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Articles 1 - 8 of 8
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Observing The Unwatchable Through Acceleration Logging Of Animal Behavior, Danielle D. Brown, Roland Kays, Martin Wikelski, Rory Wilson, A. Peter Klimley
Observing The Unwatchable Through Acceleration Logging Of Animal Behavior, Danielle D. Brown, Roland Kays, Martin Wikelski, Rory Wilson, A. Peter Klimley
Methodology and Animal Models in Research
Behavior is an important mechanism of evolution and it is paid for through energy expenditure. Nevertheless, field biologists can rarely observe animals for more than a fraction of their daily activities and attempts to quantify behavior for modeling ecological processes often exclude cryptic yet important behavioral events. Over the past few years, an explosion of research on remote monitoring of animal behavior using acceleration sensors has smashed the decades-old limits of observational studies. Animal-attached accelerometers measure the change in velocity of the body over time and can quantify fine-scale movements and body postures unlimited by visibility, observer bias, or the …
Incorporating New Technologies Into Toxicity Testing And Risk Assessment: Moving From 21st Century Vision To A Data-Driven Framework, Russell S. Thomas, Martin A. Philbert, Scott Auerbach, Barbara A. Wetmore, Michael J. Devito, Ila Cote, J. Craig Rowlands, Maurice Whelan, Sean M. Hays, Melvin E. Andersen, M.E. (Bette) Meek, Lawrence W. Reiter, Jason C. Lambert, Harvey J. Clewell Iii, Martin L. Stephens, Q. Jay Zhao, Scott C. Wesselkamper, Lynn Flowers, Edward W. Carney, Tim P. Pastoor, Dan D. Petersen, Carole L. Yauk, Andy Nong
Incorporating New Technologies Into Toxicity Testing And Risk Assessment: Moving From 21st Century Vision To A Data-Driven Framework, Russell S. Thomas, Martin A. Philbert, Scott Auerbach, Barbara A. Wetmore, Michael J. Devito, Ila Cote, J. Craig Rowlands, Maurice Whelan, Sean M. Hays, Melvin E. Andersen, M.E. (Bette) Meek, Lawrence W. Reiter, Jason C. Lambert, Harvey J. Clewell Iii, Martin L. Stephens, Q. Jay Zhao, Scott C. Wesselkamper, Lynn Flowers, Edward W. Carney, Tim P. Pastoor, Dan D. Petersen, Carole L. Yauk, Andy Nong
in Vitro Research Models Collection
Based on existing data and previous work, a series of studies is proposed as a basis toward a pragmatic early step in transforming toxicity testing. These studies were assembled into a data-driven framework that invokes successive tiers of testing with margin of exposure (MOE) as the primary metric. The first tier of the framework integrates data from high-throughput in vitro assays, in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) pharmacokinetic modeling, and exposure modeling. The in vitro assays are used to separate chemicals based on their relative selectivity in interacting with biological targets and identify the concentration at which these interactions …
Can Acute Dermal Systemic Toxicity Tests Be Replaced With Oral Tests? A Comparison Of Route-Specific Systemic Toxicity And Hazard Classifications Under The Globally Harmonized System Of Classification And Labelling Of Chemicals (Ghs), Nigel P. Moore, David J. Andrew, Donald L. Bjerke, Stuart Creton, David Dreher, Thomas Holmes, Pilar Prieto, Troy Seidle, Tim G. Rowan
Can Acute Dermal Systemic Toxicity Tests Be Replaced With Oral Tests? A Comparison Of Route-Specific Systemic Toxicity And Hazard Classifications Under The Globally Harmonized System Of Classification And Labelling Of Chemicals (Ghs), Nigel P. Moore, David J. Andrew, Donald L. Bjerke, Stuart Creton, David Dreher, Thomas Holmes, Pilar Prieto, Troy Seidle, Tim G. Rowan
Experimentation Collection
Acute systemic toxicity data (LD50 values) and hazard classifications derived in the rat following oral administration and dermal application have been analysed to examine whether or not orally-derived hazard classification or LD50 values can be used to determine dermal hazard classification. Comparing the oral and dermal classifications for 335 substances derived from oral and dermal LD50 values respectively revealed 17% concordance, and indicated that 7% of substances would be classified less severely while 76% would be classified more severely if oral classifications were applied directly to the dermal route. In contrast, applying the oral LD50 values within the dermal classification …
Inflammatory Findings On Species Extrapolations: Humans Are Definitely No 70-Kg Mice, Marcel Leist, Thomas Hartung
Inflammatory Findings On Species Extrapolations: Humans Are Definitely No 70-Kg Mice, Marcel Leist, Thomas Hartung
Validation of Alternative Methods Collection
Modern toxicology has embraced in vitro methods, and major hopes are based on the Omics technologies and systems biology approaches they bring along (Hartung and McBride in ALTEX 28(2):83–93, 2011; Hartung et al. in ALTEX 29(2):119–28, 2012). A culture of stringent validation has been developed for such approaches (Leist et al. in ALTEX 27(4):309–317, 2010; ALTEX 29(4):373–88, 2012a; Toxicol Res 1:8–22, 2012b), while the quality and usefulness of animal experiments have been little scrutinized. A new study (Seok et al. 2013) now shows the low predictivity of animal responses in the field of inflammation. These findings corroborate earlier findings from …
Food For Thought … Mechanistic Validation, Thomas Hartung, Sebastian Hoffman, Martin Stephens
Food For Thought … Mechanistic Validation, Thomas Hartung, Sebastian Hoffman, Martin Stephens
Experimentation Collection
Validation of new approaches in regulatory toxicology is commonly defined as the independent assessment of the reproducibility and relevance (the scientific basis and predictive capacity) of a test for a particular purpose. In large ring trials, the emphasis to date has been mainly on reproducibility and predictive capacity (comparison to the traditional test) with less attention given to the scientific or mechanistic basis. Assessing predictive capacity is difficult for novel approaches (which are based on mechanism), such as pathways of toxicity or the complex networks within the organism (systems toxicology). This is highly relevant for implementing Toxicology for the 21st …
A Vision Becoming Reality, Gill Langley
A Vision Becoming Reality, Gill Langley
Laboratory Experiments Collection
Non-animal science in toxicology and health research has been progressing for decades, but only now is it being seen widely as advanced science. The emergence of novel human biology-based tools and models, combined with legislative and regulatory change, a 21st century concept for toxicology, continuing failures in the drug pipeline, and systematic critiques of animal models, have created a pivotal moment of change. The leading edge is starting to become the norm. Humans and other animals are likely to benefit as a result.
History Of The 3rs In Toxicity Testing: From Russell And Burch To 21st Century Toxicology, Martin L. Stephens, Nina S. Mak
History Of The 3rs In Toxicity Testing: From Russell And Burch To 21st Century Toxicology, Martin L. Stephens, Nina S. Mak
Humane Science Movement Collection
Toxicity testing is a key part of the process of assessing the hazards, safety, or risk that chemicals and other substances pose to humans, animals, or the environment. Standardized methods for such testing, typically involving animals, began to emerge during the first half of the 20th century. In 1959, British scientists William Russell and Rex Burch proposed a framework for reducing, refining, or replacing animal use in toxicology and other forms of biomedical experimentation. This “3Rs” or “alternatives” approach emerged at a time of growing sensitivity to the use of animals in experimentation, and progress in its implementation has been …
Humane Society International’S Global Campaign To End Animal Testing, Troy Seidle
Humane Society International’S Global Campaign To End Animal Testing, Troy Seidle
Experimentation Collection
The Research & Toxicology Department of Humane Society International (HSI) operates a multifaceted and science-driven global programme aimed at ending the use of animals in toxicity testing and research. The key strategic objectives include: a) ending cosmetics animal testing worldwide, via the multinational Be Cruelty-Free campaign; b) achieving near-term reductions in animal testing requirements through revision of product sector regulations; and c) advancing humane science by exposing failing animal models of human disease and shifting science funding toward human biology-based research and testing tools fit for the 21st century. HSI was instrumental in ensuring the implementation of the March 2013 …