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Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

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2002

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Articles 1 - 30 of 82

Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

Validation Of A Steam Based Post-Process Pasteurization System For Control Of Listeria Monocytogenes In Ready-To-Eat Roast Beef (2002), V.S. Gill, H. Thippareddi, Randall K. Phebus, James L. Marsden, Curtis L. Kastner Jan 2002

Validation Of A Steam Based Post-Process Pasteurization System For Control Of Listeria Monocytogenes In Ready-To-Eat Roast Beef (2002), V.S. Gill, H. Thippareddi, Randall K. Phebus, James L. Marsden, Curtis L. Kastner

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in outbreaks of illness involving ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products, prompting researchers to look into intervention technologies to reduce or eliminate this risk. In our study roast beef was inoculated with a 5-strain cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes, vacuum-packaged, and then pasteurized at 205°F for 0, 2, 3 or 4 min in a Stork RMS-Protecon Post-Process Pasteurization System. More bacteria were killed as pasteurization time increased. Initial inoculum level was 5.8 log10 CFU/cm2 of product surface area. Pasteurization for 2 min resulted in 2.5 to 2.7 log10 CFU/cm2 reductions. Similar reductions were seen at 3 min. At …

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Temperature Management To Minimize Ground Beef Aerobic And Lactic Acid Bacteria Growth (2002), R.A. Mancini, Melvin C. Hunt, Donald H. Kropf, K.A. Hachmeister Jan 2002

Temperature Management To Minimize Ground Beef Aerobic And Lactic Acid Bacteria Growth (2002), R.A. Mancini, Melvin C. Hunt, Donald H. Kropf, K.A. Hachmeister

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Increasing storage and display temperature and time of ground beef significantly increased microbial counts but lean level had no effect. Prolonged storage at abusive temperatures (48°F) caused up to 90% unacceptable chubs and aerobic bacteria counts as high as 7.7 log10 CFU/g, which would render chubs unsatisfactory for further processing, packaging and sale. Thus, ground beef chubs should be stored at 32°F. and as briefly as possible to minimize pre- and post-display microbial counts. Maintaining both optimal storage and display temperatures is critical because combining abusive storage and display conditions resulted in the greatest microbial growth. Shelf life and wholesomeness …

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Maximizing Desirable Ground Beef Color With Cold Storage And Display Temperatures (2002), R.A. Mancini, Melvin C. Hunt, Donald H. Kropf, K.A. Hachmeister, D.E. Johnson, John A. Fox Jan 2002

Maximizing Desirable Ground Beef Color With Cold Storage And Display Temperatures (2002), R.A. Mancini, Melvin C. Hunt, Donald H. Kropf, K.A. Hachmeister, D.E. Johnson, John A. Fox

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

This study evaluated the combined effects of storage temperature, storage time, display temperature, display time, and fat level on ground beef color. Storage at 32°F minimized discoloration during display compared to storage at 40° and 48°F. Storage up to 12 days at 32°F did not affect ground beef color stability, whereas prolonged storage at 40° and 48°F increased discoloration dramatically. When storage was at 32°F, sales loss was 0.4%, compared to 62% at 48°F. Fat level did not influence discoloration. The use of 32°F during storage and display is essential for maximizing ground beef color life.

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Effects Of Soybean Meal Source And Level On Growth Performance Of Weanling Pigs (2002), K R. Lawrence, C W. Hastad, S M. Hanni, M G. Young, M J. Webster, M R. Barker, B W. James, C N. Groesbeck, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Joel M. Derouchey, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effects Of Soybean Meal Source And Level On Growth Performance Of Weanling Pigs (2002), K R. Lawrence, C W. Hastad, S M. Hanni, M G. Young, M J. Webster, M R. Barker, B W. James, C N. Groesbeck, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Joel M. Derouchey, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 525 weanling pigs (initially 13.0 lb) were used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of soybean meal source and level on growth performance of early weaned pigs. In both experiments, dietary treatments included a control diet containing no soybean meal, or diets containing 20% or 40% of either solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) or extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESoy). In Exp. 1, diets were formulated with NRC (1998) nutrient values for the solvent extracted soybean meal and previously determined values (1998 KSU Swine Day Report of Progress) for the extruded-expelled soybean meal. In Exp. 1, from d …

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Effects Of An Acute Enteric Disease Challenge On Igf-1 And Igfbp-3 Gene Expression In Porcine Skeletal Muscle (2002), B J. Johnson, J P. Kayser, J D. Dunn, A T. Waylan, S S. Drtiz, Jerome C. Nietfeld, J Ernest Minton Jan 2002

Effects Of An Acute Enteric Disease Challenge On Igf-1 And Igfbp-3 Gene Expression In Porcine Skeletal Muscle (2002), B J. Johnson, J P. Kayser, J D. Dunn, A T. Waylan, S S. Drtiz, Jerome C. Nietfeld, J Ernest Minton

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Eighteen pigs (initial weight 25 lb and approximately 5 wk of age) were used in a 14-d trial to determine the effects of an acute Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (ST) disease challenge on both circulating insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and steady-state IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 mRNA levels in skeletal muscle. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained from all pigs on d 0, 3, 7, and 14 relative to ST-challenge. Results suggest that an acute ST-challenge decreased circulating IGF-1 levels on d 3 and 7 but did not affect circulating IGFBP-3 concentrations. Additionally, ST-challenge …

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Prevalence Of Mycoplasma Bovis In Bovine Pneumonia And Arthritis (2002), T. Yeary, Jerome C. Nietfeld Jan 2002

Prevalence Of Mycoplasma Bovis In Bovine Pneumonia And Arthritis (2002), T. Yeary, Jerome C. Nietfeld

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Samples from cattle with pneumonia and/or arthritis were cultured for Mycoplasma. When requested, the Mycoplasma isolates were further identified to species by polymerase chain reaction or restriction fragment length polymorphism. The records of all cases where mycoplasma testing was performed were examined and other infectious agents known to cause pneumonia or arthritis were recorded. Mycoplasma species were isolated from 85% of the lung samples and 69% of the joint samples. Eighty-four percent of the 81 Mycoplasma isolates that were further identified were M. bovis, which clearly made it the most common pathogenic agent identified in samples from cattle with pneumonia …

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Determining The Influence Of Different Levels Of Urea Supplementation When Beef Cows Grazing Winter Pasture Are Supplemented At Different Frequencies During The Prepartum Period (2002), C.G. Farmer, R.C. Cochran, T.A. Wickersham Jan 2002

Determining The Influence Of Different Levels Of Urea Supplementation When Beef Cows Grazing Winter Pasture Are Supplemented At Different Frequencies During The Prepartum Period (2002), C.G. Farmer, R.C. Cochran, T.A. Wickersham

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred sixty spring-calving Hereford x Angus cows grazing low-quality, tallgrass-prairie range during the winter of 2000-2001 were supplemented before calving either daily or three times weekly. The supplement contained 40% CP with 0, 15, 30, or 45% of the supplemental degradable intake protein from urea. Supplement was fed at 4 lbs/head daily to cows receiving supplement daily. Cows receiving supplement three times weekly were fed the same amount of weekly supplement, but split equally among their supplementation events. After calving, all cows received a supplement without urea on a daily basis. In general, prepartum supplements that contained more urea …

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The Effect Of Dakota Gold®-Brand Dried Distiller’S Grains With Solubles Of Varying Levels On Sensory And Color Characteristics Of Ribeye Steaks (2002), C.M. Gordon, K.A. Hachmeister, James J. Higgins, A.L. Reicks, James S. Drouillard, Randall K. Phebus, Michael E. Dikeman Jan 2002

The Effect Of Dakota Gold®-Brand Dried Distiller’S Grains With Solubles Of Varying Levels On Sensory And Color Characteristics Of Ribeye Steaks (2002), C.M. Gordon, K.A. Hachmeister, James J. Higgins, A.L. Reicks, James S. Drouillard, Randall K. Phebus, Michael E. Dikeman

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

We evaluated the effect of varying levels of Dakota Gold-brand dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) on meat quality characteristics including sensory traits and display color stability. Rib cuts from heifers from a 153-day feeding trial were selected randomly so that each level of DDGS had 10 steaks in a seven-day retail display color study, and 10 steaks that were cooked for evaluation by a trained sensory panel. Color reflectance value L* (lightness) exhibited an interaction (P<0.05) between diet and day, as well as a quadratic effect (P<0.05). Diet had no effect on a* (redness) or b* (yellowness) values, but a* and b* for all treatments decreased with longer display (P<0.05). A trained sensory panel detected small but significant (P<0.05) linear improvements in myofibrillar tenderness and overall tenderness as DDGS increased. The effect on sensory traits or display color stability were too small to warrant the feeding of DDGS to improve these traits.

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Economies Of Scale In Kansas Beef Cow-Calf Production (2002), L. Stryker, Michael R. Langemeier, R. Jones Jan 2002

Economies Of Scale In Kansas Beef Cow-Calf Production (2002), L. Stryker, Michael R. Langemeier, R. Jones

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Cow-calf producers must learn to control those aspects of production that are under their management. Quantity of beef produced and the cost of maintaining the breeding herd from conception to weaning are two examples of variables over which an individual operator has control. Therefore, it is important for managers to know their cost of production and, in turn, the relationship of quantity produced to cost. Our study found that for a 1% increase in quantity of beef produced, total cost increased by only 0.88%, suggesting economies of scale.

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Effects Of Cooking Beef Muscles From Frozen Or Thawed States On Cooking Traits And Palatability (2002), E. Obuz, Michael E. Dikeman Jan 2002

Effects Of Cooking Beef Muscles From Frozen Or Thawed States On Cooking Traits And Palatability (2002), E. Obuz, Michael E. Dikeman

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

We used an electric belt grill to cook steaks from two muscles; outside round (biceps femoris), and loin strip (longissimus lumborum) from both frozen and thawed states. The color values L* and a*, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), juiciness, flavor, connective tissue amount, and overall tenderness did not differ (P>0.05) between steaks cooked from frozen and thawed states. Thawed steaks cooked faster and had less cooking loss. The biceps femoris had higher WBSF than longissimus and was rated less tender by trained panelists. Color values L*, a*, or b* did not differ (P>0.05) among the muscles. The biceps femoris …

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Surface Roughening During Slicing Reduces Iridescence (2002), T.E. Lawrence, Melvin C. Hunt, Donald H. Kropf Jan 2002

Surface Roughening During Slicing Reduces Iridescence (2002), T.E. Lawrence, Melvin C. Hunt, Donald H. Kropf

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

We evaluated surface roughening during slicing as a way to decrease iridescence of pre-cooked cured beef bottom round, inside round, and eye of round roasts. Using a textured slicing blade surface decreased iridescence intensity and the area of iridescence compared to the control (smooth surface). Iridescence intensity and percentage of iridescent area was greatest in the eye of round, followed by the inside bottom round. Iridescence (both intensity and percentage of area) in sliced meat products can be reduced by using a meat-slicing blade with a textured face.

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Effects Of Injection Marination With Various Calcium Sources And Molar Concentrations On Display Color Life, Tenderness, And Microbial Inhibition Of Beef Loin Steaks (2002), T.E. Lawrence, Melvin C. Hunt, Michael E. Dikeman, Curtis L. Kastner, James L. Marsden Jan 2002

Effects Of Injection Marination With Various Calcium Sources And Molar Concentrations On Display Color Life, Tenderness, And Microbial Inhibition Of Beef Loin Steaks (2002), T.E. Lawrence, Melvin C. Hunt, Michael E. Dikeman, Curtis L. Kastner, James L. Marsden

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Beef strip loins were assigned to one of 11 treatments that included injection marination (10% by weight) with three calcium salts at three molar concentrations, a distilled water control, and a non-marinated control. The effects of calcium salt and concentration were tested for retail display color life, tenderness and sensory traits, and microbial growth. Calcium lactate marinated steaks had longer color life and less microbial growth than those treated with calcium chloride or calcium ascorbate. Increasing molar concentration (.1M to .2M to .3M) caused faster color deterioration, and did not significantly improve microbial inhibition. All calcium treatments improved tenderness; however, …

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Comparison Of The Beef Empire Days Index With Carcass Pricing For Ranking Beef Carcasses (2002), D.A. King, R.D. Jones, D.E. Schafer, Michael E. Dikeman Jan 2002

Comparison Of The Beef Empire Days Index With Carcass Pricing For Ranking Beef Carcasses (2002), D.A. King, R.D. Jones, D.E. Schafer, Michael E. Dikeman

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Our study evaluated the effectiveness of the Beef Empire Days carcass index in ranking beef carcasses compared to rankings based on carcass prices. Two price sets were used: the average prices between January 1998 and June 2001, and a short-range price determined from the average prices between April and September of 2001. Additionally, carcass data from the top live-placing cattle were compared to the data of the highest indexing carcasses. The live show judges were very accurate in selecting for ribeye size. However, they selected cattle that were fatter, but did not marble as well as the high indexing carcasses. …

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Effects Of Melengestrol Acetate (Mga) On Performance And Carcass Quality Of Feedlot Heifers (2002), J.T. Fox, M.F. Spire, T.J. Kessen, M.J. Sulpizio, James S. Drouillard Jan 2002

Effects Of Melengestrol Acetate (Mga) On Performance And Carcass Quality Of Feedlot Heifers (2002), J.T. Fox, M.F. Spire, T.J. Kessen, M.J. Sulpizio, James S. Drouillard

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Sixty yearling heifers (827 lb initial body weight) were fed finishing diets an average of 95 days. To eliminate social interaction and riding, they were fed in individual pens. Diets were formulated using steam-flaked corn and alfalfa hay. Thirty of the heifers were given 0.5 mg/head daily of MGA. Feed intakes, daily gains, and feed efficiencies were not significantly affected by MGA. However, heifers fed MGA had a greater percentage of carcasses grading USDA Prime and Choice. There also was greater incidence of USDA yield grade 3 and 4 carcasses with MGA supplementation. MGA generally increased fat deposition, but had …

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Phosphorus Requirements Of Grow-Finish Pigs Raised In A Commercial Environment (2002), C W. Hastad, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Joel M. Derouchey, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Phosphorus Requirements Of Grow-Finish Pigs Raised In A Commercial Environment (2002), C W. Hastad, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Joel M. Derouchey, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

We conducted three experiments to identify available phosphorus (aP) requirements of pigs reared in commercial facilities. In a pilot study (Exp. 1), 600 gilts (PIC, initially 95.2 lb) were randomly allotted to a low or high dietary P regimen in a 98-d study. Pigs were phase-fed six diets from 95 to 106, 106 to 150, 150 to 183, 183 to 212, 212 to 245, and 245 to 267 lb. Corresponding aP concentrations were: 0.30, 0.28, 0.27, 0.27, 0.24, and 0.19% (low) and 0.37, 0.33, 0.30, 0.28, 0.27, and 0.26% (high). No differences were observed (P>0.10) in ADG and overall …

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Effects Of Increasing Lysine:Calorie Ratio In Pigs Grown In A Commercial Finishing Environment (2002), R G. Main, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effects Of Increasing Lysine:Calorie Ratio In Pigs Grown In A Commercial Finishing Environment (2002), R G. Main, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Seven experiments using 7,801 pigs (75 to 265 lb) were conducted to determine the biologic and economic effects of increasing dietary lysine in commercially reared grow-finish pigs. Each study was generally 28 d long and evaluated a different weight range of the grow-finish period for barrows (3 trials) and gilts (4 trials), respectively. All studies contained six dietary treatments of incrementally increasing lysine:calorie ratio. The primary response criteria measured were growth, carcass, and economic performance. Pigs fed high-energy diets in early finishing (<150 lb) have only moderate biological responses to a wide range of dietary lysine. However, increasing dietary lysine levels in late finishing (>150 lb) has more quantitatively significant effects on growth and carcass performance. Due the magnitude of the …

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Supplementation Of L-Carnitine And Paylean Improve Growth Performance Of Pigs In A Commercial Finishing Facility (2002), B W. James, K Q. Owen, J C. Woodworth, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Supplementation Of L-Carnitine And Paylean Improve Growth Performance Of Pigs In A Commercial Finishing Facility (2002), B W. James, K Q. Owen, J C. Woodworth, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Our previous experiments evaluating the interactive effects of dietary L-carnitine and Paylean have primarily focused on improved meat quality benefits of feeding carnitine in combination with Paylean. Although there were numeric trends for improved growth performance in the previous experiments conducted at university facilities, the responses were not statistically significant. A recent study conducted in a commercial finishing facility demonstrated improved growth performance in pigs fed carnitine for the 4-week period prior to slaughter. The cause for the growth response observed in the commercial facility compared to the two previous studies conducted at a university research facility may have been …

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Effect Of B-Vitamin Supplementation On Nursery Pig Growth Performance (2002), B W. James, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effect Of B-Vitamin Supplementation On Nursery Pig Growth Performance (2002), B W. James, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A 35-d growth assay was conducted to determine the effect of added dietary B-vitamins on growth performance of nursery pigs (12.9 lb initial BW). The basal diet (Phase I, 1.5% lysine; Phase II, 1.3% lysine) was formulated to contain no added Bvitamins. The other treatment diets were formed by adding a B-vitamin premix (biotin, folacin, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, B6, and B12) to the basal diet with the vitamins added at 1, 2, or 4 times NRC (1998) recommendations. In phase I (d 0 to 14) and for the overall trial, pigs fed increasing Bvitamins had increased (linear, P0.09) …

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Effect Of Dose Of Chlorate On Growth Performance Of Nursery Pigs (2002), T E. Burkey, J Ernest Minton, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effect Of Dose Of Chlorate On Growth Performance Of Nursery Pigs (2002), T E. Burkey, J Ernest Minton, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A 14-day growth study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding varied levels of chlorate on weanling pig growth performance. A previous experiment with weanling pigs fed diets containing added chlorate (800 ppm) resulted in numerical decreases in ADG, ADFI and F/G as compared to diets with no added antimicrobial, a commonly used antimicrobial (carbadox), or another feed additive, mannanoliogsaccharide. The negative effects of feeding 800 ppm chlorate were confirmed in this study. Additionally, the current trial demonstrated that pigs fed diets containing 200 ppm sodium chlorate had greater ADG, ADFI, and d 14 average weights than pigs fed …

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Linear Effects Of Increasing Weaning Age In Three-Site Production (2002), R G. Main, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Linear Effects Of Increasing Weaning Age In Three-Site Production (2002), R G. Main, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two studies were conducted to measure the biologic and economic effects of weaning age in a three-site production system. Wean-to-finish growth and financial performance improved linearly as weaning age increased up to 21.5 days. Data from these trials were modeled to determine the linear rates of improvement observed as weaning age increased from 15 to 21.5 days. Each day increase in weaning age increased initial weight (taken prior to weaning) 0.565 ± 0.009 lb and weight sold to slaughter 3.71 ± 0.32 lb per pig weaned. In the financial analysis, income over cost increased $0.94 ± 0.07 per wean age …

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Measuring Emission Rates Of Particulate Matter From Fan Ventilated Swine Barns (2002), B Z. Predicala, Ronaldo G. Maghirang Jan 2002

Measuring Emission Rates Of Particulate Matter From Fan Ventilated Swine Barns (2002), B Z. Predicala, Ronaldo G. Maghirang

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Methods for measuring concentrations and emission rates of particulate matter (PM) from mechanically ventilated livestock buildings were evaluated in a laboratory facility and in a swine-finishing barn. Concentrations of PM were measured inside the room (room sampling) and at the exhaust duct (exhaust sampling). Concentrations at the exhaust duct were determined using high-volume traverse downstream of the exhaust fan, low-volume traverse downstream of the fan, and fixed sampling upstream and downstream of the fan. The traverse methods, which served as the reference, were conducted under isokinetic conditions; fixed sampling was done under both isokinetic and sub-isokinetic conditions. Compared to the …

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Using Heart Girth To Determine Weight In Finishing Pigs (2002), C N. Groesbeck, K R. Lawrence, M G. Young, Robert D. Goodband, Joel M. Derouchey, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Using Heart Girth To Determine Weight In Finishing Pigs (2002), C N. Groesbeck, K R. Lawrence, M G. Young, Robert D. Goodband, Joel M. Derouchey, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Heart girth and body weight were measured on 100 growing-finishing pigs (50 to 273 lb) at the KSU Swine Teaching and Research Center. Heart girth, in inches, was measured using a cloth measuring tape. The tape was placed directly behind the front legs and then wrapped around the heart girth and read directly behind the shoulders. Heart girth was strongly correlated (R2=0 .98) with body weight, with the following regression equation: pig weight = 10.1709 × Heart girth - 205.7492. The 95% confidence interval shows the projected weight to be ±10 lb of the actual weight of the pig. To …

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Effects Of Increasing Ca:P Ratio In Diets Containing Phytase On Growth Performance Of Grow-Finish Pigs (2002), S M. Hanni, M R. Barker, C N. Groesbeck, T P. Keegan, K R. Lawrence, M G. Young, B W. James, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effects Of Increasing Ca:P Ratio In Diets Containing Phytase On Growth Performance Of Grow-Finish Pigs (2002), S M. Hanni, M R. Barker, C N. Groesbeck, T P. Keegan, K R. Lawrence, M G. Young, B W. James, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

We used 144 growing-finishing pigs (72 barrows and 72 gilts; initially 85 lb) to determine the effects of calcium to total phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio on growth performance. Pigs were housed in an environmentally regulated finishing building with two pigs per pen and nine pens per sex per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were blocked by initial weight and sex, and then allotted to one of four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets fed in three phases. In each phase, diets consisted of a 1:1; 1.25:1; 1.5:1, and 2:1 Ca:P ratio. Diets were formulated to …

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Effects Of Paylean (Ractopamine⋅Hcl) On Finishing Pig Growth And Variation (2002), M R. Barker, C N. Groesbeck, S M. Hanni, C W. Hastad, T P. Keegan, K R. Lawrence, M G. Young, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effects Of Paylean (Ractopamine⋅Hcl) On Finishing Pig Growth And Variation (2002), M R. Barker, C N. Groesbeck, S M. Hanni, C W. Hastad, T P. Keegan, K R. Lawrence, M G. Young, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 336 pigs were used in a 21-day trial to determine the effect of Paylean (9.0 g/ton Ractopamine·HCl) on finishing pig growth and variation. Pigs were allotted based on weight so that all pens had the same initial weight and degree of variation within the pen. Pigs fed Paylean had greater ADG and better feed efficiency than control-fed pigs (P0.70). The results suggest that adding Paylean to the diet improves finishing pig growth performance but does not affect weight variation within the pen.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 2002

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Effects Of Ractopamine (Paylean) Dose And Feeding Duration On Pig Performance In A Commercial Finishing Facility (2002), R G. Main, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effects Of Ractopamine (Paylean) Dose And Feeding Duration On Pig Performance In A Commercial Finishing Facility (2002), R G. Main, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 1,035 gilts were used in a 28- day trial conducted in a commercial research facility to determine the influence of ractopamine (PayleanTM) dose (4.5 or 9.0 g/ton) and feeding duration (7, 14, 21, or 28 days prior to slaughter) on pig performance and carcass composition. Ractopamine supplementation at 4.5 g/ton for 14 to 28 days, and 9 g/ton for 7 to 28 days, improved (P<0.05) ADG by 26 to 35% (0.35 - 0.46 lb/d) and F/G by 16 to 20% (0.64 to 0.79) during the 28-days prior to slaughter. Due to these improvements in growth, carcass weights increased 8 to 10 pounds over controls. Fat depth and lean percentage improved (linear, P<0.01) with increased feeding duration. Ractopamine dose did not affect carcass lean parameters. However, carcass yield improved (P<005) when ractopamine was fed at 9.0 g/ton. Feed cost per pound of gain increased (P<0.01) with increasing feeding duration for Paylean and was greater (P<0.05) for pigs fed the 9.0 g/ton dose for 28 days as compared to the control. However, feeding ractopamine at 4.5 g/ton for 14 to 28 days and 9 g/ton for 7 to 28 days improved income over feed costs by $3.53 to $ 4.76 per head compared to pigs fed the control diet. Return over feed costs improved due to the increased carcass weights and improved feed efficiency with the greatest values achieved with a 14 to 21 day feeding duration. These data indicate feeding ractopamine at either 4.5 or 9.0 g/ton for 14 to 21 days prior to slaughter is a cost-effective strategy to optimize return while minimizing increases in feed cost per pound of gain.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 2002

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Interactive Effects Among L-Carnitine, Paylean (Ractopamine⋅Hcl), And Dietary Energy Density On Commercial Finishing Pig Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics (2002), B W. James, K Q. Owen, J C. Woodworth, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Interactive Effects Among L-Carnitine, Paylean (Ractopamine⋅Hcl), And Dietary Energy Density On Commercial Finishing Pig Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics (2002), B W. James, K Q. Owen, J C. Woodworth, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Growth performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated on 1,104 pigs fed combinations of L-carnitine, Paylean, and added fat in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments of L-carnitine (0 or 50 ppm) and fat (0 or 6%) were initiated at approximately 97 lb. Paylean (0 or 9 g/ton) was fed for the last 4 weeks prior to market. Supplementing dietary carnitine did not affect (P>0.25) growth performance of pigs between 97 to 203 lb. The addition of 6% dietary fat improved (P<0.01) ADG and F/G during this period. During the last 4 weeks of the experiment, when Paylean was fed, a carnitine × Paylean interaction was observed (P<0.04) for ADG and F/G. Both carnitine and Paylean improved growth performance; however, the responses were not additive. Pigs fed added fat had improved (P<0.05) feed efficiency during the Paylean supplementation period. A carnitine × Paylean interaction (P<0.03) was observed for fat thickness and percentage lean. Fat thickness decreased and lean percentage increased in pigs fed carnitine or Paylean, but the responses were not additive. Pigs fed added fat had greater (P<0.01) fat thickness and lower percentage lean than pigs not fed added fat. A carnitine × Paylean × fat interaction was observed (P<0.04) for longissimus muscle area. In general, adding carnitine, Paylean or fat to the diet increased longissimus muscle area; however, the responses were not fully additive. Carcass weight was greater (P<0.01) for pigs fed 6% added fat and tended (P<0.07) to be greater for pigs fed carnitine. Adding Paylean to the diet increased (P<0.04) ultimate longissimus pH and reduced drip loss as measured by the filter paper method. Similar to other experiments, adding carnitine to the diet tended to decrease drip loss (P<0.06) as measured by the suspension method. These results suggest that adding Lcarnitine and Paylean to the diet increases ADG and that L-carnitine, Paylean, and fat improve feed efficiency when fed to late finishing pigs reared in a commercial facility. These data also support our previous research that demonstrated improvements in carcass characteristics of pigs fed L-carnitine.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 2002

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Effect Of L-Carnitine And Paylean (Ractopamine⋅Hcl) Supplementation On Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, And Postmortem Ph Decline (2002), B W. James, K Q. Owen, T E. Lawrence, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, John A. Unruh, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effect Of L-Carnitine And Paylean (Ractopamine⋅Hcl) Supplementation On Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, And Postmortem Ph Decline (2002), B W. James, K Q. Owen, T E. Lawrence, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, John A. Unruh, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were evaluated from 126 pigs fed combinations of Paylean and L-carnitine arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial. Dietary L-carnitine (0, 25, or 50 ppm) and Paylean (0 or 9 g/ton) were fed the last 4 weeks prior to slaughter. Feeding Paylean to pigs improved (P<0.01) ADG and F/G. Supplemental Lcarnitine did not affect (P>0.46) ADG, but there was a trend for improved (quadratic, P<0.07) F/G in pigs fed increasing carnitine. A carnitine × Paylean interaction (P<0.05) was observed for dressing percentage and visual firmness, percentage transmission (soluble protein), temperature measured 1.5 h postmortem, and percentage drip loss. Dressing percentage was higher for pigs fed 25 ppm carnitine with no Paylean and lower for pigs fed 25 ppm carnitine with Paylean. Visual firmness scores decreased in pigs fed increasing carnitine and no Paylean but increased when adding carnitine to diets containing Paylean. Soluble protein increased (more soluble protein indicates higher quality muscle) and drip loss decreased when pigs were fed increasing L-carnitine with Paylean. A trend (P<0.07) was observed for pigs fed increasing carnitine to have lower 10th rib and average backfat. Feeding Paylean to pigs increased (P<0.01) percentage lean, L*, and hue angle, and decreased (P<0.02) visual color scores and a*/b* values. Pigs fed Paylean had higher temperature and lower pH measured 3 h postmortem (P<0.01) and tended (P<0.06) to have lower pH measured 6 h postmortem. These results suggest that Paylean improves growth performance when fed to finishing pigs. Carnitine decreased drip loss and improved meat quality when fed to pigs in combination with Paylean.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 2002

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Interactive Effects Between Paylean (Ractopamine⋅Hcl) And Dietary L-Carnitine On Finishing Pig Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics (2002), B W. James, K Q. Owen, T E. Lawrence, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, John A. Unruh, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Interactive Effects Between Paylean (Ractopamine⋅Hcl) And Dietary L-Carnitine On Finishing Pig Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics (2002), B W. James, K Q. Owen, T E. Lawrence, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, John A. Unruh, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were evaluated from 126 pigs fed combinations of Paylean and L-carnitine arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial. Dietary L-carnitine (0, 25, or 50 ppm) was fed from 74 lb until slaughter, and Paylean (0, 4.5, or 9 g/ton) was fed the last 4 weeks prior to slaughter. These results suggest that Paylean, but not L-carnitine, increases ADG and improves F/G. However, L-carnitine enhances meat quality by improving visual color, L* (darker color), b* (less yellow), a*/b*, and Hue angle (more red and less orange) when fed with Paylean. L- carnitine also decreases …

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Effects Of Different Protein Sources On Growth Performance Of Nursery Pigs (2002), K R. Lawrence, C W. Hastad, S M. Hanni, M R. Barker, B W. James, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Joel M. Derouchey, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Effects Of Different Protein Sources On Growth Performance Of Nursery Pigs (2002), K R. Lawrence, C W. Hastad, S M. Hanni, M R. Barker, B W. James, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Joel M. Derouchey, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 170 weanling pigs (initially 16.4 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of alternative protein sources on growth performance of pigs fed from d 5 to 26 after weaning. All pigs were fed a common diet from weaning to d 5. The five dietary treatments were cornsoybean meal-based and included a control diet containing 10% dried whey, or the control diet with 5% select menhaden fish meal, 2.5% spray-dried blood cells, 3.73% enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat gluten (Source 1), or 3.51% flash-dried wheat gluten (Source 2). No differences were observed in overall ADG and ADFI; however, pigs fed …

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Evaluation Of Wheat Gluten And Spray-Dried Animal Plasma On Growth Performance Of Nursery Pigs (2002), K R. Lawrence, C W. Hastad, S M. Hanni, M R. Barker, B W. James, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Joel M. Derouchey, Steven S. Dritz Jan 2002

Evaluation Of Wheat Gluten And Spray-Dried Animal Plasma On Growth Performance Of Nursery Pigs (2002), K R. Lawrence, C W. Hastad, S M. Hanni, M R. Barker, B W. James, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Joel M. Derouchey, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 440 weanling pigs (initially 14.3 lb) were used in two studies to evaluate the effects of increasing wheat gluten (WG) and spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) on growth performance of early weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, the six dietary treatments included a negative control, containing no wheat gluten or animal plasma, the control diet containing either 3, 6, 9, or 12% lightly modified spray-dried wheat gluten, and a positive control diet containing 5% spray-dried animal plasma. The diets containing 9% WG and 5% SDAP had the same amount of soybean meal to make a direct comparison of the …

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