Life Sciences Commons^™

Clinical Research In Diabetes And Urinary Incontinence: What We Know And Need To Know, Suzanne Phelan, Francine Grodstein, Jeanette S. Brown

Kinesiology and Public Health

Purpose: We discuss epidemiological and clinical trial research in women with urinary incontinence and diabetes, and provide directions for future research.
Materials and Methods: Published epidemiological and clinical trial literature examining diabetes and incontinence is presented.
Results: Multiple studies have now confirmed that the prevalence and incidence of incontinence is increased in women with type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence also suggests higher incontinence rates in women with type 1 diabetes or prediabetes. Clinical trial research suggests that weight loss can decrease incontinence in women with prediabetes. An ongoing multicenter trial will examine the effects of weight loss on incontinence in …

Practice Notes: Strategies In Health Education - Program: "What's Cooking On The Central Coast With The Pink And Dude Chefs?", Julie Chessen, David W. Hey, Lisa Nicholson, Ann Yelmokas Mcdermott

Kinesiology and Public Health

No abstract provided.

Reliability Of A Brief Intercept Survey For Trail Use Behaviors, Philip J. Troped, Heather A. Whitcomb, Brent Hutto, Julian A. Reed, Steven P. Hooker

Kinesiology and Public Health

Purpose: This study assessed test-retest reliability of an interviewer-administered trail survey.

Methods: An intercept survey was conducted with adults using 2 paved trails in Indiana and South Carolina (N = 295; mean age = 46.9 ± 18 y). The survey included items on frequency and duration of trail use for recreation and transportation, other patterns of trail use, and sociodemographic characteristics. Fiftyfive adults completed the survey twice (2–16 d apart; mean = 7.4 ± 2.6 d). Test-retest reliability was assessed with Spearman rank correlation coefficients, Kappa coefficients, and percent agreement.

Results: Kappa coefficients and percent agreement for 9 categorical items …

What Distinguishes Weight-Loss Maintainers From The Treatment-Seeking Obese? Analysis Of Environmental, Behavioral, And Psychosocial Variables In Diverse Populations, Suzanne Phelan, Tao Liu, Amy Gorin, Michael Lowe, Joseph Hogan, Joseph Fava, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

Background Understanding the factors that influence successful weight control is critical for developing interventions.
Purpose The purpose of the study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of psychosocial, environmental, and behavioral variables in distinguishing weight-loss maintainers (WLM) from treatment-seeking obese (TSO).
Methods WLM (n=167) had lost ≥10% of their maximum body weight, had kept the weight off for ≥5 years, and were now of normal weight. TSO-1 and TSO-2 had a history of dieting and body mass index ≥25. TSO-1 was predominantly Caucasian; TSO-2 was predominantly African-American. Bayesian model averaging was used to identify the …

Use Of Artificial Sweeteners And Fat-Modified Foods In Weight Loss Maintainers And Always-Normal Weight Individuals, Suzanne Phelan, W. Lang, D. Jordan, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the dietary strategies, and use of fat- and sugar-modified foods and beverages in a weight loss maintainer group (WLM) and an always-normal weight group (NW).
Subjects: WLM (N=172) had maintained ≥10% weight loss for 11.5 years, and had a body mass index (BMI) of 22.0 kg m-2. NW (N=131) had a BMI of 21.3 kg m-2 and no history of being overweight. Three, 24-h recalls on random, non-consecutive days were used to assess dietary intake.
Results: WLM reported consuming a diet that was lower in fat (28.7 vs 32.6%, PConclusions: …

Evaluation Of School Wellness Policies In North San Luis Obispo County, Ann Yelmokas Mcdermott, David W. Hey, Rosanna Taylor, Arlene Grant-Holcomb, Stephanie F. Teaford

Kinesiology and Public Health

In March 2009, a research team from the newly formed STRIDE Institute at California Polytechnic State University was contracted to review and evaluate Lillian Larsen Elementary Schools’ eating and physical activity environments with the intent to create baseline measures for school wellness improvement. This report summarizes STRIDE’s studies, observations and recommendations.

Evaluation Of School Wellness Policies In South San Luis Obispo County, Ann Yelmokas Mcdermott, David W. Hey, Rosanna Taylor, Arlene Grant-Holcomb, Stephanie F. Teaford

Kinesiology and Public Health

A two year grant (October 2008-2010) was awarded to the San Luis Obispo County Public Health Department (SLOPHD) so that outside agencies could engage in school wellness policy (SWP) advocacy and community activities to aid in combating the growing epidemic of obesity among the county’s high risk populations. Under SLOPHD oversight, Healthy Eating Active Living (HEALSLO) proposed school district outcomes, objectives, and indicators. In March 2009, a research team from the newly formed STRIDE Institute at California Polytechnic State University was contracted to review and evaluate the Oceano Elementary School eating and physical activity environments with the intent to create …

Prevalence And Correlates Of Vitamin D Status In African American Men, Marilyn Tseng, Veda Giri, Deborah W. Bruner, Edwards Giovannucci

Kinesiology and Public Health

Background: Few studies have examined vitamin D insufficiency in African American men although they are at very high risk. We examined the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D insufficiency among African American men in Philadelphia. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional analysis were 194 African American men in the Philadelphia region who were enrolled in a risk assessment program for prostate cancer from 10/ 96–10/07. All participants completed diet and health history questionnaires and provided plasma samples, which were assessed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. We used linear regression models to examine associations with 25(OH)D concentrations and logistic regression to estimate …

Preventing Childhood Obesity: What Works?, Ll Birch, A K. Ventura

Kinesiology and Public Health

Rates of overweight in North American children and adolescents have increased dramatically since the 1970s. Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions and calls for prevention and treatment programs to reverse this trend have been made. However, the evidence base needed for effective action is still incomplete, especially for childhood obesity prevention programs. This paper focuses on primary prevention of childhood obesity and has three aims: (1) to briefly describe current primary prevention approaches for childhood obesity and the evidence for their impact; (2) to elucidate promising, but untested intervention strategies using an ecological framework and evidence from experimental and epidemiological …

What Do Physicians Recommend To Their Overweight And Obese Patients?, Suzanne Phelan, Mithun Nallari, Francine E. Darroch, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

Background: It is recognized that physicians play an important role in responding to the nation's obesity epidemic. Little is known, however, about what physicians say to their obese patients to help them lose weight.

Objective: This cross-sectional survey examined weight loss recommendations of family physicians and internists. Surveys were mailed to 188 physicians and 54% (n = 101) responded. The survey assessed physicians’ weight loss recommendations, the basis for recommendations, and their expected weight loss outcomes for a hypothetical patient. Physicians rated the extent to which they recommended various weight control strategies to their obese patients. They also …

The Effect Of Random, Blocked, And Transition Practice Schedules On Children's Performance Of A Barrier Knockdown Test, Gregory C. Snider

Master's Theses

The purpose of this research was to examine whether a transition schedule of contextual interference facilitated learning in retention and transfer equal to or better than random and blocked schedules among children. The author selected participants from the central coast of California and from youth activity leagues. The author selected children between the ages of 10 to 13 with a mean age of 11.5. There were a total of 36 subjects, half male and half female. Unfortunately, due to computer error, only data from 15 subjects were saved and available for analysis. Researchers randomly assigned participants to one of three …

The Effects Of Alterations To Upper Limb Inertial Properties On Vertical Point-To-Point Movement, Adrian K. Hongo

Master's Theses

Purpose: Several studies have examined intralimb coordination between the shoulder and elbow joints during target-oriented movements. These studies have observed consistent patterns in coordination despite changes in movement variables such as speed, direction, and inertia. Researchers used intersegmental dynamics to quantitatively analyze these patterns between shoulder and elbow joints while systematically changing values of these movement variables. Some studies have examined central nervous system adaptations to inertial changes at the elbow and entire arm during a movement, but none have examined inertial changes to the upper limb. Methods: Five male and five female participants aged 27 to 39 years (mean …

Barriers To Physical Activity And Healthy Eating As Perceived By Parents In Lompoc: Focus Group Results, Ann Yelmokas Mcdermott, David W. Hey, Stephanie F. Teaford, Wendy L. Minarik

Kinesiology and Public Health

Dear members of the Lompoc Valley Community Healthcare Organization, Community Health for Lompoc Valley Community Health Center, Lompoc Valley Partners and Lompoc Valley Healthy Kids Initiative,

On behalf of Cal Poly’s emerging Center for Obesity Prevention and Education (COPE), I would like to begin by expressing my gratitude to Dr. Steve McDowell and Ms. Judy Taggart for inviting our research team to partner with your community in this exciting project. It is clear to our research team that the community health agencies have invested a tremendous amount of time, energy and money in planning and implementing changes designed to improve …

Becoming Physically Active After Bariatric Surgery Is Associated With Improved Weight Loss And Health-Related Quality Of Life, Dale S. Bond, Suzanne Phelan, Luke G. Wolfe, Ronald K. Evans, Jill G. Meador, John M. Kellum, James W. Maher, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre- to postoperative increases in physical activity (PA) are associated with weight loss and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) following bariatric surgery. Participants were 199 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery patients. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to categorize participants into three groups according to their preoperative and /1-year postoperative PA level: (i) Inactive/Active (<200-min/week/≥200-min/week), (ii) Active/Active (≥200-min/week/greater ≥200-min/week) and (iii) Inactive/Inactive (<200-min/week/<200-min/week). The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) was used to assess HRQoL. Analyses of covariance were conducted to examine the effects of PA group on weight and HRQoL changes. Inactive/Active participants, compared with Inactive/Inactive individuals, had greater reductions in weight (52.5 ± 15.4 vs. 46.4 ± 12.8 kg) and BMI (18.9 ± 4.6 vs. 16.9 ± …

Dietary Patterns And Colon Cancer Risk In Whites And African Americans In The North Carolina Colon Cancer Study, Jessie A. Satia, Marilyn Tseng, Joseph A. Galanko, Christopher Martin, Robert S. Sandler

Kinesiology and Public Health

We examined associations of dietary patterns with colon cancer risk in African Americans and Whites from a case-control study in North Carolina. Incident colon cancer cases, 40 to 80 yr (n = 636), and matched controls (n = 1,042) were interviewed in person to elicit information on potential colon cancer risk factors. A validated food frequency questionnaire adapted to include regional foods captured diet over the year prior to diagnosis (cases) or interview date (controls). Three meaningful intake patterns were identified in both Whites and African Americans: “Western-Southern,” “fruit-vegetable,” and “metropolitan.” Compared to the Western-Southern pattern, the fruit-vegetable and metropolitan …

Dairy Intake And 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels In Men At High Risk For Prostate Cancer, Marilyn Tseng, Veda Giri, Deborah Watkins-Bruner, Edward Giovannucci

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective Dairy food intake has been associated with prostate cancer in previous work, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Dairy calcium may suppress circulating levels of potentially cancer-protective 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). We examined the associations of dairy, milk, calcium, and vitamin D intake with plasma 1,25(OH)2D levels among 296 men (194 black, 102 non-black) enrolled in a high risk program for prostate cancer from 10/96 to 10/07. Methods All participants completed diet and health history questionnaires and provided plasma samples, which were assessed for levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25(OH)2D. We used multivariate linear regression to examine …

Mechanisms Underlying The Association Between Breastfeeding And Obesity, Cynthia J. Bartok, Alison K. Ventura

Kinesiology and Public Health

Decades of epidemiological research have established that breastfeeding is associated with a modest reduction in risk of later overweight and obesity. However, no systematic effort has been made to delineate the mechanisms that may explain this association. This review summarizes evidence from a variety of disciplines to understand the potential mechanisms underlying this association. One possibility is that this association is spurious and that confounding factors fully or partially explain this association. Additionally, breastfeeding could confer protection by: encouraging the infant's emerging capabilities of self-regulation of intake; reducing problematic feeding behaviors on the part of caregivers that interfere with the …

Reproducibility Of Reported Nutrient Intake And Supplement Use During A Past Pregnancy: A Report From The Children’S Oncology Group, Jaclyn L.F. Bosco, Marilyn Tseng, Logan G. Spector, Andrew F. Olshan, Greta R. Bunin

Kinesiology and Public Health

Maternal diet and nutrition have been thought to play a role in many childhood conditions. Studies using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) have reported associations with maternal diet, but these findings are difficult to interpret because the reliability and validity of the FFQs for diet during a past pregnancy are not known. We determined the reproducibility of reported diet and supplement use during a past pregnancy in a subset of mothers interviewed for a case–control study of maternal diet in relation to the risk of childhood brain tumours. Cases were Children’s Oncology Group patients, diagnosed at age code, race/ethnicity, and birth …

Opportunities For The Primary Prevention Of Obesity During Infancy, Ian M. Paul, Cynthia J. Bartok, Danielle S. Downs, Cynthia A. Stifter, Alison K. Ventura, Leann L. Birch

Kinesiology and Public Health

Are chubby babies healthy babies? Whereas most seem well during infancy, evidence is increasing that heavier babies have a poorer long-term health trajectory than their trimmer counterparts. Data have emerged over the past 2 decades that early life growth patterns and behaviors play an important role in the etiology of obesity, yet there has been very little focus on the primary prevention of obesity during infancy by the medical, behavioral health, and public health communities. A recent report from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) highlighted the need for very early intervention when it revealed that between 2003 …

Weight-Loss Maintenance In Successful Weight Losers: Surgical Vs. Non-Surgical Methods, D. S. Bond, Suzanne Phelan, T. M. Leahey, James O. Hill, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective: As large weight losses are rarely achieved through any method except bariatric surgery, there have been no studies comparing individuals who initially lost large amounts of weight through bariatric surgery or non-surgical means. The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) provides a resource for making such unique comparisons. This study compared the amount of weight regain, behaviors and psychological characteristics in NWCR participants who were equally successful in losing and maintaining large amounts of weight through either bariatric surgery or non-surgical methods.
Design: Surgical participants (n=105) were matched with two non-surgical participants (n=210) on gender, entry weight, maximum weight loss …