Life Sciences Commons^™

Hepatic Microsomal N-Hydroxylation Of Aniline And 4-Chloroaniline By Rainbow Trout (Onchorhyncus Mykiss), Steven P. Bradbury, J. M. Dady, A. D. Hoffman, M. M. Voit, D. L. Olson

Steven P. Bradbury

N-Hydroxylation of aniline and 4-chloroaniline was quantified in rainbow trout microsomal preparations using h.p.l.c.-liquid scintillation methods. Radioactive phenylhydroxylamine and 4-chlorophenylhydroxylamine metabolites were identified by co-elution with non-labelled standards. The method provided resolution of metabolite standards, and quantification of both N-hydroxylated metabolites was achieved without derivatization. The maximum velocities at 25 degrees C were 33.8 +/- 1.40 and 22.0 +/- 0.98 pmol/min per mg for aniline and 4-chloroaniline N-hydroxylation, respectively. The Km values were 1.0 +/- 0.11 and 0.8 +/- 0.11 mM for aniline and 4-chloroaniline N-hydroxylation, respectively. These activities were not induced by treatment of the trout with Aroclor 1254 …

Swine Responses To Constant And Modified Diurnal Cyclic Temperatures, Hongwei Xin, James A. Deshazer

Hongwei Xin

Ad libitum fed and individually penned crossbred gilts (39 ± 2 kg) were exposed to a constant air temperature of 30.8*" C (CON) and equal-mean diurnal cyclic temperatures cycling from 26° to 33*^ C (RPK) and from 23.4° to 40° C (RNT). Fluorescent lighting with an intensity of 800 to 1100 L/m/m2 was provided from 0600 h to 2100 h. Measurements of feed intake, heat loss rates, water usage, growth, and ingestion behavior were made for a five-day period and replicated six times. Daily average heat loss rates, water usage, and feed conversion of the RPK and RNT pigs could …

Stimulation Of Pheromone Biosynthesis In The Moth Helicoverpa Zea: Action Of A Brain Hormone On Pheromone Glands Involves Ca2+ And Camp As Second Messengers, Russell A. Jurenka, Emmanuelle Jacquin, Wendell L. Roelofs

Russell A. Jurenka

Isolated abdomen and pheromone gland bioassays were utilized to determine the physiological action of the pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) in the corn earworm moth Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) zea. An isolated pheromone gland bioassay showed that synthetic PBAN was active at 0.02 pmol, with maximal activity occurring at 0.5 pmol and 60 min of incubation. Second-messenger studies demonstrated that extracellular Ca2+ is necessary for PBAN activity on isolated pheromone glands. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 stimulated pheromone biosynthesis alone, whereas the Ca2+ channel blockers La3+ and Mn2+ inhibited PBAN activity. However, the organic Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine did not inhibit PBAN …

The Alpha-Adrenergic Stimulation Of Atrial Natriuretic Factor Expression In Cardiac Myocytes Requires Calcium Influx, Protein Kinase C, And Calmodulin-Regulated Pathways, C A. Sei, C E. Irons, A B. Sprenkle, P M. Mcdonough, J H. Brown, C C. Glembotski

Amy Sprenkle

Action Of Heptaminol Hydrochloride On Contractile Properties In Frog Isolated Twitch Muscle Fibre, Bruno Allard, Vincent Jacquemont, Fouad Lemtiri-Chlieh, Bernard Pourrias, Oger Rougier

fouad Lemtiri-Chlieh

1 Heptaminol stopped or delayed the progressive decline in tension which characterizes the phenomenon of fatigue in frog isolated twitch muscle fibre. 2 Heptaminol had no action on the sodium, potassium and calcium voltage-dependent ionic conductances. 3 The hypothesis of an action via an internal alkalinization was tested by comparison with the action of NH4Cl. Both substances increased the tension. 4 The action of hepataminol was suppressed in sodium-free (TRIS) solution or in the presence of amiloride while the action of NH4Cl was always observed. 5 These results could be explained by a stimulation of the Na/H antiport by heptaminol.

Control Of Salmonella On Beef Tissue Surfaces In A Model System By Pre- And Post-Evisceration Washing And Sanitizing, With And Without Spray Chilling, James S. Dickson, Maynard E. Anderson

James S. Dickson

Beef tissue was inoculated with a nalidixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella California and processed under conditions simulating pre- and post-evisceration carcass washing and sanitizing. These treatments, using distilled water to wash and 2% acetic acid to sanitize, reduced the population of salmonellae by as much as 2-log10 cycles when compared to samples which were washed only in distilled water. Increasing the acid temperature to 55°C reduced the bacterial populations further. Spray chilling, when used in series with the pre- and post-evisceration treatments, apparently resulted in recovery of some injured Salmonella.

Overwintering Egg Populations Of A Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion Autumnalis, On Ponderosa Pine Near Gillette, Wyoming, Judith Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Sampling Windbreaks For Borers And Defoliators, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Development of sampling methods to detect, assess, and study insect populations in windbreaks depends upon knowledge of insect life cycles, habits, and distributions, habitat characteristics, and sampling objectives. Techniques ranging from detection surveys to population estimates have been developed for cankerworms, pine tip moths, carpenterworms, and lilac borers.

Overwintering Egg Populations Of A Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion Autumnalis, On Ponderosa Pine Near Ft. Meade In South Dakota, Judith Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Ferrous Fumarate Fortification Of A Chocolate Drink Powder, Richard F. Hurrell, Manju B. Reddy, Sandra A. Dassenko, James D. Cook, David Shepherd

Manju B. Reddy

An evaluation was made into the usefulness of ferrous fumarate as an iron fortificant for an experimental chocolate drink powder targetted to children and adolescents. Organoleptically ferrous fumarate was acceptable when the chocolate drink powder was reconstituted in milk or water that was heated to < 80". Unacceptable colour changes occurred, however, when boiling milk or water were used. In human Fe absorption studies when the Fe compounds were added to the chocolate drink immediately before consumption, ferrous fumarate was 3.31 % absorbed compared with 2.82% for ferrous sulphate and 2.11 % for ferric pyrophosphate. When the Fe compounds were processed during the manufacture of the chocolate drink powder, the absorption of ferrous fumarate was 5.27 %, ferrous sulphate 2.62 'YO and ferric pyrophosphate 0.55 %. Ascorbic acid had little or no effect on the absorption of ferrous fumarate. It is concluded that food processing can influence the relative absorption of fortification Fe and that, if not reconstituted with boiling milk or water, ferrous fumarate could be a useful compound for the fortification of chocolate drink powders.

Interaction Of Insecticide Resistance Genes In Field Populations Of Culex Pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) From Italy In Response To Changing Insecticide Selection Pressure, Bryony C. Bonning, J. Hemingway, R. Romi, G. Majori

Bryony C. Bonning

Culex pipiens Linnaeus larvae were collected from various locations in Italy and colonized as separate strains. These were analysed for elevated nonspecific esterase activity and frequency of altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mechanisms of insecticide resistance, and bioassayed, to define the cross-resistance spectra conferred by these to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. These mechanisms were further characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Elevated esterase A1 (formerly known as Est 3A) which predominated in C. pipiens from Italy in 1985 had been replaced by two esterases, A2 and B2. Altered acetylcholinesterase was still present at high frequencies. Altered and normal acetylcholinesterase were distinguished by differential …

Basic Alfalfa Germplasms Differ In Nutritive Content Of Forage, Andrew W. Lenssen, E. L. Sorensen, G. L. Posler, L. H. Harbers

Andrew W. Lenssen

Little information is available regarding comparative forage quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) leaves and stems of the nine germplasms from which most North American cultivars have been developed. In a greenhouse trial, forage quality of leaves and stems of the nine germplasms was compared when grown in a common environment and harvested at the same phenological stage. Germplasm sources (and representative cultivar) tested were: Indian (Sirsa #9), African (African), Peruvian (Hairy Peruvian), Flemish (DuPuits), Turkistan (Lahontan), Chilean (Kansas Common), M. varia Martin (Grimm), Ladak (Ladak), M. falcata L. (Anik). Leaves of germplasm sources differed for concentrations of neutral detergent …

Contamination Of Beef Tissue Surfaces By Cattle Manure Inoculated With Salmonella Typhimurium And Listeria Monocytogenes, James S. Dickson

James S. Dickson

Contamination of beef lean and fat tissue surfaces by Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated using phosphate buffer or sterilized manure as an inoculation menstruum. Immersion in inoculated phosphate buffer resulted in an increase in numbers of attached cells during the 120 min inoculation for both bacterial species. Tissue immersed in inoculated manure generally showed an increase in cell numbers up to 10 min of immersion with only slight increases in cell numbers from lOto 120 min. Fewer cells attached to either tissue type from the manure inoculum (P<0.05), although actual numerical differences were small.

Sagina Japonica (Sw.) Ohwi, An Overlooked Adventive In The Northeastern United States, Richard S. Mitchell, Gordon C. Tucker

Gordon C. Tucker

No abstract provided.

Scirpus Polyphyllus (Cyperaceae) In New Hampshire, Gordon C. Tucker

Gordon C. Tucker

No abstract provided.

Culture Medium Ph Is Influenced By Basal Medium, Carbohydrate Source, Gelling Agent, Activated Charcoal, And Medium Storage Method, Henry R. Owen, Donna Wengerd, A. Raymond Miller

Henry R. Owen

When four carbohydrates were tested against six commonly cited inorganic basal media, post-autoclave pH was highest for carbohydrate-free and sucrose- containing media, and progressively lower for maltose-, P lucose-, and fructose-containing media, respectively, post-autoclave pH for these media without carbohydrates was related to medium buffering capacity. Addition of gelling agents (10 of 11 tested) increased the post¬autoclave pH of MS medium containing sucrose. Neutralized and acid-washed activated charcoal also increased the post-autoclave pH of liquid and agar- solidified MS medium, and the pH changed further during 8 weeks of storage. Changes in medium pH caused by gelling agents, but not …

Catch-Effort Estimation Of White-Tailed Deer Population Size, James M. Novak, Kim T. Scribner, William D. Dupont, Michael H. Smith

James M. Novak

Estimation of population size is important for most research in population biology and in the management of game species. Using a stochastic, catch-effort, competing risks model (Dupont 1983), we estimated the population size of the Savannah River Site white-tailed deer (Odocotleus virginianus) herd for 1965-86. Population size varied markedly in response to changes in both hunting method and pressure. Still hunters preferentially harvested older animals compared to dog hunters. Deer were 2.37 times more susceptible to harvest from dog hunting than from still hunting. Hunter-induced mortality was estimated as 1.73 and 4.10 times as large as nonhunting mortality for still …

Frequency Distribution Of Conception Dates In A White-Tailed Deer Herd, James M. Novak, Olin E. Rhodes, Michael H. Smith, Paul E. Johns

James M. Novak

Conception dates of white-tailed deer, Odocoi/eus virginia1111s (Zinunennann, 1780) were estimated for the breeding periods of 1974 - 76 and 1984 using fall and winter- spring fetal data. Conception dates estimated from data collected in the fall were biased. This bias resulted in an earlier mean conception date than that based on information which included data from later breeding females. Mean breeding dates differed significantly between female age classes due to delayed conception in fawns which also resulted in a skewed frequency distribution of conception dates. The frequency distribution of conception dates was leptokurtotic, suggesting that the distribution is constrnincd …

The Palmer Philosophy Of Chiropractic – An Historical Perspective., Dennis M. Richards

Dennis M Richards

This paper presents the Palmer philosophy of chiropractic from an historical viewpoint. It examines how influences in the life of DD Palmer, such as spiritualism, theosophy and magnetic healing helped to shape the chiropractic philosophy expressed by him. It also oulines the philosophy of BJ Palmer, explaining how it may have been influenced by legal challenges to the early pioneers of chiropractic. Contemporary expression of the Palmer philosophy, as articulated by Strang, is also noted.

Taxon-Specific Differences In Responsiveness To Capsaicin And Several Analogues: Correlates Between Chemical Structure And Behavioral Aversiveness, Russell Mason, Jay Bean, Pankaj Shah, Larry Clark

Larry Clark

The present set of experiments was designed to explore avian insensitivity to capsaicin. Based upon a molecular model of avian chemosen­ sory repellency, we hypothesized that structural modifications of the basic capsaicin molecule, which is itself not aversive to birds, might produce aver­ sive analogues. To this end, European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and Nor­ way rats (Rattus norvegicus) were given varied concentrations of synthetic capsaicin and four analogues (methyl capsaicin, veratryl amine, veratryl acet­ amide, vanillyl acetamide) in feeding and drinking tests. The results agreed with a model that we are developing to describe the chemical nature of avian repellents. …

Chemical Repellency In Birds: Relationship Between Chemical Structure And Avoidance Response, Larry Clark, Pankaj Shah, Russell Mason

Larry Clark

We examined how molecular structure of24 anthranilate and benzoic acid deriva­ tives correlated with drinking behavior in European starlings Sturnus vulgaris.The effectiveness of bird repellents was &?SOciated with basicity, the presence of an electron onating group in resonance with an electron-withdrawing carboxylic group on a phenyl ring, and a heterocyclic ring in the same pi cloud plane as the phenyl ring. Of the benzoic acid derivatives tested in this study, methyl, ethyl, dimethyl, and linalylanthranilate as well as anthranilic acid and 4-ketobenztriazine were repellent to birds. Water consumption was significantly reduced relative to control levels at concentrations as low as …

Odor Detection Thresholds In Tree Swallows And Cedar Waxwings, Larry Clark

Larry Clark

No abstract provided.

Ortho-Aminoacetophenone Repellency To Birds: Similiarities To Methyl Antrhanilate, Russell Mason, Larry Clark, Pankaj Shah

Larry Clark

Methyl anthranilate is an effective bird repellent at concentrations 2:1.0% (g/g). Ortho-ami­ noacetophenone (OAP) has an odor similar to that of methyl anthranilate and is chemically (structurally) similar. Coincidentally, OAP is present in the scent gland secretions of mustelid species that prey on birds. For these reasons, we chose to test the bird repellency of this material and 3 isomers to European starlings (Stumus vulgaris). Ortho-aminoacetophenone was repellent at concentrations :50.01% in both choice and no-choice feeding tests. The other structural isomers (meta-, para-, alpha-) were less effective. Chemically, the results suggest that hydrogen-bonded ring structure formation and basicity predict …

Nonlethal Bird Repellents: In Search Of A General Model Relating Repellency And Chemical Structure, Larry Clark, Pankaj Shah

Larry Clark

Identification of potential repellents through molecular modeling has implications for the devel­ opment of commerciaUy viable, ecologically sound. nonlethal bird repellents. We tested isomers (ortho, meta, para) and moieties (amino, hydroxy, methoxy) of acetophenones for their effectiveness as bird repellents to better understand the nature of repellency in birds. ChemicaUy, basicity of a substituted phenyl ring, as de&ned by the electron-donating substituent, probably is an important feature infiuencing repellency; i.e., more basic substituents result in more potent repellents. Isomeric position of the electron-donating substituent, which leads to resonance of lone pairs of electrons.• is also an important feature of repellency; …

Chemical Bird Repellents: Applicability For Deterring Use Of Waste Water, Larry Clark, Pankaj Shah

Larry Clark

Regulatory agencies have placed increasing emphasis on agriculture and industry to protect wildlife from mortality associated with the consumption of waste water. Traditional hazjng methods to keep birds away from areas have met with marginal success. The only effective commercially available solution is .to enclose impoundments with netting. This strategy is costly and is subject to engineering constraints when large areas are to be protected. Molecular modeling techniques were used to identify chemical repellents to be added to waste water. These repellents effectively prevent birds from drinking or swimming in treated water.The most effective repellents are those containing an electron …

Prediction Of Avian Repellency From Chemical Structure: The Aversiveness Of Vanillin, Vanillyl Alcohol, And Veratryl Alcohol, Pankaj Shah, Larry Clark, Russel Mason

Larry Clark

The effectiveness of bird repellents is associated with the presence of an electron-withdrawing group (carbonyl or carboxyl) and an electron-donating group in resonance on a phenyl ring. The present experiments were designed to examine the relative importance of these structural features. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were presented with vanillin, vanillyl alcohol, and veratryl alcohol in two-cup and one-cup feeding trials and in one-bottle drinking tests. In feeding trials, veratryl alcohol was significantly more aversive than the other two chemicals. In drinking tests. veratryl alcohol was repellent only at the highest concentration (0.5% ml/ml), and was lethal at that concentration and …

Reproductive Compatibility Of New World Screwworms, Cochliomyia Hominivorax, From North Africa And Central America., David B. Taylor, Leslie Hammack, Richard L. Roehrdanz

David B Taylor

The reproductive compatibility of New World screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), from North Africa and a strain being mass produced for the Mexican eradication programme was examined to assess the feasibility of using flies from the Mexican screwworm mass production facility for a sterile insect technique eradication programme in North Africa. Males from the production strain mated randomly with females from North Africa and from the production strain when both were present. Neither strain of males discriminated between cuticular extracts of North African and production strain females containing a contact sex pheromone. Interstrain crosses between North African flies and production flies …

Inhibition Of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity By Acetylenic And Allylic Alcohols: Concordance With In Vivo Electrophile Reactivity In Fish, Steven P. Bradbury, Glenn M. Christensen

Steven P. Bradbury

Acetylenic and al!ylic alcohols have been reported to be 20 to 5,000 times more acutely toxic to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) than would be expected from a narcosis-based mechanism of action. The greater-than-expected toxicity of these alcohols has been proposed to be a result of metabolic activation to the corresponding reactive a ,)3-unsaturated aldehydes or allene derivatives. Using purified horse liver and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) preparations, the propensity of a series of acetylenic and allylic alcohols to inhibit enzyme activity, in both the presence and the absence of reduced glutathione, was ascertained. Those alcohols …

Use Of Respiratory-Cardiovascular Responses Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) In Identifying Acute Toxicity Syndromes In Fish: Part 4. Central Nervous System Seizure Agents, Steven P. Bradbury, Richard W. Carlson, Gerald J. Niemi, Tala R. Henry

Steven P. Bradbury

The respiratory-cardiovascular responses of spinally transected rainbow trout to acutely lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, endosulfan, endrin, and strychnine were examined. Common to all six toxicants, the most striking change in respiratory-cardiovascular parameters was an increased cough frequency. Ventilation frequency and volume dropped in strychnine-exposed trout, but both remained near predose levels (frequency) or elevated (volume) in the pyrethroid- and cyclodiene-exposed trout. In chlorpyrifos-intoxicated trout, ventilation frequency decreased while volume increased. Oxygen consumption remained near predose levels in the chlorpyrifos-, pyrethroid-, and strychnine-exposed trout, but increased dramatically in the cyclodiene-exposed trout. Arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH declined in …

Lignin Distribution In Thermomechanically Pulped Wood Fibers Via X-Ray Microanalysis, Douglas Stokke, Xuerong Wang

Douglas D. Stokke

The three major framework organic constituents of the secondary xylem (wood) of trees are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Lignin imparts a number of important physical properties to the woody cell wall. In addition, lignin serves as the "cement" which binds cells together, and is the material which must be softened, altered, or removed during pulping processes. The distribution of lignin within pulp cell walls is of importance with respect to use of the pulp fibers. In this study, x-ray analysis was used to investigate lignin distribution in thermomechanically pulped (i.e., pulped with heat and pressure, with no chemical treatment) aspen …