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Toxic And Essential Trace Element Content Of Commonly Administered Pediatric Oral Medications, Robert A. Yokel, Sarah E. Seger, Jason M. Unrine
Toxic And Essential Trace Element Content Of Commonly Administered Pediatric Oral Medications, Robert A. Yokel, Sarah E. Seger, Jason M. Unrine
Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that commonly administered pediatric oral medications are a significant source of toxic elements. The concentrations of 16 elements were determined in 14 frequently used pediatric oral medications.
METHODS: Samples were prepared for analysis by dilution or nitric acid microwave-assisted digestion and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The intake of each element from administration for 1 week of the medication's maximum recommended daily dose to 6-month-olds was calculated and compared to an exposure guideline for that element. Exposure guidelines used for adverse effects were minimal risk levels, oral …
Aluminum And Phthalates In Calcium Gluconate: Contribution From Glass And Plastic Packaging, Robert A. Yokel, Jason M. Unrine
Aluminum And Phthalates In Calcium Gluconate: Contribution From Glass And Plastic Packaging, Robert A. Yokel, Jason M. Unrine
Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications
Introduction: Aluminum contamination of parenteral nutrition solutions has been documented for three decades. It can result in elevated blood, bone, and whole body aluminum levels associated with neurotoxicity, reduced bone mass and mineral content, and perhaps hepatotoxicity. The primary aluminum source among parenteral nutrition components is glass-packaged calcium gluconate, in which aluminum concentration the past three decades has averaged~ 4000 [mu]g/L, compared to < 200 [mu]g/L in plastic container-packaged calcium gluconate. A concern about plastic packaging is leaching of plasticizers, including phthalates, which have the potential to cause endocrine (male reproductive system) disruption and neurotoxicity.
Methods: Aluminum was quantified in samples collected periodically over more than two years from three calcium gluconate sources used to prepare parenteral nutrition solutions; two packaged in glass (from France and the US) and one in plastic …