oil production and manufacturing firms are increasing very rapidly in Turkey, the results of this study provide some relatively new information about consumer olive oil …