Life Sciences Commons^™

Developing An Exercise Program To Improve The Biomotor Abilities Of Wushu Taolu Athletes As A Support For The Teng Kong Bai Lian (Tkbl) Movement, Kamilia Lituhayu, Ahmad Nasrulloh, Rina Yuniana, Roxana Dev Omar Dev

Jurnal Keolahragaan

The aim of this study was: (1) to develop an appropriate circuit training program for biomotor improvement that supports Teng Kong Bai Lian (TKBL), (2) to examine the feasibility of biomotor improvement that supports TKBL, and (3) to examine training program effectivity. This study is a kind of Research and Development through several procedures, such as observation and data collection, planning, program development, expert validation, initial program revision, small scale trial, large scale trial, operational program revision, effectivity test, and completion program, and training program implementation. Instrument of this study consist of observation, questionnaire for expert validation, test and measurement …

Triple Hop Test Ability Performed By Athletes In The Regional Athletic Center During The Competition Period, Rumpis Agus Sudarko, Endang Rini Sukamti, Abdul Alim, Risti Nurfadhilah, Okky Indera Pamungkas, Yulvia Miftachurochmah

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Tests and Measurements, is an integral part of various human activities, as well as in sports training activities. This research is a quantitative descriptive study. The population that the researchers determined was in regional training center athletes in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Sampling techniques are carried out by purposive random sampling, namely athletes who enter the regional training center in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, so that a number of 106 athletes are obtained. The instrument used to collect the research data used the triple hop test to determine the athlete's ability level. The data in quantitative research obtained …

Two Different Approaches To Dry-Land Training Do Not Improve The Water Performance Of Swimmers, Matheus Silva Norberto, Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho, Guilherme Navarro Schneider, Eduardo Zapaterra Campos, Marcelo Papoti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 770-790, 2023. Literature diverges about the performance improvement after dry-land training. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the effect of two models of dry-land training. Twenty-nine swimmers were divided into three groups, combined strength and power training (PTG), only strength training (STG), and a control group (CG). Measurements were taken for six weeks, before dry-land exposure (M1), after four weeks of specific training with exposure to dry-land training by two groups (M2), and after two weeks of taper without exposure to dry-land training (M3). Strength in specific exercises, jumping tests, …

Muscle Thickness, Echo-Intensity, Peak Force, Time Under Tension, Total Load Lifted, And Perception Of Effort Comparisons Between Two Abdominal Crunch Resistance Training Protocols In Recreationally-Trained Participants, Keanna Sullivan, Paula R. Ferreira, Vincent G.F. Martinez, Paulo Henrique Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 538-549, 2023. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate acute dose response of different intensities with total volume equalized during the abdominal crunch exercise on muscle thickness, echo-intensity, peak force, time under tension, total load lifted, and perception of effort in recreationally-trained participants. Fifteen resistance-trained participants (23 ± 3 years) performed the abdominal crunch exercise in one of two different resistance training (RT) protocols in a randomized order: RT_4x10RM (4 sets of 10RM / 1-min rest) or RT_1x40RM (1 set of 40RM). Muscle thickness (MT), echo- intensity (EI), peak force …

Muscular Strength Predicts Phase Angle In Breast Cancer Survivors, Trevor Short, Cheri Teranishi-Hashimoto, Paulette Yamada

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology Volume 4: Issue 1, Article 4, 2023. Phase angle (PhA) has emerged as a prognostic indicator of survival and quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients. Identifying measures of physical fitness that correlate with PhA can provide guidance toward optimizing cancer rehabilitation programs and future research. The purpose was to examine the relationship between PhA and physical fitness in breast cancer survivors. Sixty-three breast cancer survivors (60 ± 9 years, PhA 4.59±0.52, mean±SD) completed assessments for muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and body composition. PhA and body composition were measured using bioimpedance …

Effects Of Soft Golf On Physical Fitness Of Children Aged 4 To 5 Years, Qingyue Lin, Wangyang Yu, Hongying Wang

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Playing golf is good for health. Previous studies found that golf training can improve performance such as muscle strength, endurance, balance, and agility. Constitution is the important foundation of national and social development, and children are the key period of constitution development. At present, there are few studies on the influence of golf on children's physical fitness. This study explored the influence of 16-week soft golf exercise intervention on the physical health of 4–5-year-old children. Sixty children aged 4-5 years old were recruited from a kindergarten school in Shanghai, China with means of age at 4.56±0.54 and height at 112.72±3.96. …

Effects Of Training With Blood Flow Restriction On Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Katelyn Gear, Kyungun Kim, Sukho Lee

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(3): 1563-1577, 2022. The purpose of this study was to analyze how blood flow restriction (BFR) training influences muscular strength through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The following databases were used to conduct the research: Academic Search Complete, Medline, Web of Science, SPORT-Discus, HealthSource: Consumer, and HealthSource: Nursing. The following search limitations were included in this study: full-text articles investigating the effects of BFR training on muscular strength, published in a peer-reviewed academic journal, and published in the English …

Effects Of Creatine Supplementation And Progressive Resistance Training In Stroke Survivors, Sara Butchart, Darren G. Candow, Scott Forbes, Cameron Mang, Julianne Gordon, Jongbum Ko, Dalton Deprez, Phil Chilibeck, David Ditor

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 1117-1132, 2022. The purpose was to investigate the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) and creatine supplementation in stroke survivors. Participants were randomized to one of two groups: creatine (n = 5; 51 ± 16y) or placebo (n = 3; 73 ± 8y) during 10 weeks of supervised PRT. Prior to and following PRT and supplementation, assessments were made for body composition (lean tissue and fat mass), muscle thickness, muscle strength (1-repetition maximum), functional exercise capacity (6-minute walk test, Berg Balance Scale; BBS), cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA), and symptoms of anxiety …

Differences Between Pullover And Pulldown Exercises On Maximal Isometric Force And Myoelectric Activity In Recreationally-Trained Men, Luis Felipe M. Teixeira, Willy A. Gomes, Josinaldo J. Da Silva, Roberto A. Magalhaes, Paulo Henrique Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 797-807, 2022. The aim of the present study was to compare the myoelectric activation and peak force (PF) between pullover (PO) and pulldown (PW) exercises in different shoulder joint positions during maximal isometric contractions (0º, 45º, 90º, 135º, and 180°). Fifteen young, healthy, resistance-trained men were recruited. The participants performed three maximal voluntary isometric contractions for each exercise at five shoulder joint positions. The myoelectric activation (iEMG) from pectoralis major (PM); latissimus dorsi (LD); posterior deltoid (PD), and PF were measured. For PF, there were significant main effects for exercise and joint positions ( …

Acute Dose-Response Of Duration During The Plank Exercise On Muscle Thickness, Echo-Intensity, Peak Force, And Perception Of Effort In Recreationally-Trained Participants, Dani Al Sheikh Aleais, Keanna Sullivan, Paula Ferreira, Priscyla N. Marchetti, Paulo Henrique Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(6): 676-685, 2022. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of different durations of the isometric forearm plank exercise (IFPE) on peak force, echo intensity, muscle thickness, and perception of effort in recreationally-trained participants. Fifteen resistance-trained participants (23±3years, 76.4±6.5kg, 173.3±6.5cm) performed the IFPE with bodyweight in one of three durations in a randomized order: a). 1-min, b). 2-min, and c). 3-min. Muscle thickness (MT), echo intensity (EI), peak force (PF), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured pre-test and post-test. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs (2x3) were used to test differences …

Physiological, Musculoskeletal & Anthropometric Characteristics & Performance Between Competitive & Recreational Surfers: A Scoping Review, Harrison Stone, Lucy Douglas, James Furness, Kevin Kemp-Smith, Mike Climstein, Sean Newcomer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(6): 1277-1293, 2021. Surfing is the ability to ride a surfboard along the unbroken section, wall or face of a wave, as it moves closer towards the shore. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the physiological, musculoskeletal and anthropometric characteristics that can differentiate between paddling and wave riding performance in competitive and recreational surfing populations. The eligibility criteria for this scoping review included articles that distinguished between multiple surfing ability groups, identified physiological, musculoskeletal or anthropometric characteristics, were peer reviewed, and directly related to the sport of surfing. The databases …

Exercise Variability Did Not Affect Muscle Thickness And Peak Force For Elbow Flexors After A Resistance Training Session In Recreationally-Trained Subjects, Ethan Smith, Andre Sepulveda, Vincent G.F. Martinez, Ashley Samaniego, Priscyla N. Marchetti, Paulo H. Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 1294-1304, 2021. The purpose of this study is to measure the acute effects of exercise variability on muscle thickness and physical performance after two resistance training (RT) protocols using the same or different exercises in recreationally-trained subjects. Fifteen resistance-trained men (23.1 ± 2.6 years, 83.4 ± 16.6 kg, 173.5 ± 8.3cm) performed one of two RT protocols: SINGLE: six sets of 10RM/two-minutes rest of the unilateral biceps curl exercise using cables or MIX: six sets of 10RM/two-minutes rest for the unilateral biceps curl exercises (cable: three sets and dumbbells: three sets, randomly). Muscle thickness …

Different Barbell Height Positions Affect Maximal Isometric Deadlift Force And Subsequent Squat Jump Performance In Recreationally-Trained Men, Jonathan Montano, Elizabeth Torossian, Vincent G.F. Martinez, Leran Lhanie, Shahan Awakimian, Charles Ricardo Lopes, Priscyla N. Marchetti, Paulo Henrique Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(4): 1247-1255, 2021. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the effect of two different deadlift barbell height positions on maximal isometric force and subsequent maximal squat jump performance in recreationally-trained men. Fifteen young, healthy, recreationally-trained men (age: 24.7 ± 3.5years, height: 177.1 ± 7.9cm, and total body mass: 81.2 ± 9.8kg) volunteered to participate. All participants performed maximal squat jumps (MSJ) at 90º of knee flexion before (pre-test) and after 4-min (post-test) performing the deadlift exercise using maximal isometric force (MIF) and MIF normalized by body mass (ratio_MIF) in two …

Different Cooling Strategies Applied During Inter-Set Rest Intervals In High-Intensity Resistance Training, Gilmar J. Esteves, Renato A. Garcia, Paulo H. S. M. Azevedo

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 295-303, 2021. The purpose of this study was to verify whether cooling between sets during high-intensity resistance exercise improves physical performance and to compare performance among different sites of cooling. It is important because delaying the muscular fatigue could improve total volume at a training session which could lead to greater hypertrophy. Nine healthy and recreational resistance training experienced men, performed six tests of a biceps curl exercise on different days. The first test was the one-repetition maximum test (1RM). Following, we applied five sessions, in crossover and randomized (counter-balanced) design. The subjects received …

What Factors Predict Upper Body Push To Pull Ratios In Professional Firefighters?, Justin J. Merrigan, Adam A. Burke, Marcie B. Fyock-Martin, Joel R. Martin

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1605-1614, 2020. Shoulder joint injuries are common for professional firefighters. A potential cause of shoulder injury is an imbalance between anterior (push) and posterior (pull) shoulder joint musculature. Understanding what contributes to these imbalances may help to identify areas needing improvement. The purpose of this study was to investigate different push to pull (P2P) ratios and the relationships among common upper body fitness assessments, body composition, and push to pull (P2P) ratios in firefighters. Thirty-three professional firefighters completed the following testing protocol: one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, pull-up repetitions to failure, push-up repetitions to …

Effects Of Horizontal And Incline Bench Press On Neuromuscular Adaptations In Untrained Young Men, Suene F. N. Chaves, Valdinar A. Rocha-Júnior, Irismar G. A. Encarnação, Hugo C. Martins-Costa, Eduardo D. S. Freitas, Daniel B. Coelho, Frederico S. C. Franco, Jeremy P. Loenneke, Martim Bottaro, João B. Ferreira-Júnior

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 859-872, 2020. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of horizontal and incline bench press as well as the combination of both exercises on neuromuscular adaptation in untrained young men. Forty-seven untrained men were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: 1) a horizontal bench press group (n= 15), 2) an incline bench press group (n= 15), and 3) a combination (horizontal + incline) group (n= 17). Training was conducted once a week for eight weeks, with equalized number of sets among groups. Muscle thickness, isometric strength and electromyography …

A Comparison Of Muscle Activation Among The Front Squat, Overhead Squat, Back Extension And Plank, David Bautista, Dustin Durke, Joshua A. Cotter, Kurt A. Escobar, Evan E. Schick

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 714-722, 2020. The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle activation of the scapula, leg, and trunk among the front squat (FS), overhead squat (OHS), back extension (BE) and plank (PL). Seven recreationally trained men (age: 28 ± 3.6 years, body mass: 92 ± 26.1 kg, height: 175 ± 5.3 cm, 3-RM front squat test: 125 ± 49.8 kg, 3-RM overhead squat test: 91 ± 15.5 kg) participated in this within-subject crossover design. Two isometric exercises (plank and Biering-Sorenson back extension) were also included for trunk musculature comparisons. Neuromuscular activitation of the …

In-Season Hip Thrust Vs. Back Squat Training In Female High School Soccer Players, Nicole A. Millar, Lauren M. Colenso-Semple, Robert G. Lockie, Risto H.J. Marttinen, Andrew J. Galpin

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 49-61, 2020. The barbell back squat provides a highly effective training stimulus to improve lower body strength, speed, and power, which are considered key components of athletic performance in many sports. The barbell hip thrust exercise utilizes similar musculature, and is popular among practitioners, but has received far less scientific examination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an in-season resistance training program with hip thrusts or back squats on physical performance in adolescent female soccer players. Fourteen players completed identical whole-body resistance training twice per week for 6 weeks, …

The Effect Of Exercise Order In Circuit Training On Muscular Strength And Functional Fitness In Older Women, Diogo Correia Cardozo, Belmiro Freitas De Salles, Pietro Mannarino, Ana Paula Sena Vasconcelos, Humberto Miranda, Jeffrey M. Willardson, Roberto Simão

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(4): 657-665, 2019.The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of different orders of exercises in circuit training on strength and functional fitness in older women over a 12-week period. After 10 repetition maximum (10-RM) and functional fitness baseline testing, thirty older women were randomly assigned into two groups. The exercise order for Group 1 was leg press, wide-grip lat pulldown, knee extension, pec deck fly, plantar flexion and triceps extension; Group 2 performed the same exercises, but in the opposite order: triceps extension, plantar flexion, pec deck fly, knee extension, wide-grip …

Pengaruh Latihan Squat Menggunakan Free Weight Dan Gym Machine Terhadap Kekuatan, Power, Dan Hypertrophy Otot, Lia Karina Mansur, Joko Pekik Irianto, Mansur Mansur

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh latihan squat menggunakan free weight dan gym machine terhadap kekuatan, power, dan hypertrophy otot; dan menguji perbedaan pengaruh latihan squat menggunakan free weight dan gym machine terhadap kekuatan, power, dan hypertrophy otot. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan desain two group pretest-posttest design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini dipilih berdasarkan teknik random sampling berjumlah 32 orang. Instrumen untuk mengukur kekuatan menggunakan back and leg dynamometer merk Takei buatan Jepang. Instrumen untuk mengukur power menggunakan Jump Duration of Fright (JDF) seri TKK 5114 buatan Jepang, satuan sentimeter. Instrumen untuk mengukur lingkar otot paha …

Changes In Sebt Scores In College Basketball Players Participating In A Preventative Ankle Program, Haley Potters, Jennifer Miller, Kurt Wilson

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

In volume 4, Issue 1 of the JSMAHS you will find Professional Research Abstracts, as well as Bachelor Student Research Abstracts and Case Reports.

Thank you for viewing this 4^th Annual OATA Special Edition

Global Active Stretching (Sga®) Practice For Judo Practitioners’ Strength Enhancement, Heleno Almeida Jr., Raphael F. De Souza, Felipe J. Aidar, Alisson G. Da Silva, Ricardo P. Regi, Afranio A. Bastos

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 364-374, 2018. In order to analyze the Global Active Stretching (SGA®) practice on the physical performance enhancement in judo-practitioner competitors, 12 male athletes from Judo Federation of Sergipe (Federação Sergipana de Judô), were divided into two groups: Experimental Group (EG) and Control Group (CG). For 10 weeks, the EG practiced SGA® self-postures and the CG practiced assorted calisthenic exercises. All of them were submitted to a variety of tests (before and after): handgrip strength, flexibility, upper limbs’ muscle power, isometric pull-up force, lower limbs’ muscle power (squat-jump – SJ and countermovement jump – CMJ) …

Effects Of Different Number Of Sets Of Resistance Training On Flexibility, Thalita B. Leite, Pablo B. Costa, Richard D. Leite, Jefferson S. Novaes, Steven J. Fleck, Roberto Simão

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 354-364, 2017. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of six months of training with three different number of sets of resistance training on flexibility in young men. Forty-seven men (mean ± SD age = 24 ± 1yrs; body mass = 79.39 ± 9.12 kg; height = 174.5 ± 5.6 cm) were randomly divided into three training groups performing either one set (G1S), three sets (G3S), or five sets (G5S) of all exercises in a resistance training session or a control group (CG). All groups were assessed pre- and post-training for …

The Effects Of Eccentric, Velocity-Based Training On Strength And Power In Collegiate Athletes, Samantha M. Dolezal, Tamra L. Llewellyn, Derek L. Frese

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 657-666, 2016. The purpose of this study was to determine if combining velocity-based training with eccentric focus (VEB) and velocity-based training (VBT) results in power and strength gains. Nineteen men and women collegiate track and field athletes participated in this study. The subjects completed a 12-week intervention with either a VEB program or a VBT program. To determine the effectiveness of each program, the subjects completed four exercise tests before and after the training period: vertical jump, medicine ball put test, 1RM projected bench press and 1RM projected squat. There were no significant differences …

Effects Of Static Stretching On Squat Performance In Division I Female Athletes, Clare F. Heisey, J. Derek Kingsley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(3): 359-367, 2016. Static stretching was once recognized as a method of preparation for physical activity that would inhibit performance and increase risk of injury. However, a growing body of research suggests that static stretching may not have an inhibitory effect. Regardless, the data have not examined gender differences or the fatigue index (FI) and flexibility effects of static stretching on the back squat over multiple sets. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between a static-stretch condition (SC) and control condition (CC) on flexibility and the FI of Division I …

An Acute Bout Of Self-Myofascial Release In The Form Of Foam Rolling Improves Performance Testing, Corey A. Peacock, Darren D. Krein, Tobin A. Silver, Gabriel J. Sanders, Kyle-Patrick A. Von Carlowitz

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(3) : 202-211, 2014. Recent developments in the strength and conditioning field have shown the incorporation of foam rolling self-myofascial release in adjunct with a dynamic warm-up. This is thought to improve overall training performance; however, minimal research exists supporting this theory. Therefore, determining if an acute bout of foam rolling self-myofascial release in addition to a dynamic warm-up could influence performance is of importance. In order to do so, eleven athletically trained male subjects participated in a two condition, counterbalanced, crossover within-subjects study comparing two particular warm-up routines. The two warm-up routines compared were …

Relationships Between Anthropometric And Performance Variables In Youth: Predictors Of Lower-Body Vertical Jump Peak Power, Alexander S. Drusch, Elias M. Carrillo, Jacob Adam Mota, Kendra D. Olinghouse, Matt S. Stock, Marc Lochbaum, Brennan J. Thompson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Anthropometric and physical performance measurements are commonly used for identifying specific physical traits in youth. Laboratory-based tests (e.g., linear velocity transducers), while accurate, provide practical limitations due to high costs and technical necessities. Thus, commonly used field tests may be useful alternatives for assessing fitness/performance characteristics of youth. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between anthropometric measures and lower-and upper-body power and strength measures; and to assess the predictive ability of these measures for lower-body vertical jump peak power (PP) output in youth. Thirty-nine pre-adolescent (mean±SD, range: age=7.8±1.7, 5-12 years) children volunteered to participate in …

Attitudes Toward And Preferences For Male And Female Personal Trainers, James P. Fisher, Catherine Platts, Marie Stopforth

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 256-268, 2013. Previous research has considered the perceptions of athletes towards gender of coach and strength and conditioning coach. However, to date there appears little research considering the perceptions of clients towards gender of personal trainer. The purpose of this study was to investigate male and females perceptions of same- or opposite-gender personal trainers. Four hundred and two (male = 201, female = 201) undergraduate University student participants completed an adapted version of the Attitudes of Athletes toward Male versus Female Coaches Questionnaire (AAMFC-Q; 23). A 2 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance …

Prediction Of Total Body And Regional Strength Using Dexa Body Composition Measurements, Alex T. Carradine, Brad S. Lambert, Stephen F. Crouse

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT Resistance training is a valuable exercise modality but few tools exist to aid practitioners in refining resistance exercise prescriptions. PURPOSE: To determine if a relationship exists between strength and selected body composition variables measured by DEXA; and if so, develop equations which predict total body and regional strength. METHODS: Sixty-eight subjects (Male n = 34, Age = 35±11.96yrs, Height = 181.54±6.76cm, Weight = 97.82±16.68kg, Body Fat = 31.24±8.12% | Female n = 34, Age = 37±12.6yrs, Height = 165.41±5.64cm, Weight = 80.55±18.48kg, Body Fat = 43.00±10.16%) underwent DEXA body composition testing and maximal strength testing utilizing Keiser® pneumatic resistance …

Ground Reaction Forces Generated By Twenty-Eight Hatha Yoga Postures, Sylvia J. Wilcox, Ron Hager, Barbara Lockhart, Matthew K. Seeley

International Journal of Exercise Science

Int J Exerc Sci 5(2) : 114-126, 2012. Adherents claim many benefits from the practice of yoga, including promotion of bone health and prevention of osteoporosis. However, no known studies have investigated whether yoga enhances bone mineral density. Furthermore, none have estimated reaction forces applied by yoga practitioners. The purpose of this study was to collect ground reaction force (GRF) data on a variety of hatha yoga postures that would commonly be practiced in fitness centers or private studios. Twelve female and eight male volunteers performed a sequence of 28 hatha yoga postures while GRF data were collected with an …