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Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Sem Studies Of Two Riparian New-Caledonian Conifers Reveal Air Channels In Stem Wood; Field Observations, Sherwin Carlquist, Mare Nazaire
Sem Studies Of Two Riparian New-Caledonian Conifers Reveal Air Channels In Stem Wood; Field Observations, Sherwin Carlquist, Mare Nazaire
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Two New Caledonian conifers, Dacrydium guillauminii and Retrophyllum minor, both of Podocarpaceae, occupy distinctive habitats in which roots are characteristically inundated. SEM studies of stem wood anatomy of both reveal characteristic vertical intercellular channels, not apparent in light microscope examination. These channels are regular in spacing as seen in radial sections and indefinite in vertical extent; they were observed only adjacent to rays. These channels, not reported in other conifers, are a potential source of aeration for roots and submersed stem portions. Other wood details are reported. In order to provide a more comprehensive picture of adaptation to these …
Wood Anatomy Of Family Salvadoraceae From The Indian Subcontinent With Special Reference To The Ultrastructure Of The Vessel Wall, Vishakha Saxena, Sangeeta Gupta
Wood Anatomy Of Family Salvadoraceae From The Indian Subcontinent With Special Reference To The Ultrastructure Of The Vessel Wall, Vishakha Saxena, Sangeeta Gupta
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The present study describes the wood microstructure of Azima tetracantha, Salvadora oleoides, and S. persica, the members of family Salvadoraceae represented in the Indian Subcontinent. An identification key based on wood anatomical features has been developed for the separation of the species. SEM studies revealed the presence of vesturing in intervessel pits of Salvadora.
Non-Random Vessel Distribution In Woods: Patterns, Modes, Diversity, Correlations, Sherwin Carlquist
Non-Random Vessel Distribution In Woods: Patterns, Modes, Diversity, Correlations, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Vessel grouping is a form of non-random distribution that becomes functionally valuable when the background consists of non-conductive imperforate tracheary elements (fiber-tracheids and libriform fibers); ungrouped vessels, randomly placed, often occur in an all-tracheid background. Types of vessel grouping are described and illustrated: diagonal, tangential, radial, median radial bands, and growth rings. Other non-random distributions considered include degrees and kinds of cable construction, patchy vessel distributions, vessel displacement related to succulence, and patterns involving successive cambia. Non-random vessel distributions inevitably involve non-random placement of imperforate tracheary elements, so that a parallel set of mechanical adaptations is often simultaneously achieved. Correlations …
Wood, Bark, And Pith Anatomy Of Old World Species Of Ephedra And Summary For The Genus, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood, Bark, And Pith Anatomy Of Old World Species Of Ephedra And Summary For The Genus, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for wood anatomy of 35 collections representing 22 Old World species of Ephedra; the survey of bark and pith anatomy is based on some of these species. Character-state ranges similar to those of the New World species are reported, although more numerous species show vessel absence in latewood. Little diminution in vessel diameter or density occurs in latewood of the eight species that are scandant or sprawling. Helical thickenings or sculpture occur in vessels of about a third of the Old World species, but these thickenings are clearly related to pits, often not …
Wood Anatomy Of Lamiaceae. A Survey, With Comments On Vascular And Vasicentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Lamiaceae. A Survey, With Comments On Vascular And Vasicentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for 44 collections representing 42 species in 27 genera. Lamiaceae basically have: vessels with simple perforation plates; vessel-to-vessel pitting alternate; imperforate tracheary elements all libriform fibers, fibers commonly septate; axial parenchyma scanty vasicentric; rays Heterogeneous Type IIB. These features ally Lamiaceae closely with Verbenaceae. In addition to the Mesomorphy ratio (based on vessel element dimensions), features that indicate wood xeromorphy in Lamiaceae, in probable increasing order of importance are: presence of indistinct to marked growth rings; presence of helical thickenings in vessels; presence of vasicentric or vascular tracheids; presence of vessel groups averaging three …
Wood And Stem Anatomy Of Convolvulaceae, Sherwin Carlquist, Michael A. Hanson
Wood And Stem Anatomy Of Convolvulaceae, Sherwin Carlquist, Michael A. Hanson
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative features of wood and stem anatomy are presented for 44 collections of 16 genera and 35 species ofConvolvulaceae. Markedly furrowed xylem characterizes the genera of tribe Cresseae. Successive cambia occur in 11 of the genera studied. Large patches of axial parenchyma occur in many of these; only in one species was interxylary phloem (formed internally by the cambium) observed in the parenchyma patches. Intraxylary phloem at the periphery of the pith is universal in Convolvulaceae, but newly reported is the fact that in many species, cambial activity adds secondary phloem to the intraxylary phloem strands. These cambia …
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of The New World Species Of Ephedra, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of The New World Species Of Ephedra, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for wood of 42 collections of 23 species of Ephedra from North and South America; data on bark anatomy are offered for most of these. For five collections, root as well as stem wood is analyzed, and for two collections, anatomy of horizontal underground stems is compared to that of upright stems. Vessel diameter, vessel element length, fiber-tracheid length, and tracheid length increase with age. Vessels and tracheids bear helical thickenings in 10 North American species (first report); thickenings are absent in Mexican and South American species. Mean total area of perforations per mm …
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Degeneria, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Degeneria, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomy of the recently described Degeneria roseiflora differs from that of D. vitiensis by possessing narrower vessels, much thicker-walled vessels and fiber-tracheids, abundant uniseriate rays, and greater numbers of ethereal oil cells in rays. Because both large and smaller wood samples of D. vitiensis were studied, ontogenetic changes in the wood are presented and separated from those features that probably vary with the species. Tyloses and perforated ray cells are newly reported for Degeneria. Anatomy of mature bark of D. roseiflora is described. Wood anatomy of Degeneria is moderately primitive. Although Degeneria is often compared to Himantandraceae and …
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Empetraceae; Comments On Paedomorphosis In Woods Of Certain Small Shrubs, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Empetraceae; Comments On Paedomorphosis In Woods Of Certain Small Shrubs, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood and bark of 12 collections of Empetraceae representing three genera containing seven species (one with two subspecies) are analyzed with respect to quantitative and qualitative features. Empetraceae have vessels somewhat angular in transection, with scalariform perforation plates and scalariform to opposite vessel-ray pitting. Imperforate tracheary elements are all tracheids. Axial parenchyma is sparse and not subdivided. Rays are characteristically uniseriate and composed of upright cells (older stems have rays with both upright and procumbent cells). These features ally Empetraceae closely to Ericaceae and Epacridaceae. The narrow vessels, quite numerous per mm2 , denote a high degree of wood …
Steps Toward The Natural System Of The Dicotyledons, William C. Dickison
Steps Toward The Natural System Of The Dicotyledons, William C. Dickison
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The value of vegetative anatomy in phylogenetic analysis is documented. Examples of the use of vegetative anatomy at different taxonomic levels show the continuing role of the anatomical method in building a more natural system of classification of the dicotyledons. The importance of correlating wood and leaf anatomical features with ecological and floristic preferences of taxa is emphasized. Caution is required in basing phylogenetic interpretations upon similarities and differences in xylem structure. The transition from scalariform to simple perforation plates is the only aspect of vessel element evolution that is not potentially reversible and all phylogenetic analyses must reflect this …
Wood Anatomy Of Ascarina (Chloranthaceae) And The Tracheid-Vessel Element Transition, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Ascarina (Chloranthaceae) And The Tracheid-Vessel Element Transition, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative features are presented for 13 collections of 8 species of Ascarina. Wood anatomy is maximally primitive in most respects; moderate exception occurs in the imperforate tracheary elements, which range from tracheidlike (A. solmsiana) to fiber-tracheids (septate in two species). Perforation plates are scalariform, average more than 100 bars per plate, and have bordered bars. Even more significantly, portions of the primary walls in perforations characteristically fail to dissolve; these pit membrane portions range from nearly intact (much like the pit membranes in pits on end walls of tracheids of vesselless dicotyledons) to remnant strands …
Wood Anatomy Of Cercidium (Fabaceae), With Emphasis On Vessel Wall Sculpture, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Cercidium (Fabaceae), With Emphasis On Vessel Wall Sculpture, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for wood anatomy of the seven species of Cercidium (including two subspecies of C. floridum as well as the hybrid C. x sonorae) currently recognized. Data on wood of Parkinsonia are presented for purposes of comparison. Vessel walls of Cercidium show unusual sculpture: coarse excrescences termed verrucae here, crateriform pits, and grooves interconnecting pit apertures. These plus crystal distribution, presence of septa in fibers, pit diameter, presence of vasicentric tracheids, and presence of diagonal vessel aggregations are probably species distinctions to various degrees. The crystal-bearing fibers of Cercidium, some of which have …
Wood Anatomy Of Tasmannia, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Tasmannia, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for 11 collections of eight taxa. Diameter and length of tracheids are related to plant size, but populations in cooler locations have narrower and shorter tracheids than one would expect on the basis of plant size and age, and smaller tracheids are believed to be of selective value in these environments because of their resistance to embolisms. Vesturing is absent from tracheids in taxa from warmer localities but pronounced in colder places; this, too, is a probable mechanism for resistance to embolism formation. Helical thickenings are reported for one collection of T. insipida; …
Distribution Of Vessel Diameter In Ring-Porous Trees, D. W. Woodcock
Distribution Of Vessel Diameter In Ring-Porous Trees, D. W. Woodcock
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The wood anatomy of ring-porous trees presents difficulties of description and measurement. Information regarding the distribution of vessel diameters within the yearly growth increment may be of use of interpreting wood anatomy and function. Two distributional patterns can be recognized in the trunk xylem of the five ring-porous species investigated. The following terms are proposed: graduated-unimodal, to refer to ring-porous woods with one population of vessels, and graduated-bimodal, to refer to woods with two distinct peaks in vessel frequency.
Wood Anatomy And Relationships Of Montinia, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy And Relationships Of Montinia, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented on wood anatomy of root, basal stem, and upper stem of Montinia caryophyllacea. Anatomy of twig wood of Kaliphora madagascariensis is compared with these results, as is the data of Ramamonjiarisoa (1980) on wood of the genus Grevea. Features common to the three genera in wood as well as other portions of the plant are reviewed; these are consistent with the interpretation that Montinia and Kaliphora are very close to each other, despite previous positions of the two genera in Saxifragaceae and Comaceae, respectively. Grevea, although more distant from Montinia than …
Wood Anatomy Of Cneoraceae: Ecology, Relationships, And Generic Definition, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Cneoraceae: Ecology, Relationships, And Generic Definition, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomy of the three species of Cneorurm is described qualitatively and quantitatively. The species differ in features related to ecology and form a clear series in this regard. The wood features of the family can all be matched by some Rutaceae and Simarubaceae, and the characteristics of Cneoraceae are listed in this connection. Nearly as many features are shared by Cneoraceae with Anacardiaceae and Sapindaceae; certain distinctive features may be found in somewhat more distant families, such as Oxalidaceae. Resemblances between Cneoraceae and Euphorbiaceae are attributed at least in part to the fact that Euphorbiaceae comprise a highly heterogeneous …
A Synopsis Of Flacourtiaceae, David E. Lemke
A Synopsis Of Flacourtiaceae, David E. Lemke
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Flacourtiaceae are a large, mostly tropical, family containing more than 800 species. As circumscribed by Warburg and Gilg the family is rather heterogeneous and indeterminate. The most recent generic treatment, that of Hutchinson, represents a considerable improvement in our understanding of the family, yet Hutchinson's Flacourtiaceae still contain a number of disparate elements. This preliminary generic treatment, based upon studies of gross morphology, wood anatomy, palynology, and phytochemistry, attempts to provide a revised framework for future studies of this diverse family. Ten tribes (Berberidopsideae, Erythrospermeae, Oncobeae, Pangieae , Homalieae, Scolopieae , Prockieae, Flacourtieae, Casearieae, Bembicieae) comprising 79 genera are recognized. …
Wood Anatomy Of Scytopetalaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Scytopetalaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Eight wood samples representing six species in two genera of Scytopetalaceae are examined with respect to qualitative and quantitative features. Rhaptopetalum differs from Scytopetalum by having scalariform perforation plates, fiber-tracheids, longer vessel elements, and a series of features probably related to the understory status of Rhaptopetalum is compared to the emergent nature of Scytopetalum. Features ofScytopetalaceae relevant to relationships of the family include (I) scaJariform perforation plates; (2) alternate medium-sized intervascular pits; (3) scalariform vessel-parenchyma pitting; (4) diffuse-in-aggregates and scanty vasicentric axial parenchyma; (5) axial parenchyma strands subdivided in places into chains of chambered crystals; and (6) rays that are …
Wood Anatomy Of Drimys S.S. (Winteraceae), Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Drimys S.S. (Winteraceae), Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative data are reported for seven specimens representing six varieties of the four species of Drimys generally recognized. Tracheid length and diameter are correlated both with plant size and with severity of climate: wide, long tracheids, not fluctuating in diameter seasonally, occur in Drimys of moderate elevations in subtropical latitude; narrower, shorter tracheids, becoming radially narrower briefly in latewood, occur in Drimys from higher altitudes and latitudes. Vesturing (warty layer) on the inside surface of tracheids occurs in Drimys from latitudes and altitudes where appreciable freezing is to be expected, but vesturing is absent at lower elevations and …
Tracheid Dimorphism: A New Pathway In Evolution Of Imperforate Tracheary Elements, Sherwin Carlquist
Tracheid Dimorphism: A New Pathway In Evolution Of Imperforate Tracheary Elements, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Certain dicotyledon families characteristically have tracheids as their imperforate tracheary element type. Of these, six families are anomalous by having septate (or nonseptate but living) fiber-tracheids or libriform fibers coexisting with the tracheids in some species or genera (Austrobaileyaceae, Celastraceae, Convolvulaceae, Ericaceae, and Grossulariaceae, and Rosaceae). Data from the literature and original data on wood anatomy of these families are presented. A theory of tracheid dimorphism is developed to account for these instances of tracheids combined with fiber-tracheids or libriform fibers. According to this theory, septate or living fiber-tracheids or libriform fibers are produced in addition to tracheids, starting with …
Wood Anatomy Of Acanthaceae: A Survey, Sherwin Carlquist, Scott Zona
Wood Anatomy Of Acanthaceae: A Survey, Sherwin Carlquist, Scott Zona
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative wood features are reported for 38 species representing 22 genera, including the scandent genera Mendoncia and Thunbergia. Woods of Acanthaceae are characterized by relatively narrow vessels with simple perforation plates and alternate lateral wall pitting, septate libriform fibers, scanty vasicentric axial parenchyma, rays both multiseriate and uniseriate, erect ray cells abundant in rays (some species rayless or near-rayless), numerous small crystals or cystoliths in ray cells in a few genera (first documented reports of both characters in woods of Acanthaceae), and nonstoried structure. This constellation of features is very closely matched by woods of Gesneriaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Pedaliaceae, …
Diagonal And Tangential Vessel Aggregations In Wood: Function And Relationship To Vasecentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Diagonal And Tangential Vessel Aggregations In Wood: Function And Relationship To Vasecentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The list of families with diagonal ("dendritic" or " flamelike" of other authors) patterns of vessel aggregation is similar to the list of families that have vasicentric tracheids. This paper attempts to deal with apparent exceptions. Because of recent reports of vasicentric tracheids, the families with diagonal vessel aggregations are all also on the list of families with vasicentric tracheids with the exception of four families. Genera of those four families are studied to see if a relationship between vasicentric tracheids and diagonal vessel aggregations does hold. Of the families not on both lists, Leitneriaceae (Leitneria), Melastomataceae ( …
Wood Anatomy Of Martniaceae And Pedaliaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Martniaceae And Pedaliaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative features are reported for one species of Martynia (Martyniaceae) and for seven species of six genera of Pedaliaceae. The inclusion of woody annuals as well as of shrubs provides a broader picture ofPedaliaceae than hitherto available. The wood features of Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae (listed in the Systematic Conclusions) are compatible with placement of these families in Scrophulariales (Bignoniales). Ifindividual features of the two families are compared with those of other families of the order, however, no one family can be cited as more closely related to Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae than any other. Martyniaceae is not necessarily the …
Wood Anatomy Of Placothira (Loasaceae), Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Placothira (Loasaceae), Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomy of the single species of Plakothira, a recently discovered genus from the Marquesas Islands, is described qualitatively and quantitatively. Features new for the family include presence of vasicentric scanty axial parenchyma and presence of perforated ray cells. Plakothira has several wood features specialized for Loasaceae: vasicentric axial parenchyma, extremely reduced borders on fibertracheids, and storying in fiber-tracheids. Wood of Plakothira is clearly loasaceous. Storying in fibertracheids is reported here for the loasaceous genera Fuertesia and Mentzelia. Wood anatomy of Plakothira represents paedomorphosis in great length of vessel elements, erectness of ray cells, lack of change in large primary …
Pliocene Nothofagus Wood From The Transantarctic Mountains, Sherwin Carlquist
Pliocene Nothofagus Wood From The Transantarctic Mountains, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Subfossil wood fragments up to 10 cm long and 2 cm in diameter recovered from a locality thought on the basis of diatom deposits to be upper Pliocene-lower Pleistocene (Oliver Bluffs, Sirius Formation, 85°10'S., between 1800 and 1900 m in the Transantarctic Mountains) were sectioned for identification. Degradation prevented observation of some wood features, but others were well preserved. All of the fragments appear to represent one species. Features of growth rings (ring porous, vessels mostly solitary in earlywood), rays (predominantly uniseriate, both erect and procumbent cells common), vessel perforation plates (simple, at least in earlywood), lateral wall pitting of …
Wood Anatomy Of Nolanaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Nolanaceae, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood of seven collections of six species of Nolana, a genus (18 spp.) of the central western coast of South America was studied for quantitative and qualitative features. The wood is ring porous, with moderately wide vessels bearing simple perforation plates and alternate pits with some grooves interconnecting slitlike pit apertures. Imperforate tracheary elements are fiber-tracheids with vestigial borders on pits or libriform fibers; vasicentric tracheids (reported for Nolanaceae for the first time) are present in varying numbers. Axial parenchyma is vasicentric scanty (sometimes absent), sometimes with tangential bands that may be terminal in part. Rays are both multiseriate and …
Wood Anatomy Of Gesneriaceae, Sherwin Carlquist, David A. Hoekman
Wood Anatomy Of Gesneriaceae, Sherwin Carlquist, David A. Hoekman
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative data are presented for woods of 37 species representing 11 genera; most species included represent a maximal degree of woodiness for the family, and herbaceous groups are mostly omitted. Growth rings are absent or nearly so. Vessel elements have simple perforation plates (except for Kohleria elegans) and alternate circular or oval pits of various sizes on vessel-vessel walls (often laterally elongate, often with gaping apertures, on vessel-parenchyma and vessel-septate fiber interfaces). Grooves interconnect pit apertures in vessels of four genera. Vessels are grouped, usually in radial chains, to a moderate extent. Tyloses are present. Imperforate tracheary …
Wood Anatomy Of Stilbaceae And Retziaceae: Ecological And Systematic Implications, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Stilbaceae And Retziaceae: Ecological And Systematic Implications, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomy of ten species in five genera of the Cape Province (South Africa) family Stilbaceae is reported in quantitative and qualitative terms. Wood anatomy for stem, root, and lignotuber is reported for the monotypic Cape genus Retzia. Stilbaceae and Retziaceae are alike in wood anatomy but differ from Verbenaceae by having scalariform perforation plates with few and wide-bordered bars (simple plates and modified scalariform plates are also present); vessel elements clearly fibriform in shape; very scarce axial parenchyma; and long uniseriate wings on multiseriate rays. When added to endosperm presence and ericoid habit, these features may serve to segregate …
Wood Anatomy Of Myoporaceae: Ecological And Systematic Considerations, Sherwin Carlquist, David A. Hoekman
Wood Anatomy Of Myoporaceae: Ecological And Systematic Considerations, Sherwin Carlquist, David A. Hoekman
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative features are presented for 28 collections of three genera (Bontia, Eremophila, Myoporum); data on Oftia are also included since it is sometimes referred to Myoporaceae. Wood of all Myoporaceae represents variation on a basic plan: woods diffuse porous or semi-ringporous; vessels with simple perforation plates; lateral wall pits of vessels alternate and circular, with grooves interconnecting some pit apertures; vessels grouped to various degrees into radial multiples; imperforate tracheary elements all fiber-tracheids with pit cavities 1-5 μm in diameter (wider on contacts with ray cells), nonseptate; axial parenchyma vasicentric scanty plus, in some …
Systematic And Ecological Wood Anatomy Of Californian Scrophulariaceae. Ii. Penstemon Subgenus Saccanthera, David C. Michener
Systematic And Ecological Wood Anatomy Of Californian Scrophulariaceae. Ii. Penstemon Subgenus Saccanthera, David C. Michener
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood anatomy of nonarboreal Scrophulariaceae is little studied, yet such information is needed to understand the evolution of woodiness in the family and order. Description and quantification of wood characters of six species (nine taxa) of Penstemon subgenus Saccanthera show that these woods are specialized. Paedomorphic features include the standard declining-to-level curve of vessel element length by age, and (in several samples) a pronounced tendency to raylessness. Variation in ray characteristics is as great within as between species, suggesting that unsampled populational variation in ray characteristics may be present. Cells intermediate between fibers and nonseptate parenchyma are present and complement …