Life Sciences Commons^™

Kluyveromyces Marxianus Prepared As A Ready To Use Supplemental Food (Rusf), Zachary Christman

Applied Science Program: Theses

Ready to Use Supplemental Food (RUSF) is a nutrient dense paste or compressed bar used to supplement a person’s nutritional needs because of malnutrition or due to food shortages. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate some methods of how the dairy organism Kluyveromyces marxianus can be used to enrich the protein value of bread or ferment a substrate such as wheat bran into a more digestible form.

Vitamin And Mineral Supplementation And Rate Of Gain In Beef Heifers Ii: Effects On Concentration Of Trace Minerals In Maternal Liver And Fetal Liver, Muscle, Allantoic, And Amniotic Fluids At Day 83 Of Gestation, Kacie L. Mccarthy, Ana Clara Ana, Cierrah J. Kassetas, Friederike Baumgaertner, James D. Kirsch, Sheri T. Dorsam, Tammi L. Neville, Alison K. Ward, Pawel P. Borowicz, Lawrence P. Reynolds, Kevin K. Sedivec, J. Chris Forcherio, Ronald Scott, Joel S. Caton, Carl R. Dahlen, Kacie L. Mccarthy

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

We evaluated the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation (from pre-breeding to day 83 of gestation) and two rates of gain (from breeding to day 83 of gestation) on trace mineral concentrations in maternal and fetal liver, fetal muscle, and allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids. Crossbred Angus heifers (n = 35; BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two vitamin and mineral supplementation treatments (VMSUP; supplemented (VTM) vs. unsupplemented (NoVTM)). The VMSUP factor was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI), allowing time for the mineral status of heifers to be altered …

Proteomic Analyses Identify Differences Between Bovine Epididymal And Ejaculated Spermatozoa That Contribute To Longevity, Saulo Menegatti Zoca, Emmalee J. Northrop-Albrecht, Julie A. Walker, Robert A. Cushman, George A. Perry

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Sperm are stored for extended periods of time in the epididymis, but upon ejaculation motility is increased and lifespan is decreased. The objective of this study was to identify differences in proteins between epididymis and ejaculated samples that are associated with longevity. Ejaculated semen was collected from mature Angus bulls (n = 9); bulls were slaughtered and epididymal semen was collected. Epididymal and ejaculated semen were centrifuged to separate sperm and fluid. Fluids were removed and sperm pellets were resuspended in a high ionic solution and vortexed to remove loosely attached proteins. Sperm samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was …

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Genomic Loci Affecting Filet Firmness And Protein Content In Rainbow Trout, Ali Ali, Rafet Al-Tobasei, Daniela Lourenco, Tim Leeds, Brett Kenney, Mohamed Saleem

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Filet quality traits determine consumer satisfaction and affect profitability of the aquaculture industry. Soft flesh is a criterion for fish filet downgrades, resulting in loss of value. Filet firmness is influenced by many factors, including rate of protein turnover. A 50K transcribed gene SNP chip was used to genotype 789 rainbow trout, from two consecutive generations, produced in the USDA/NCCCWA selective breeding program. Weighted single-step GBLUP (WssGBLUP) was used to perform genome-wide association (GWA) analyses to identify quantitative trait loci affecting filet firmness and protein content. Applying genomic sliding windows of 50 adjacent SNPs, 212 and 225 SNPs were associated …

Evaluation Of Protein And Fiber From Distillers Grains Plus Solubles In Finishing Beef Cattle Diets, Zachary E. Carlson

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Four studies were conducted to evaluate the components of distillers grains plus solubles in finishing beef cattle diets. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of five composites of feedstuffs formulated to be similar in nutrient composition to DDGS on finishing performance of cattle. Experiment 2 evaluated isolating the protein from distillers grains using a feedstuff from the wet milling ethanol industry to determine the impacts of protein on the feeding value of WDGS in finishing performance of cattle. Experiments 3 and 4 evaluated the effects of protein from distillers grains with the diets used in Exp. 2 on site of digestion, …

Ticks Elicit Variable Fibrinogenolytic Activities Upon Feeding On Hosts With Different Immune Backgrounds, Ashish Vora, Vikas Taank, John F. Anderson, Durland Fish, Daniel E. Sonenshine, John D. Catravas, Hameeda Sultana, Girish Neelakanta

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Ticks secrete several anti-hemostatic factors in their saliva to suppress the host innate and acquired immune defenses against infestations. Using Ixodes scapularis ticks and age-matched mice purchased from two independent commercial vendors with two different immune backgrounds as a model, we show that ticks fed on immunodeficient animals demonstrate decreased fibrinogenolytic activity in comparison to ticks fed on immunocompetent animals. Reduced levels of D-dimer (fibrin degradation product) were evident in ticks fed on immunodeficient animals in comparison to ticks fed on immunocompetent animals. Increased engorgement weights were noted for ticks fed on immunodeficient animals in comparison to ticks fed on …

Growing Yeast For Livestock, Zachary Christman

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Over 500,000 tons of organic materials such as food scraps are disposed of each year in Wisconsin. A large percentage of this material could be composted or turned into useful products. The purpose of this article is to educate farmers and organizations on how to turn food waste into a high value food source for livestock. Yeast can be grown at any time of the year without the large inputs of agricultural chemicals and machinery that is common with other feed production methods. A yeast growing facility can be scalable to any size the producer wants such as a small …

Effect Of Anthraquinone Dyes On The Carbohydrate, Protein And Lipid Content In The Muscle Of Channa Punctatus And Cyprinus Carpio, Rajee Olaganathan, Jamila Patterson

Publications

Channa punctatus and Cyprinus carpio was exposed to sub lethal concentrations viz., 6.15 and 6.60 mg/l of vat blue 4 and vat green 1 respectively for a period of thirty days. The cumulative effect of these two dyes on the total carbohydrate, protein and lipid levels in the muscle of both the fishes were assayed on 7th, 18th and 30th day of exposure. The mean carbohydrate content of C. punctatus (both control and treated fish) collected on 18th and 30th day showed a significant difference (P < 0.01 to 0.04). In the case of control and treated C. carpio the data collected on 30th day showed significant variation (P < 0.04) in the carbohydrate content of the muscle. Student’s ‘t’ test analysis conducted on the protein content of C. punctatus during different occasions registered a significant decrease; in case of lipid content, except between the 1st and 30th day in all other cases the ‘t’ value is not significant. In case of C. carp protein and lipid content were observed to increase during the 7th day and thereafter a marked decrease was recorded on the 18th and 30th day of exposure. When the data was subjected to student’s ‘t’ test, both in protein and lipid, significant difference could not be recorded.

Twin-Screw Extrusion Processing Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs)-Based Yellow Perch (Perca Flavescens) Feeds, Ferouz Y. Ayadi, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Michael L. Brown

Natural Resource Management Faculty Publications

Increases in global aquaculture production, compounded with limited availabilities of fish meal for fish feed, has created the need for alternative protein sources. Twinscrew extrusion studies were performed to investigate the production of nutritionally balanced feeds for juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Five isocaloric (~3.06 kcal/g) ingredient blends, adjusted to a target protein content of 36.7% db, were formulated with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at an initial moisture content of 5–7%db, with appropriate amounts of fish meal, fish oil, whole wheat flour, corn gluten meal, and vitamin and mineral premixes. …

Determining The Composition Of The Dwelling Tubes Of Antarctic Pterobranchs, Lukasz J. Sewera

Honors Projects

Pterobranchs are a group of marine invertebrates within the Hemichordata, which share characteristics with both chordates and echinoderms. Pterobranchs live in colonies of secreted tubes, coenicia, which are composed of a gelatinous material of unknown composition. Visually, the tubes appear similar to the tunic of tunicates, a group of invertebrates within the Chordata. The nonproteinaceous tunic of tunicates is composed of cellulose, which is unusual. The goal of this study was to determine the composition of the pterobranch coenicium. Some aspects of pterobranch phylogeny are still unclear even after multiple molecular and morphological studies. Identification of any new shared characteristics …

Animal Performance And Diet Quality While Grazing Corn Residue, Jennifer A. Gigax

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Grazing cattle on corn residue as a winter feed source has become an integral part of many Nebraska producers’ management plans. Utilizing corn residues extends the grazing season and is often more economical than grazing winter range or dry lot situations. Corn residue is high in OM and NDF, moderate in digestibility, and low in CP. Cattle grazing corn residues may need to be supplemented with a protein source to meet requirements.

The development and application of DNA technology to create new corn hybrids has improved yields with fewer inputs, leading to a continued low cost food supply for consumers. …

Effects Of Corn Processing Method And Protein Concentration In Finishing Diets Containing Wet Corn Gluten Feed On Cattle Performance, C. N. Macken, G. E. Erickson, T. J. Klopfenstein, R. A. Stock

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Three hundred twenty crossbred steer calves (308 kg) were used to determine the effects of corn processing and addition of urea on performance with diets containing wet corn gluten feed (WCGF). The treatment design was a 5 × 2 factorial with factors of corn processing (dryrolled, DRC; fine-ground, FGC; rolled high-moisture, RHMC; ground high-moisture, GHMC; or steam-flaked corn, SFC) and CP concentration (14 or 15%) with 4 pens per treatment and 8 steers per pen. The final diet contained 60% corn, 25% WCGF, 10% corn silage, and 5% supplement (DM basis). No significant protein × grain processing interactions occurred for …

Optimal Wet Corn Gluten And Protein Levels In Steam-Flaked Corn-Based Finishing Diets For Steer Calves, H. C. Block, C. N. Macken, Terry Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, Rick Stock

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A feeding trial evaluated the hypothesis that wet corn gluten feed would improve growth performance of cattle fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets and supply required degradable intake protein (DIP). The trial used 360 steer calves (initial BW = 288 ± 11 kg) housed in 36 pens for 166 d in an incomplete 4 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pens of steers were assigned to treatments according to a completely randomized design (four replicates per treatment combination). Treatments were wet corn gluten feed (0, 20, 30, or 40% of dietary DM) and CP (13.0, 13.7, or 14.4% of dietary DM) …

Evaluation Of Performance And Costs Of Two Heifer Development Systems, Robin R. Salverson, Hubert H. Patterson, George A. Perry, Doug Young, Matt L. Gibson

South Dakota Beef Report, 2005

Early weaned (EW) heifers must be developed for a longer period of time usually resulting in increased development costs. Developing EW heifers on native range may reduce these costs. Dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) offers protein and energy that compliment native forages for developing heifers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and costs of two heifer development systems in northwest South Dakota. Sixty-five nulliparous crossbred beef heifers were randomly allotted to one of two systems: 1) heifers (n=33) weaned at 132 d of age (461 lb) and developed on range with a DDGS supplement (1.8 …

Building Beef Cow Nutritional Programs With The 1996 Nrc Beef Cattle Requirements Model, G. P. Lardy, Don C. Adams, Terry J. Klopfenstein, H. H. Patterson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Designing a sound cow-calf nutritional program requires knowledge of nutrient requirements, diet quality, and intake. Effectively using the NRC (1996) beef cattle requirements model (1996 NRC) also requires knowledge of dietary degradable intake protein (DIP) and microbial efficiency. Objectives of this paper are to 1) describe a framework in which 1996 NRC-applicable data can be generated, 2) describe seasonal changes in nutrients on native range, 3) use the 1996 NRC to predict nutrient balance for cattle grazing these forages, and 4) make recommendations for using the 1996 NRC for forage-fed cattle. Extrusa samples were collected over 2 yr on native …

Supplementation To Meet Metabolizable Protein Requirements Of Primiparous Beef Heifers: Ii. Pregnancy And Economics, H. H. Patterson, Don C. Adams, Terry J. Klopfenstein, R. T. Clark, B. Teichert

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Metabolizable protein (MP) requirements of spring calving heifers increase over the winter due to advancing gestation. The MP content of grazed winter forage is low, which may result in an MP deficiency. The objective was to compare the response of supplementing pregnant yearling heifers to meet MP requirements versus conventional CP supplementation. In 1997–98 and in 1998–99, pregnant, March-calving heifers (2,120 animals; 358 kg) at two locations of a commercial ranch in the Nebraska Sandhills, were used following breeding through calving as 2-yr-olds (cows). Heifers were randomly allotted to one of two supplementation treatments (about 265 heifers/treatment) each year at …

Supplementation To Meet Metabolizable Protein Requirements Of Primiparous Beef Heifers: I. Performance, Forage Intake, And Nutrient Balance, H. H. Patterson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Don C. Adams, Jacqueline Musgrave

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of supplementing primiparous heifers based on the metabolizable protein (MP) system during pregnancy and lactation. In Exp. 1, 12 pregnant, March-calving heifers (432 ± 10 kg) grazing Sandhills range were randomly allotted to one of two treatments: supplementation based on either the MP system (MPR) or the CP system (CPR). Supplements were fed to individual heifers from October to February and no hay was offered. Grazed forage organic matter intake (FOMI) was measured in November, January, and February. In Exp. 2, 18 heifers (424 ± 8 kg) were randomly allotted to one …

Evaluation Of Crude Protein Sources And Levels For High Growth Potential Yearling Steers Fed High Energy Diets, R. H. Pritchard

South Dakota Beef Report, 1995

Feedlot cattle are now capable of growth rates that greatly exceed our descriptions for established nutrient requirements. We must now redefined the impact of sources and levels of dietary CP on growth rate and efficiency. Pursuing this question, yearling steers (n = 360 x BW = 790 ± 10) were fed various levels and sources of supplement crude protein during a 120 day finishing period. Diets were formulated to contain 12 or 13% CP. Supplemental CP was provided in the forms of urea, soybean meal, bloodmeal, and feather meal. Actual dietary CP levels of 1 1.8% and 12.6% were lower …

Effect Of A Blood Meal/Corn Gluten Meal Supplement After Calving On Performance Of Cows Grazing Native Range, R. J. Pruitt, J. S. Heldt

South Dakota Beef Report, 1995

A spring grazing trial was conducted to determine the effect of a supplement with lower rumen degradability (sometimes referred to as escape protein or bypass protein) than soybean meal on cow and calf performance. Three supplement treatments based on corn, soybean meal and blood meallcorn gluten meal were fed to 70 Simmental-Angus crossbred cows grazing native range from early April to late May. There was no advantage to the escape protein as measured by cow weight change, reproductive performance or calf gain. Corn supplemented cows performed similar to soybean meal supplemented cows.

Level Of Available Forage And Supplemental Protein And Energy For Cows Grazing Winter Range, R. J. Pruitt, M. C. Namminga, R. H. Haigh, D. B. Young

South Dakota Beef Report, 1993

A winter grazing trial at the SDSU Range and Livestock Research Station near Cottonwood was conducted to determine if the response to feeding a high starch supplement is dependent on the amount of protein fed and the amount of forage available. During December and January 126 Simmental-Angus crossbred cows grazing two pastures with differing amounts of available forage were fed four supplemental treatments that provided the following amounts of crude protein (Ib) and metabolizable energy (Mcal) per cow daily: 1) .72 and 3.92, 2) .72 and 10.64, 3) 1.44 and 7.78, and 4) 1.44 and 10.91. Cows grazing the high …

Enhanced Attraction To Blood By Pigs With Inadequate Dietary Protein Supplementation, David Fraser, D. E. Bernon, R. O. Ball

Nutrition Collection

In two experiments, 60 individually penned growing pigs were exposed daily to two sections of cotton cord, one of which had been soaked with pigs' blood and subsequently dried, while the other was plain. The animals' preference for chewing-on the blood-impregnated cord was quantified by direct observation. When fed a standard "control" diet of corn, barley, and soybean meal with mineral and vitamin supplements, the pigs had a clear but modest preference for chewing the blood-impregnated cord. Omission of the protein supplement (soybean meal) from the diet for 4 wk led to a major increase in attraction to blood and …

Alternate Day Protein Supplementation Of Corn Stalk Based Diets With High And Low Ruminal Escape Protein Sources, R. M. Collins, R. H. Pritchard

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

Twenty-four crossbred wethers (88 ± .44 Ib) were utilized to determine optimal level of dietary CP when corn gluten meal (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM) based supplements were fed alternate days. Diets were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design with SBM and CGM fed at 8, 9 or 10% dietary CP. Supplements were top dressed on ground corn stalks at a rate of two times the daily required amount (19.78% DM basis). The collection term consisted of an 8-day total feces and urine collection. DM1 and DDMl were improved (P<.01) when CGM was fed and as dietary CP was increased by either supplement. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) decreased (P<.05) as dietary CP level increased. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) did not differ (P>.05) for protein source or dietary CP level. …

Grain Sources And Roughage Levels For Limited Feeding Backgrounding Programs, R. H. Pritchard, M. A. Robbins

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

The effects of grain source and roughage level in limited intake feeding programs were evaluated in 622-lb steer calves. Supplemented diets were based on high moisture ear corn (HMEC), whole shelled corn (WSC) + hay to provide similar NDF to the HMEC diet, HMEC diet containing 10% hay and the WSC + hay diet formulated to contain NDF similar to HMEC + hay. Steer calves were blocked by weight and fed to achieve 2.2 Ib ADG for a 52-day period. Steers fed HMEC had higher (P<.01) ADG and lower (P<.01) feed/gain than WSC fed steers. Low crude protein in the hay source caused lower (P<.01) crude protein in WSC diets. Lower crude protein intake could have limited steer growth. NE utilization appeared more efficient (P<.05) for heavy weight block steers, reflecting NRC equation low sensitivity to modest differences in frame size. Roughage level did not affect performance and did not interact with grain source.

Amino Acid And Energy Interrelationships In Pigs Weighing From 20 To 50 Kilograms: Rate And Efficiency Of Protein And Fat Deposition, L. I. Chiba, A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr.

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between amino acids and DE for pigs weighing 20 to 50 kg. In Exp. 1, there were three dietary lysine levels that were either adjusted (1.50, 2.35 and 3.20 g/Mcal DE) for five DE levels (3.00 to 4.00 Mcal/kg) or unadjusted (.45, .71 and .%% of the diet) for three DE levels (3.50 to 4.00 Mcal/kg). In Exp. 2, diets containing six 1ysine:DE ratios (1.90 to 3.90 g/Mcal) at two DE levels (3.25 and 3.75 Mcal/kg) were fed. Pigs were housed individuiiy, and could eat and drink ad libitum. When pigs weighed …

Hydrolyzed Feather Meal Supplementation For Lactating Range Cows, P.A. Momont, R.J. Pruitt, T. Weber

South Dakota Beef Report, 1990

A 2-year study involving 178 cow/calf pairs was conducted to evaluate hydrolyzed feather meal4 as a protein supplement for cows grazing native range during early lactation. Calving season occurred from mid-March until late April. Within a week after calving, cows were fed either a soybean meal or feather meal-corn supplement that provided approximately .83 1b crude protein per cow daily. Cow weight and condition score changes from calving until early May and percentage of cows cycling early in the breeding season (early June) were similar between supplement groups. Calf average daily gains from birth until May were not affected by …

The Nutritional Value Of Normal And High Lysine Corns For Weanling And Growing-Finishing Swine When Fed At Four Lysine Levels, G. L. Asche, A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr., J. D. Crenshaw

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

One-hundred-ninety-two weanling pigs from two separate trials, (initial weight 6.0 and 5.6 kg) and 400 growing-finishing pigs (initial weight 17 kg) were fed normal and high lysine corn diets containing four levels of lysine in a 2 • 4 factorial arrangement. Crossbred (Large White • Landrace x Duroc) pigs were used in all experiments. The objectives of the experiments were to (1) compare normal and high lysine corn when fed at different lysine levels, (2) determine the lysine requirements for the three stages of growth and (3) evaluate the effect of protein level on the lysine requirement. All diets were …

Too Much Of A Good Thing: Protein And A Dog's Diet, Dana H. Murphy

Pets Collection

Where the analysis done by Kronfeld on stress in dogs goes awry is in its implication that this conversion of protein reserves occurs during a mild or transient period of emotional turmoil. In point of fact, catabolism of proteins only begins after an extended duration of severe stress, as a consequence of an extreme condition like a long sled race or a bad infection. Therefore, a mildly stressed animal probably needs carbohydrates (and perhaps fats) far more than supplemental protein, since the former can be quickly and easily converted into bodily fuel. And in the case of the stress induced …

"Dried Fat" For Growing-Finishing Swine, K. E. Keaschall, B. D. Moser, E. R. Peo, Jr., A. J. Lewis, T. D. Crenshaw, Win Butler

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Three trials were conducted to determine the effect of "dried fat" (fats absorbed on carriers) in diets for growing-finishing swine. In trial I pigs receiving diets containing 5% added fat gained faster (.74 vs .71 kg/d), consumed less feed (1.87 vs 2.43 kg/d) and had a better feed efficiency (2.52 vs 2.88) than pigs fed diets without added fat (all P<.01). Pigs given the "dried fat" treatments gained faster (P<.01) and more efficiency (P<.01) than pigs fed the nonfat carrier counterpart. "Dried fats" containing whey plus fat and wheat bran plus fat produced similar performance to that observed with pigs fed a conventional tallow diet.

Ec75-219 Nebraska Swine Report, William Ahlschwede, T. E. Socha, Alfonso Torres-Medina, A. J. Lewis, P. J. Cunningham, Dwane R. Zimmerman, E. R. Peo Jr., Larry K. Mcmullen, Bobby D. Moser, D. L. Ferguson, Phillip H. Grabouski, Murray Danielson, Charles W. Francis, L. F. Elliott, J. A. Deshazer, Roger W. Mandigo, W. J. Goldner, R. D. Fritschen, Gary Zoubek

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This 1975 Nebraska Swine Report was prepared by the staff in Animal Science and cooperating departments for use in the Extension and Teaching programs at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Authors from the following areas contributed to this publication: Swine Nutrition, swine diseases, pathology, economics, engineering, swine breeding, meats, agronomy, and diagnostic laboratory. It covers the following areas: breeding, disease control, feeding, nutrition, economics, housing and meats.

Protein Supplements For Beef Calves On Winter Range, W. W. Rowden, J. E. Ingalls, K. E. Gregory, R. M. Koch

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Circulars

These trials were to compare the effect of different sources and levels of supplemental protein on the winter and subsequent summer gains of beef calves grazing native range at the Fort Robinson Beef Cattle Research Station, Crawford, Nebraska.