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Articles 1 - 30 of 68
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Towards Understanding The Function Of An Ets-Like Gene In Nematostella Vectensis: Generation Of A Knockout Mutant Line And A Transgenic Reporter Line, Emily Bullock
Biological Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses
Due to their unique phylogenic position as sister to Bilateria, Cnidaria are often credited with the utility of allowing for reconstruction of ancestral biology based on characteristics shared with bilaterians and other animals. This factor makes investigation into the nervous systems of cnidarians critical in understanding early neural evolution. Wamides, a class of neuropeptides, have been shown to play a regulatory role in life cycle transitions across many different species. The cnidarian specific Wamide neuropeptide, GLWamide, has previously been identified to play an accelerator role in the metamorphic timing of a specific species of sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis. However, …
Characterization Of Host Cell Specific Interactions During Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae Infection, Emerson Towey
Characterization Of Host Cell Specific Interactions During Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae Infection, Emerson Towey
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports
Vector-borne diseases have been increasing over the past few years due to changes in climate and disturbances in the vectors’ natural environment. To mitigate the risks of these diseases, it is necessary to understand pathogen biology and how it interacts with a host to cause disease. Here we focus our attention on the tick-borne pathogen, Rickettsia rickettsii. R. rickettsii is a member of the spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsiae and is the etiological agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a fatal human disease that is lacking an effective vaccine. Members of the bacterial genus Rickettsia are obligate intracellular endoparasites …
Screening H3 Histone Acetylation In A Wild Bird, The House Sparrow (Passer Domesticus), Daniella Ray
Screening H3 Histone Acetylation In A Wild Bird, The House Sparrow (Passer Domesticus), Daniella Ray
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Epigenetic mechanisms are increasingly understood to have major impacts across ecology. However, one molecular epigenetic mechanism, DNA methylation, currently dominates the literature. A second mechanism, histone modification, is likely important to ecologically relevant phenotypes and thus warrants investigation, especially because molecular interplay between methylation and histone acetylation can strongly affect gene expression. There are a limited number of histone acetylation studies on non-model organisms, yet those that exist show that it can impact gene expression and phenotypic plasticity. Wild birds provide an excellent system to investigate histone acetylation, as free-living individuals must rapidly adjust to environmental change. Here, we screen …
Evolution And Natural Selection Of Olfactory Receptor Genes In Hawaiian Drosophila, Ngoc H. Ly
Evolution And Natural Selection Of Olfactory Receptor Genes In Hawaiian Drosophila, Ngoc H. Ly
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
The olfactory system is a powerful tool for sensing countless odorants. In Drosophila, the olfactory system is critical for detecting food, finding mates, laying eggs, avoiding predators, and adapting to new environments. Understanding the olfactory system in Drosophila will advance our knowledge of sensory biology in various insects and vertebrates, including humans. Drosophila has been a valuable model for biology since the early 1900s, and the Drosophila melanogaster olfactory system is well-studied. The Hawaiian Drosophila represent approximately 1/3 of the world’s Drosophila, however, there is limited research on Hawaiian Drosophila olfactory genes. We conducted a comparative analysis of olfactory receptor …
Bioinformatics Analysis Of The Transcriptomic Profiles Of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients / Narrative Competence And Cognitive Mapping As A Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy In The Education Of Emergent Bilinguals, Bianca Gonzalez
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle-wasting disease that primarily affects boys characterized by loss of the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin is necessary for proper muscle growth, muscles that lack dystrophin are more prone to damage. In this thesis, a bioinformatics approach was used to evaluate the transcriptomic profiles of two datasets obtained from DMD patients. The two datasets were analyzed separately, as well as combined to identify differentially expressed genes. The first dataset, GSE6011, has 23 DMD samples and 14 controls. The second, GSE38417, consists of 16 DMD samples and six controls. Differential gene expression of both datasets combined found …
Identification Of Synonymous Genes And Pathways Implicated In Irritable Bowel Disease And Pancreatic Duct Adenocarcinoma, Lavanya Uppala
Identification Of Synonymous Genes And Pathways Implicated In Irritable Bowel Disease And Pancreatic Duct Adenocarcinoma, Lavanya Uppala
Theses/Capstones/Creative Projects
Better understanding and genetic characterization of the gut microbiome will allow for the identification of clinically distinct gastrointestinal diseases. Facilitated by high throughput technologies, intestinal flora analyses have elucidated a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric, immunological, and allergic disorders linked with this organ system. Microbiome research especially has shed light on underlying factors of intestinal disorders. This interplay of environmental bacteria versus host tissue gene expression may have implications for disease pathogenicity and etiological determination. For instance, pancreatic disorders are common symptoms of irritable bowel disease (IBD), which is thought to affect approximately 7% to 21% of the population [1]. However, …
Periodic Spatial Disturbances Alter The Expression Of Quorum Sensing Virulence Factors In Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Laura García-Diéguez
Periodic Spatial Disturbances Alter The Expression Of Quorum Sensing Virulence Factors In Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Laura García-Diéguez
All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen associated with severe acute and chronic illnesses. Current antibiotic-based approaches fail to effectively treat P. aeruginosa infections due to the effectiveness and robustness of the quorum sensing signaling system (QS). Pathogenic bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, employ this population density-dependent communication mechanism to confer antimicrobial resistance, propagate infection, and coordinate the expression of virulence factors, through the production and detection of autoinducing signaling molecules (AI). As such, there is a growing interest in developing novel non-antibiotic-based techniques to attenuate the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa by disrupting the functionality of its QS system. Previous …
Sex And Starvation Influences Latrotoxin Expression In The Brown Widow Spider, Mattie Harris
Sex And Starvation Influences Latrotoxin Expression In The Brown Widow Spider, Mattie Harris
Honors College Theses
Widow spiders (genus Latrodectus) are well-known for their potent venom. Seven latrotoxin proteins constitute the main components of widow spider venom. The vertebrate specific (α-latrotoxin) and insect specific (α-latroinsectotoxin) latrotoxins have been well-characterized with respect to structure and function. Regulation of latrotoxin gene expression is not well understood but sex and feeding could be factors influencing production. In this study, I used quantitative qPCR to (1) characterize the expression patterns of both the insect and vertebrate specific latrotoxins in male and female brown widow spiders (Latrodectus geometricus) to characterize sex-biased expression and to (2) study expression patterns …
From Gene Expression To Physiology: A Study Of Chronic Thermal Tolerance In The Mytilus Edulis Species Complex, Lindsey Cate Schwartz
From Gene Expression To Physiology: A Study Of Chronic Thermal Tolerance In The Mytilus Edulis Species Complex, Lindsey Cate Schwartz
Theses and Dissertations
Rising ocean temperatures are a severe and ever-present threat to marine life. With environmental temperature having such a large impact on organismal performance, understanding the mechanisms which contribute to the ability to survive at higher temperatures is a crucial research focus. Significant progress has been made in discovering these mechanisms on the cellular, biochemical, and physiological levels, but is it much less common for those to be examined together. Using the Mytilus edulisspecies complex as a model system, this dissertation takes a closer look at how prolonged exposure to sub-lethal high temperatures impacts marine organisms on multiple levels of …
Cis-Acting Super-Enhancer Lncrnas As Biomarkers To Early-Stage Breast Cancer, Ali Salman Ropri
Cis-Acting Super-Enhancer Lncrnas As Biomarkers To Early-Stage Breast Cancer, Ali Salman Ropri
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Abstract
Beyond Cortisol: Indicators Of Stress And Negative Feedback In Plasma And Blubber Of Marine Mammals, Jessica Avalos
Beyond Cortisol: Indicators Of Stress And Negative Feedback In Plasma And Blubber Of Marine Mammals, Jessica Avalos
University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations
Marine mammals play an important role in ecosystem stability. However, anthropogenic activity is compounding pressure on many already vulnerable populations. A potential consequence of anthropogenic disturbance is physiological stress, which can impact metabolism, immunity, and reproduction, especially if it occurs repeatedly. Previous studies on marine mammals have focused on acute stress, but the impacts of repeated stress are poorly understood. Due to its accessibility on land during haul-outs, the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) is a good system in which to study the effects of stress in marine mammals. Stress stimulates the release of glucocorticoid hormones, primarily cortisol. Elevated cortisol …
Effects Of 17Α-Ethinylestradiol (Ee2) On Gonadal Development And Gene Expression In Larval Mummichog (Fundulus Heteroclitus), Carly Sing-Judge
Effects Of 17Α-Ethinylestradiol (Ee2) On Gonadal Development And Gene Expression In Larval Mummichog (Fundulus Heteroclitus), Carly Sing-Judge
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) is a small-bodied estuarine fish that inhabits the North American east coast and is often used as a model adult saltwater fish in environmental bioassays. This study aimed to describe gonadal development and gene expression levels in five-week-old mummichog under control conditions and following 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) treatment in order to better understand the susceptibility of sex determination (SD) and gonadal differentiation (GD) processes following contaminant exposure. In the first experiment, eggs were fertilized, collected and incubated in the laboratory for three weeks, then yolk-sac larvae were grown out for five weeks and …
Assesment Of Antibiotic Resistant Gene Expression In Clinical Isolates Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Dustin Esmond
Assesment Of Antibiotic Resistant Gene Expression In Clinical Isolates Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Dustin Esmond
Biology Theses
Increasing prevalence of nosocomial infections by antimicrobial resistant pathogens resulting in higher mortality rates and financial burden is of great concern. Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents one of six highly virulent “ESKAPE” pathogens that exhibit considerable intrinsic drug resistance as well as mechanisms for acquiring further resistance. As many of these mechanisms are regulated through gene expression, we sought to identify regulatory strategies and patterns at play in 23 clinical isolates collected from Baku, Azerbaijan and Tyler, Texas, USA. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on six gene targets implicated in resistance and contrasted with antibiotic phenotypes. We found AmpC cephalosporinase …
Elucidating The Evolution And Function Of Srnas That Facilitate Bacterial Stress Tolerance, Madeline Claire Krieger
Elucidating The Evolution And Function Of Srnas That Facilitate Bacterial Stress Tolerance, Madeline Claire Krieger
Dissertations and Theses
Non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) are ubiquitous post-transcriptional regulators found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Despite their integral role in many regulatory pathways, including those that facilitate stress-tolerance, little is known about the evolutionary forces that drive the emergence of novel sRNAs, how prevalent sRNAs are within bacterial species, or the functions of a majority of these transcripts. In this work, I first describe the evolution of OxyS, a well-characterized sRNA in gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae that is involved in coordinating the bacterial response to oxidative stress. Next, I identify novel sRNAs differentially produced by the gram-positive oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans in …
The Role Of Med31 And Med12 In Directing Adipogenesis Of Human Adult-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Joseph Straub
The Role Of Med31 And Med12 In Directing Adipogenesis Of Human Adult-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Joseph Straub
Master's Theses
Selective gene expression is crucial in maintaining the self-renewing and multipotent properties of stem cells. Mediator is a large, evolutionarily conserved, multisubunit protein complex that modulates gene expression by relaying signals from cell type-specific transcription factors to RNA polymerase II. In humans, this complex consists of 30 subunits arranged in four modules: head, middle, tail, and kinase. In our introduction, we show the state of the field of Mediator study with a focus on the critical kinase module. In the following chapters, we used siRNA knockdowns to investigate the roles of the highly-conserved core subunit MED31 and the kinase module …
The Role Of Med31 And Med12 In Directing Adipogenesis Of Human Adult-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Joseph Straub
The Role Of Med31 And Med12 In Directing Adipogenesis Of Human Adult-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Joseph Straub
Doctoral Dissertations
Selective gene expression is crucial in maintaining the self-renewing and multipotent properties of stem cells. Mediator is a large, evolutionarily conserved, multisubunit protein complex that modulates gene expression by relaying signals from cell type-specific transcription factors to RNA polymerase II. In humans, this complex consists of 30 subunits arranged in four modules: head, middle, tail, and kinase. In our introduction, we show the state of the field of Mediator study with a focus on the critical kinase module. In the following chapters, we used siRNA knockdowns to investigate the roles of the highly-conserved core subunit MED31 and the kinase module …
Differential Gene Expression In Starvation Selected Drosophila Melanogaster, Katherine Schultz
Differential Gene Expression In Starvation Selected Drosophila Melanogaster, Katherine Schultz
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Fruit flies that have been selected for starvation resistance can be used in experimental studies to study physiological processes. Both their genomes and their phenotypes, especially metabolism, change significantly as a result of artificial selection. Starvation selected flies develop slower and are larger due to higher lipid content as adults. We used RNAseq to study gene expression in third instar larval fat body tissue from selected and control lines at the same chronological time point, when the fed control (“FC”) lines were wandering, and the starvation selected (“SS”) lines were in the third larval instar but not yet wandering due …
Identification Of Ires Activity In Cellular Mrnas And Viral Rna Using A Circular Rna Construct, Priyanka Sehta
Identification Of Ires Activity In Cellular Mrnas And Viral Rna Using A Circular Rna Construct, Priyanka Sehta
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Translation initiation is a critical step in the process of protein synthesis. The canonical way of translation initiation involves ribosomes being recruited to the 7-methyl guanosine cap present at the 5’end of the untranslated region (5’ UTR) of the RNAs. However, viral RNAs and some cellular mRNAs lack this 5’ cap structure and thus deploy an alternate non-canonical translation initiation mechanism. In non-canonical translation initiation, ribosome recruitment is facilitated by the RNA secondary structures called Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) present most often in the 5’ UTR. To measure IRES-mediated translation, the dual luciferase assay has been the gold standard. …
Mapping Genetic Variants Associated With Dynamic Protein Abundance In Haploid Yeast, Tanner Thuet-Davenport
Mapping Genetic Variants Associated With Dynamic Protein Abundance In Haploid Yeast, Tanner Thuet-Davenport
WWU Graduate School Collection
As organisms respond to changes in their environment genetic variation between individuals can directly affect organismal trait phenotypes by altering gene expression. Historically, studies have focused on the effect of genetic variation on mRNA synthesis (transcription) and decay rates. Relatively few studies have probed the relationship between DNA variants and protein-specific regulation of individual genes, despite the plethora of evidence that RNA levels are often poor proxies for protein levels. No study to date has mapped genetic variation associated with dynamic protein levels. In this study we investigated the location and identity of genetic variants acting on protein expression dynamics …
Molecular Studies On The Interactions Between Biomphalaria Snails And Schistosoma Mansoni, Lijun Lu
Molecular Studies On The Interactions Between Biomphalaria Snails And Schistosoma Mansoni, Lijun Lu
Biology ETDs
Biomphalaria snails serve as vectors for Schistosoma mansoni, a trematode causing human schistosomiasis. Control of Schistosoma mansoni involves chemotherapy of affected people, but new control methods built on improved understanding of schistosome-snail interactions are needed. My dissertation applies molecular and bioinformatics approaches to understand such interactions. Chapter 1 shows that significant differences exist among Biomphalaria species in Africa with respect to their ability to support schistosome development. Chapters 2 and 3 reveal the transcriptional responses of Biomphalaria glabrata susceptible (SUS) or resistant (RES) to Schistosoma mansoni. Chapter 2 identifies a new family of snail immune factors, the AIG …
Functional Investigations Of Proteins And Enzymatic Toxins From Full-Length-Enriched Cdna Of Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus Horridus), Joshua Osula
Theses
Snake Venom is a highly modified form of saliva, contains hundreds of zootoxins, necrotoxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and mytotoxins, all of which are primarily made up of mostly proteins, polypeptides, and other components such as enzymes, lipids, and carbohydrates. Although snake venom is known for its harmful effects, it has also had a positive impact in scientific discovery and medicine. Some toxins from snakes function to inhibit pain, and this means they can be very effective analgesics. For instance, crotalphine is considered a 14-amino-acid-peptide that has a disulfide bond and shows analgesic properties through TRPA1 desensitization. This …
A Gene Expression Profile Associated With Successful Cns Axon Regeneration In Xenopus Laevis, Jamie L. Belrose
A Gene Expression Profile Associated With Successful Cns Axon Regeneration In Xenopus Laevis, Jamie L. Belrose
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Background: The South African claw-toed frog, Xenopus laevis, is uniquely suited for studying differences between regenerative and non-regenerative responses to CNS injury within the same organism, because some CNS neurons (e.g., retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush (ONC)) regenerate axons throughout life, whereas others (e.g., hindbrain neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI)) lose this capacity as tadpoles metamorphose into frogs. Tissues from these CNS regions (frog ONC eye, tadpole SCI hindbrain, frog SCI hindbrain) were used in a three-way RNA-seq study of axotomized CNS axons to identify potential core gene expression programs for successful CNS axon regeneration.
Changes In Gene Expression Profiles In Müller Glia Following Exposure To An Α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist, Megan L. Stanchfield
Changes In Gene Expression Profiles In Müller Glia Following Exposure To An Α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist, Megan L. Stanchfield
Masters Theses
Previous studies from this lab have determined that dedifferentiation of Müller glia (MG) occurs after application of an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, PNU-282987 (PNU), to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in adult rodents. This study was designed to explore the role of the HB-EGF/Ascl1/Lin28a signaling pathway in MG dedifferentiation to retinal progenitor cells. RNAseq was performed on MG following contact with RPE-J cells treated with PNU-282987. Up- or down-regulated genes were compared with published literature of MG dedifferentiation that occurs in lower vertebrate regeneration or with transcript profiles during early mammalian development. Between 8-12 hours, up-regulation was observed in …
Pthr1/Sox9 And Idh1/Idh2 Relative Expression In Primary Chondrocyte And Chondrosarcoma Cells Under The Synergistic Influence Of Inducible Hypoxia And Extracellular Acidosis, Kostika Vangjeli
Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations
Cartilage cells (Chondrocytes) grow in rather unique environmental conditions in the human body. Cartilage is avascular tissue and lacks innervation. Its main source of nutrients is derived from the synovial fluid and/or perichondrium. Consequently, these cells must survive and thrive under hypoxic and acidic stressors. Published data suggests that there are a multitude of genes affected from either one of these two stressors or both. However, these factors are frequently overlooked in cartilage research, and results are reported in either normoxia/pH=7.0 conditions, or they only account for one of the conditions. The scope of this study is to examine how …
De-Coding The Impact Of Evolved Changes In Gene Expression And Cellular Phenotype On Primate Evolution, Trisha Zintel
De-Coding The Impact Of Evolved Changes In Gene Expression And Cellular Phenotype On Primate Evolution, Trisha Zintel
Doctoral Dissertations
The goal of the dissertation work outlined here was to investigate the influence of proximal processes contributing to evolutionary differences in phenotypes among primate species. There are numerous previous comparative analyses of gene expression between primate brain regions. However, primate brain tissue samples are relatively rare, and my results have contributed to the pre-existing data on more well-studied primates (i.e. humans, chimpanzees, macaques, marmosets) as well as produced information on more rarely-studied primates (i.e. patas monkey, siamang, spider monkey). Additionally, the primary visual cortex has not previously been as extensively studied at the level of gene expression as other brain …
Group Ii Introns : Evolution, Structure And Function, Xiaolong Dong
Group Ii Introns : Evolution, Structure And Function, Xiaolong Dong
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Group II introns are mobile, self-splicing ribozymes found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic organelles. They are widely believed to be the progenitors of the eukaryotic spliceosomal introns and retroelements. Yet many structural and evolutionary aspects of group II introns remain elusive. Indeed, while group II introns are the putative forerunners of spliceosomal introns in eukaryotes, they are notably absent in the nuclear genomes and a large portion of prokaryotes. Furthermore, although the architecture of a post-catalytic group II intron holoenzyme containing both the RNA and the bound intron encoded protein (IEP) has been solved by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), the interactions …
Neurodegenerative Modeling: Tau Protein, Degradative Pathways, And Gene Expression Profiling Of Human Ipsc-Derived Neural Precursors And Differentiated 3-D Neural Sphere Versus 2-D Monolayer Cultures, Kyle H. Anthoney
Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects
Human induced pluripotent stem cells offer a model for human brain development and disease by differentiation into brain organoids; however, current neural culture systems lack the microenvironment, neuronal circuits and connectivity, vascular circulation, and immune system that exist in vivo. After differentiation and development of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types within two formats of cell cultures, we can visualize and recapitulate in vivo protein accumulation, gene expression, and degradative processes such as autophagy. Using RNA extraction, purification methods and reverse transcription I compared traditional monolayer cultures and novel 3-D neural sphere cultures via gene expression analysis. This analysis indicated …
Plasticity And The Impact Of Increasing Temperature On A Tropical Ectotherm, Adam A. Rosso
Plasticity And The Impact Of Increasing Temperature On A Tropical Ectotherm, Adam A. Rosso
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Organisms may respond to climate change through behavior, genetic adaptation, and/or phenotypic plasticity. Tropical ectotherms are thought to be especially vulnerable to climate change because most have a narrow range of thermal tolerance while living close to their upper thermal tolerance limits. Additionally, many tropical species live in closed-canopy forests, which provide homogenous thermal landscapes that prevent behavioral compensation for stressfully warm temperatures. Finally, tropical ectotherms are thought to have decreased capacity for phenotypic plasticity because they have evolved in thermally stable environments. We tested gene expression patterns and phenotypic plasticity in the Panamanian slender anole by a) measuring changes …
Codon Bias And Mrna Folding Stability: Two Natural Controls Of Protein Expression Dynamics, Anastacia Wienecke
Codon Bias And Mrna Folding Stability: Two Natural Controls Of Protein Expression Dynamics, Anastacia Wienecke
WWU Graduate School Collection
Introduction: Connections between genetic variation and trait variation are complex and dynamic; the critical link between the two is gene expression variation. Though proteins are the functional products of most genes, the relative ease and throughput level of various measurement approaches has meant that gene expression is typically studied via transcript-level rather than protein-level techniques. Recent studies however, suggest that certain genetic factors act post-transcriptionally to modify rates of protein synthesis, making transcript levels imperfect indicators of protein levels. A gene’s bias for ‘optimal’ codons (i.e., its codon bias) and a gene’s mRNA folding stability appear to be two such …
Interspecific Gene Flow Potentiates Adaptive Evolution In A Hybrid Zone Formed Between Pinus Strobiformis And Pinus Flexilis, Mitra Menon
Theses and Dissertations
Species range margins are often characterised by high degrees of habitat fragmentation resulting in low genetic diversity and higher gene flow from populations at the core of the species range. Interspecific gene flow from a closely related species with abutting range margins can increase standing genetic diversity and generate novel allelic combinations thereby alleviating limits to adaptive evolution in range margin populations. Hybridization driven interspecific gene flow has played a key role in the demographic history of several conifer due to their life history characteristics such as weak crossability barriers and long generation times. Nevertheless, demonstrating whether introgression is adaptive …