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8 Aviculture And Propagation, Paul A. Johnsgard
8 Aviculture And Propagation, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
The rearing of grouse and quail for enjoyment, profit, or stocking in the wild has been an important aspect of grouse and quail biology. The very presence of chukar and gray partridges in North America, the occurrence of ruffed grouse in Newfoundland and Nevada, the presence of bobwhites, scaled quail, and California quail in Washington, and many other examples are ample testimony to the potential value of careful propagation and release programs. Between 1938 and 1968 a total of 110,663 bobwhites, 18,136 other native quails, 7,977 grouse, and 50,568 chukar partridges were released under Pittman-Robertson programs in the United States …
9 Hunting, Recreation, And Conservation, Paul A. Johnsgard
9 Hunting, Recreation, And Conservation, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
There can be little doubt that the grouse and quail provide the most important and most popular targets for more than ten million small-game hunters every year in North America (National survey, 1965). In much of the southeast, to go "bird" hunting simply means a day in pursuit of bobwhites, and likewise in New England "pa'tridge" hunting is regarded as the premier sport of all upland game hunting. These two species, the bobwhite and ruffed grouse, in 1970 were hunted in forty-seven states and eight provinces and are without question the most important of all North American upland game species …
1 Evolution And Taxonomy, Paul A. Johnsgard
1 Evolution And Taxonomy, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
The modern array of grouse-, quail-, and partridge-like species occurring in North America is the result of three processes: evolution and speciation within this continent, range expansion or immigration from Central America and Eurasia, and recent introductions by man. The last category accounts for the presence in North America of the chukar and gray partridges, which are both natives of Europe or southern Asia and typical representatives of the quail-like and partridge-like forms that have extensively colonized those land masses. It is still necessary to account for the presence of the nine or so species of grouse-like forms that are …
6 Population Ecology And Dynamics, Paul A. Johnsgard
6 Population Ecology And Dynamics, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Like other animals, grouse and quail exist as natural populations dependent upon particular habitats and vary in population density between the absolute minimum populations that have permitted past survival to fairly dense populations that may approach or even temporarily exceed the carrying capacity of the habitat. Each species may also have an upper limit on the density of the population, or a saturation point, which is independent of the carrying capacity of the habitat but is determined by social adaptations. Within the population as a whole, individual birds or coveys may have home ranges, geographical areas to which their movements …
10 Sage Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
10 Sage Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte) 1827
Other vernacular names: Sage hen, spiny-tailed pheasant, sage cock, sage chicken
Range: From central Washington, southern Idaho, Montana, southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and western North Dakota south to eastern California, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, and southeastern Wyoming
5 Reproductive Biology, Paul A. Johnsgard
5 Reproductive Biology, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
The reproductive potentiaI of animal species is a compound result of numerous behavioral and physiological characteristics, most of which can be considered species-typical. These include such things as the time required to attain reproductive maturity, the number of nesting or renesting attempts per year once maturity is attained, the number of eggs laid per breeding attempt, and the number of years adults may remain reproductively active. These traits place an upper limit on the reproductive potential of a species, which is never actually attained. Rather, the actual rate of increase will only approach the reproductive potential, being limited by such …
2 Physical Characteristics, Paul A. Johnsgard
2 Physical Characteristics, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
All of the grouse, quails, and introduced partridges of North America share a number of anatomical traits which provide the basis for their common classification within the order Galliformes. Among these are the facts that they all have fowl-like beaks and four toes. In all the North American species the hind toe is elevated and quite short, thus is ill-adapted for perching. There are always ten primaries, thirteen to twenty-one secondaries, and twelve to twenty-two tail feathers (rectrices). Aftershafts on the contour feathers are well developed, especially in the grouse, and true down feathers are infrequent. A large crop is …
14 Rock Ptarmigan, Paul A. Johnsgard
14 Rock Ptarmigan, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Lagopus mutus (Montin) 1776
Other vernacular names: Arctic grouse, barren-ground bird, Chamberlain ptarmigan, Dixon ptarmigan, Nelson ptarmigan, Reinhardt ptarmigan, rocker (in Newfoundland), snow grouse, Townsend ptarmigan, white grouse.
Range: Circumpolar. In North America from northern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island, and northern Greenland south to the Aleutian Islands, Kodiak Island, southwestern and central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, Keewatin, northern Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland (A. 0 . U.)
12 Spruce Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
12 Spruce Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Dendragapus canadensis (Linnaeus) 1758 [also Canachites canadensis]
Other vernacular names: Black partridge, Canada grouse, cedar partridge, fool-hen, Franklin grouse, heath hen, mountain grouse, spotted grouse, spruce partridge, swamp partridge, Tyee grouse, wood grouse.
Range: From central Alaska, Yukon, Mackenzie, northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, and Cape Breton Island south to northeastern Oregon, central Idaho, western Montana, northwestern Wyoming, Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York, northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
18 Sharp-Tailed Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
18 Sharp-Tailed Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus) 1858
Other vernacular names: Brush grouse, pintail grouse, prairie grouse, prairie pheasant, sharptail, speckle-belly, spike-tail, spring-tail, whitebelly, white-breasted grouse.
Range: Currently from north central Alaska, Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, and central Quebec south to eastern Washington, extreme eastern Oregon, Idaho, northeastern Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado, and in the Great Plains from eastern Colorado and eastern Wyoming across Nebraska, the Dakotas, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and northern Michigan.
22 Scaled Quail, Paul A. Johnsgard
22 Scaled Quail, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Callipepla squamata (Vigors) 1830
Other vernacular names: Blue racer quail, blue quail, Cordorniz Azul, Codorniz Escamosa, cottontop quail, Mexican quail, scaled partridge, top-knot quail, Zollin.
Range: From southern Arizona, northern New Mexico, eastern Colorado, and southwestern Kansas south to central Mexico. Introduced into central Washington and eastern Nevada.
19 Tree Quails, Paul A. Johnsgard
19 Tree Quails, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Includes:
Long-tailed Tree Quail, Dendrortyx macroura (Jardine & Selby) 1828
Bearded Tree Quail, Dendrortyx barbatus (Gould) 1846
Buffy-crowned Tree Quail, Dendrortyx leucophrys (Gould) 1844
21 Mountain Quail, Paul A. Johnsgard
21 Mountain Quail, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Oreortyx pictus (Douglas) 1829
Other vernacular names: Cordoniz de Montana, mountain partridge, painted quail, plumed quail, San Pedro quail.
Range: Resident in the western United States from southern Washington and southwestern Idaho east to Nevada and south to Baja California. Also introduced in western Washington and western British Columbia (Vancouver Island). Introduced but of uncertain status in western Colorado
17 Pinnated Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
17 Pinnated Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Tympanuchus cupido ( Linnaeus) 1758
Other vernacular names: prairie chicken, prairie cock, prairie grouse, prairie hen
SUBSPECIES
T. c. cupido (Linnaeus): Heath hen or eastern pinnated grouse. Extinct since 1932. Formerly along the East Coast from Massachusetts south to Maryland and north central Tennessee.
T. c. pinnatus (Brewster): Greater prairie chicken. Currently limited to several small isolated populations in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois and to the grasslands of extreme southern Manitoba, northwestern Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and western Missouri.
T. c. attwateri Bendire: Attwater prairie chicken. Currently limited to a few isolated populations along the coast of …
11 Blue Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
11 Blue Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Dendragapus obscurus (Say) 1823
Other vernacular names: dusky grouse, fool hen, gray grouse, hooter, mountain grouse, pine grouse, pine hen, Richardson grouse, sooty grouse.
Range: From southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, and western Alberta southward along the offshore islands to Vancouver and along the coast to northern California, and in the mountains to southern California, northern and eastern Arizona, and west central New Mexico
23 Elegant Quail, Paul A. Johnsgard
23 Elegant Quail, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Callipepla douglasii (Vigors) 1829
Other vernacular names: Benson quail, Codorniz Gris, crested quail, Douglas quail, Lesson quail, Yaqui quail.
Range: Western Mexico from Sonora and Chihuahua to Nayarit and Jalisco
Grouse And Quails Of North America — Frontmatter, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse And Quails Of North America — Frontmatter, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Table of Contents:
List of Illustrations
Preface
Introduction
3 Molts And Plumages, Paul A. Johnsgard
3 Molts And Plumages, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
An understanding of the molts and plumages of the quails and grouse is of great importance to the applied biologist, for they provide clues that are valuable for determining age and sex of individual birds without resorting to internal examination. They thus offer a means of analyzing wild populations as to sex and age composition, which are basic indices to past and potential reproductive performances and probable mortality rates. Additionally, molts and plumages are generally speciesspecific traits, which have resulted from pressures of natural selection over a long period of time in a particular habitat and climate. The ecology of …
4 Hybridization, Paul A. Johnsgard
4 Hybridization, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
The study of hybridization between species, under either natural or artificial conditions, provides information of value for a variety of reasons. In general, it may be expected that the incidence of crossbreeding between populations existing under natural conditions will be related to their nearness of relationship, and information of taxonomic interest may be obtained from such study. Furthermore, the relative survival and fertility of the resulting hybrids should provide an indication of the degree of genetic difference between the parental types, and thus genetic information may be available through experimental hybridization studies. Hybrids provide favorable material for studying the chromosomal …
7 Social Behavior And Vocalizations, Paul A. Johnsgard
7 Social Behavior And Vocalizations, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
One of the most complex and fascinating aspects of grouse and quail biology is their social behavior, particularly that related to reproduction. Natural selection in the quail group has seemingly favored the retention of a monogamous mating system with the associated advantages of maintaining the pair bond through the breeding season. This system allows the male to participate in the protection of the nest, possibly participate in incubation, and later care for the brood. It also provides the possibility, if not the frequent actuality, that the male might undertake the entire incubation or rearing of the first brood, while the …
13 Willow Ptarmigan, Paul A. Johnsgard
13 Willow Ptarmigan, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus) 1758 Other vernacular names: Alaska ptarmigan, Alexander ptarmigan, Allen ptarmigan, Arctic grouse, red grouse (Scotland form), Scottish grouse, white grouse, white-shafted ptarmigan, willow grouse, willow partridge.
Range: Circumpolar. In North America from northern Alaska, Banks Island, Melville Island, Victoria Island, Boothia Peninsula, Southampton Island, Baffin Island, and central Greenland south to the Alaska Peninsula, southeastern Alaska, central British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland
15 White-Tailed Ptarmigan, Paul A. Johnsgard
15 White-Tailed Ptarmigan, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Lagopus leucurus (Richardson) 1831
Other vernacular names: Snow grouse, snow partridge
Range: From central Alaska, northern Yukon, and southwestern Mackenzie south to the Kenai Peninsula, Vancouver Island, the Cascade Mountains of Washington, and along the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia and Alberta south to northern New Mexico
16 Ruffed Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
16 Ruffed Grouse, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Bonasa umbellus ( Linnaeus) 1776
Other vernacular names: birch partridge, drummer, drumming grouse, long-tailed grouse, mountain pheasant, partridge, pine hen, pheasant, tippet, white-flesher, willow grouse, wood grouse, woods pheasant.
Range: Resident in the forested areas from central Alaska, central Yukon, southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern Labrador, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to northern California, northeastern Oregon, central Idaho, central Utah, western Wyoming, western South Dakota, northern North Dakota, Minnesota, central Arkansas, Tennessee, northern Georgia, western South Carolina, western North Carolina, northeastern Virginia, and western Maryland. Recently introduced in Nevada and Newfoundland
20 Barred Quail, Paul A. Johnsgard
20 Barred Quail, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Philortyx fasciatus ( Gould) 1844
Other vernacular names: Banded quail, Chorrunda, Codorniz listada.
Range: Resident in semiarid tropical scrub of the Pacific slope from southwestern Jalisco to southeastern Guerrero, and inland to Morelos and Puebla, Mexico.
Grouse And Quails Of North America, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse And Quails Of North America, Paul A. Johnsgard
Grouse and Quails of North America by Paul A. Johnsgard
Nearly all of the gallinaceous birds that are native to North America are included in two taxonomic groups, the grouse-like species of the subfamily Tetraoninae, and the quail-like species of the subfamily Odontophorinae. The former represent a temperate and subarctic group of about sixteen species which collectively have a widespread distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, and over half of which are found in North America. The latter group is a strictly Western Hemisphere assemblage that collectively includes about thirty species, almost half of which occur north of the Mexico-Guatemala border. Most of the remaining quails are tropical forest birds of …