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Animal Sciences

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1997

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Articles 1 - 30 of 95

Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

Density, Distribution, And Habitat Of Flammulated Owls In Idaho, Craig Groves, Terry Frederick, Glenn Frederick, Eric Atkinson, Melonie Atkinson, Jay Shepherd, Gregg Servheen May 1997

Density, Distribution, And Habitat Of Flammulated Owls In Idaho, Craig Groves, Terry Frederick, Glenn Frederick, Eric Atkinson, Melonie Atkinson, Jay Shepherd, Gregg Servheen

Great Basin Naturalist

From 1990 to 1992 we surveyed for Flammulated Owls (Otus flammeolus) in 3 areas in Idaho: Salmon National Forest (SNF), Payette National Forest and adjacent Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (PNF-HCNRA), and Nez Perce National Forest (NPNF). We also collected and summarized information on all historic and modern records of Flammulated Owls in Idaho. Flammulated Owls were detected on 65% of 68 routes (2–16 km in length) surveyed at densities ranging from 0.04 to 1.25 singing males/40 ha. Owls were detected on survey routes as early as 10 May and as late as 23 July. Mean percent canopy …

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Diplostomiasis In Native And Introduced Fishes From Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, Victor H. Inchausty, Michael Foutz, Richard A. Heckmann, Claudete Ruas, Paulo Ruas May 1997

Diplostomiasis In Native And Introduced Fishes From Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, Victor H. Inchausty, Michael Foutz, Richard A. Heckmann, Claudete Ruas, Paulo Ruas

Great Basin Naturalist

Totals of 101 native Yellowstone cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri), 27 introduced lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and 40 introduced longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, USA, were examined for eye flukes. Metacercariae of the trematode fluke Diplostomum were in vitreous humor and/or lens of 94% of Yellowstone cutthroat trout, 92% of lake trout, and 78% of longnose sucker. Longnose sucker had 7% prevalence of infection in both lens and vitreous humor of metacercariae, while Yellowstone cutthroat trout had 3% and lake trout 8%. Diplostomum spathaceum was in lens tissue of 5% of infected …

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Natural Variability Of Vegetation, Soils, And Physiography In The Bristlecone Pine Forest Of The Rocky Mountains, Brigitte M. Ranne, William L. Baker, Tom Andrews, Michael G. Ryan Mar 1997

Natural Variability Of Vegetation, Soils, And Physiography In The Bristlecone Pine Forest Of The Rocky Mountains, Brigitte M. Ranne, William L. Baker, Tom Andrews, Michael G. Ryan

Great Basin Naturalist

Pinus aristata Engelm. forest vegetation in Colorado was studied to determine vegetation composition and the relationship between vegetation and environment. Species percent cover, tree size class, and environmental variables were recorded for 49 plots. Previously collected data for 4 plots from New Mexico were included. Environmental variables included latitude, longitude, elevation, slope, aspect, topographic position, parent material, percent rock cover, mean rock size, litter depth, estimated plot age class, and evidence of anthropogenic disturbance. Soils were analyzed for texture, depth, and percent carbon and nitrogen. Pinus aristata foliage was analyzed for percent nitrogen and phosphorus. Direct and indirect gradient analyses …

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Fish Community Of Indian Bayou, A Coastal Plain Stream Of Remarkable Species Richness In The Lower White River Drainage Of Arkansas, Thomas M. Buchanan Jan 1997

Fish Community Of Indian Bayou, A Coastal Plain Stream Of Remarkable Species Richness In The Lower White River Drainage Of Arkansas, Thomas M. Buchanan

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

It is increasingly important to identify unique aquatic ecosystems in the coastal plain lowlands of Arkansas, because of the extensive human-induced alteration of aquatic habitats and loss of fish diversity in that region. Indian Bayou, part of a small (103 km2 ), chute-fed drainage system off the lower White River in Monroe County, Arkansas, has a fish community that is unique among Delta streams in darter (Percidae) species richness. Twenty-five fish samples collected by seine and rotenone from the Indian Bayou drainage system over an 18-year period produced 62 fish species, including 13 darter species. The fish community at one …

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Distribution And Status Of The Ozark Shiner, Notropos Ozarcanus Meek, In Arkansas, Henry W. Robison Jan 1997

Distribution And Status Of The Ozark Shiner, Notropos Ozarcanus Meek, In Arkansas, Henry W. Robison

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

The Ozark shiner, Notropis ozarcanus, an endemic species of the Ozark Highlands, was studied from 1994-1995 to determine its present distribution and conservation status in Arkansas. One-hundred and four collections of fishes were made from throughout the historic range of the Ozark shiner. A total of 91 Ozark shiners was collected during the two-year study. The present state distribution is described as well as the conservation status of the Ozark shiner in Arkansas. The largest populations seem to be present in the protected Buffalo River.

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Effects Of Two (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquito Control Agents On Growth And Reproduction Of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus), Joann M. Hanowski, Gerald J. Niemi, Ann R. Lima, Ronald R. Regal Jan 1997

Effects Of Two (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquito Control Agents On Growth And Reproduction Of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus), Joann M. Hanowski, Gerald J. Niemi, Ann R. Lima, Ronald R. Regal

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

We compared red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) reproductive success and nestling growth in 1988 in 10 wetland site treated with methoprene and 10 sites treated with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) to 30 sites that had never received any mosquito (Diptera: culicidae) control treatment. No differences were detected between reference and treatment sites for clutch size, egg volume, growth rates, or fledge weight. The probability that an egg survived to the nestling stage was greater in methoprene-treated than reference sites. No other differences were detected among sites for reproductive success estimated using the Mayfield method. We conclude that treatment of the wetlands …

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Book Review Of Amer Ei-Ahraf & William V. Willis, Management Of Animal Waste - Environmental Health Problems And Technological Solutions, Penny Dean Jan 1997

Book Review Of Amer Ei-Ahraf & William V. Willis, Management Of Animal Waste - Environmental Health Problems And Technological Solutions, Penny Dean

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Review of Amer El-Ahraf & William V. Willis, Management of Animal Waste - Environmental Health Problems and Technological Solutions (Praeger Publishers 1996). About the authors, bibliography, index, introduction, tables. LC 95-654; ISBN 0-275-93529-9 [185 pp. Cloth $65.00. 88 Post Road West, Westport CT 06881.]

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Revised Status Of Rare And Endangered Unionaea (Mollusca: Margaritiferidae, Unionidae) In Arkansas, John L. Harris, Peter J. Rust, Alan D. Christian, William R. Posey Ii, Chris L. Davidson, George L. Harp Jan 1997

Revised Status Of Rare And Endangered Unionaea (Mollusca: Margaritiferidae, Unionidae) In Arkansas, John L. Harris, Peter J. Rust, Alan D. Christian, William R. Posey Ii, Chris L. Davidson, George L. Harp

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Harris and Gordon (1987) reviewed the distribution and status of 18 rare and /or endangered unionacean bivalve species (commonly referred to as clams, mussels, freshwater mussels, naiads) that occur or have occurred in Arkansas. They discussed four species that were federally listed as endangered, four species that were considered endangered or extirpated within Arkansas, four species considered threatened within Arkansas, four species of special concern within Arkansas, and two species for which the conservation status was considered uncertain due to questions regarding taxonomic validity. Numerous unionacean field surveys have been performed during 1986 1996, and a substantial database of new …

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Age, Growth And Condition Of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus Salmoides, Of Lake Ashbaugh, Arkansas, Ronald L. Johnson, Rosalyne M. Davis Jan 1997

Age, Growth And Condition Of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus Salmoides, Of Lake Ashbaugh, Arkansas, Ronald L. Johnson, Rosalyne M. Davis

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

The population size structure, length at age and condition of 140 largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, were studied for Lake Ashbaugh, Arkansas. Scales and otoliths were used for age and length at age determination of individual bass. Length at age was determined by back-calculation and relative weight was used to measure condition. The Lake Ashbaugh population is dominated by young, slow growing bass in poor condition. Ninety-one percent of the largemouth bass in Lake Ashbaugh were less than four years of age, with age 3+ bass serving as the dominant year class. Proportional and relative stock density values were 25 and …

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Swimming Behavior In The Fox Squirrel, Sciurus Niger (Rodentia: Sciuridae), From Northeastern Arkansas, Stanley E. Trauth, David H. Jamieson Jan 1997

Swimming Behavior In The Fox Squirrel, Sciurus Niger (Rodentia: Sciuridae), From Northeastern Arkansas, Stanley E. Trauth, David H. Jamieson

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

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Skeletochronological Study Of Adult Spiny Softshell Turtles (Apalone Spinifera) From Northeastern Arkansas, Stanley E. Trauth, Hilary J. Worley Jan 1997

Skeletochronological Study Of Adult Spiny Softshell Turtles (Apalone Spinifera) From Northeastern Arkansas, Stanley E. Trauth, Hilary J. Worley

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Skeletochronological techniques were used to examine age and growth in adult spiny softshell turtles {Apalone spiniferd) from northeastern Arkansas. The diaphyseal region offemurs of 24 specimens (8 mars mars; 16 venus venus) was excised, decalcified in weak hydrochloric acid, and histologically prepared for light microscopy. Skeletal growth was determined from histosectioned bones by measuring femur diameters as well as by counting lines of arrested growth (LAGs) that appear between distinct periosteal layers (marks of skeletal growth =MSGs) laid down during a single growing season. Although significant positive correlations were found between carapace length (CL) and femur diameter in both males …

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Survey Of Mollusca (Bivalva: Unionacea) Inhabiting Myatt Creek, Fulton County, Arkansas, Chris L. Davidson, George L. Harp, John L. Harris Jan 1997

Survey Of Mollusca (Bivalva: Unionacea) Inhabiting Myatt Creek, Fulton County, Arkansas, Chris L. Davidson, George L. Harp, John L. Harris

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

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First Records For The Blackmask Racer (Coluber Constrictor Latrunculus) In Eastern Arkansas, Stanley E. Trauth Jan 1997

First Records For The Blackmask Racer (Coluber Constrictor Latrunculus) In Eastern Arkansas, Stanley E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

The presence of the blackmask racer (Coluber constrictor latrunculus) in eastern Arkansas was first demonstrated by examination of a series of color slides of live specimens now preserved and deposited in the Arkansas State University Museum of herpetology. Adult color pattern is of paramount importance in the definition of subspecies of C. constrictor, and this is especially true for C. c. latrunculus. This subspecies is characterized by a conspicuous black stripe that extends from the postnasal, through the eye and onto the temporals or anterior dorsal scales. The dorsum is slate gray, and the venter is a pale grayish blue. …

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Explaining Differences In Efficiency Among Dairy Operations (1997), P. T. Berends, Michael R. Langemeier, Allen M. Featherstone Jan 1997

Explaining Differences In Efficiency Among Dairy Operations (1997), P. T. Berends, Michael R. Langemeier, Allen M. Featherstone

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

To remain competitive, dairy operatoins need to continue to improve production efficiency and manage costs. Kansas Farm Management Association data from 1991 to 1995 were used to measure technical, economic, and overall efficiencies for 50 dairy operations in Kansas. On average, the farms showed .87 technical, .71 economic, and .67 overall efficiency. The latter was related negatively to labor, capital, feed, and fuel and utility expenses per cow. Veterinarian expenses were related positively to overall efficiency. Overall efficiency was the most sensitive to changes in feed expenses per cow, emphasizing the importance of controlling this cost. Results also indicated that …

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Breeding For Improved Feed Conversion Efficiency, Alan Lymbery Jan 1997

Breeding For Improved Feed Conversion Efficiency, Alan Lymbery

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Alan Lymbery reports on a trial that has started at Vasse Research Atation to investigate the impact of genetic improvement on feed conversion efficiency on costs of production.

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The Effects Of Supplementation Frequency And Amount Of Urea In Dry Supplements On Intake And Digestibility Of Low-Quality Tallgrass-Prairie Forage By Beef Steers, B.C. Woods, R.C. Cochran, C.P. Mathis, J.S. Heldt, Gerald L. Stokka, K. C. Olson, Evan C. Titgemeyer Jan 1997

The Effects Of Supplementation Frequency And Amount Of Urea In Dry Supplements On Intake And Digestibility Of Low-Quality Tallgrass-Prairie Forage By Beef Steers, B.C. Woods, R.C. Cochran, C.P. Mathis, J.S. Heldt, Gerald L. Stokka, K. C. Olson, Evan C. Titgemeyer

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Sixteen ruminally fistulated steers were used to evaluate the effects of altering supplementation frequency and including urea in dry supplements on forage intake and digestion. Intake of low-quality tallgrass-prairie hay was not affected by supplementation frequency or by the inclusion of urea. Supplementing cattle less frequently resulted in a decrease in diet digestion. However, we observed a slight trend for reduced supplementation frequency to exert a greater impact when cattle were fed supplements that contained urea.

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Effects Of L-Carnitine On Performance Of Gestating And Lactating Sows (1997), R E. Musser, K Q. Owen, S A. Blum, C A. Civis, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz Jan 1997

Effects Of L-Carnitine On Performance Of Gestating And Lactating Sows (1997), R E. Musser, K Q. Owen, S A. Blum, C A. Civis, Robert D. Goodband, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 307 sows was used to determine the effects of adding 50 ppm of L-carnitine in gestation and lactation diets on sow and litter performance. Addition of 50 ppm L-carnitine in gestation increased both total litter (34.1 vs 32.1 lb) and pig (3.48 vs 3.27 lb) birth weight. Litter weaning weights increased (99.03 vs 90.71 lb) when sows were fed added L-carnitine during gestation. Sows fed added L-carnitine in gestation had increased IGF-I concentrations on d 60 and 90 (71.3 vs 38.0, and 33.0 vs 25.0 ng/ml, respectively). These results suggest that feeding 50 ppm of added L-carnitine …

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Woolpro : The Way To Better Pastures And Sheep, Julia Fry Jan 1997

Woolpro : The Way To Better Pastures And Sheep, Julia Fry

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

WOOLPRO farmers recognise that sustainable increases in productivity are essentail to maintain and improve income of wool growers.

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Teasing Apart The Threads Of Staple Strength, Andrew Peterson Jan 1997

Teasing Apart The Threads Of Staple Strength, Andrew Peterson

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

A successful partnership between two local inventors and Agriculture WA's Wool Program has created a new instrument which, just like the growth rings of trees, can show seasonal changes in the fibre diameter of wool. This will have considerable value to the wool industry as Andrew Peterson explains.

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Effects Of Dietary Energy Density And Lysine:Calorie Ratio On The Growth Performance Of Growing Pigs And Subsequent Finishing Performance (1997), J W. Smith Ii, P R. O'Quinn, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen Jan 1997

Effects Of Dietary Energy Density And Lysine:Calorie Ratio On The Growth Performance Of Growing Pigs And Subsequent Finishing Performance (1997), J W. Smith Ii, P R. O'Quinn, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred twenty crossbred gilts were used in a growth trial to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary energy density and lysine:calorie ratio on growing pig growth performance and subsequent finishing performance. Feeding 3% choice white grease and 3.45 g lysine:Mcal ME maximized growth performance of growing gilts. Choice white grease additions and increasing lysine:calorie ratio during growing (65 to 160 lb) did not affect carcass back fat or loin depth at 235 lb.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 1997

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Liquid Smoke Effects On Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Beef Trimmings And Ground Beef Patties, R. Estrada-Munoz, Elizabeth A.E. Boyle, James L. Marsden Jan 1997

Liquid Smoke Effects On Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Beef Trimmings And Ground Beef Patties, R. Estrada-Munoz, Elizabeth A.E. Boyle, James L. Marsden

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Liquid smoke (LS) reduce d Escherichia coli O157:H7 counts in inoculated beef trimmings and ground beef patties. The counts were reduced (P<.05) by .5 log 10 cfu/g immediately after beef trimmings were treated with 8% LS and by 1.2, 2.0, 1.6, and 2.3 log 10 cfu/g after the trimmings were formed into patties and tested or stored under refrigeration for 1, 2, and 3 days, respectively (2 log10 reduction represents 99%) Thus, LS could make beef-containing products safer with respect to foodborne pathogens.

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The Effect Of Vitamin E, Selenium, And Copper Supplementation Preweaning On The Performance And Immune Response Of Beef Calves, C.L. Wright, L.R. Corah, Gerald L. Stokka, Frank Blecha, G. Lynch Jan 1997

The Effect Of Vitamin E, Selenium, And Copper Supplementation Preweaning On The Performance And Immune Response Of Beef Calves, C.L. Wright, L.R. Corah, Gerald L. Stokka, Frank Blecha, G. Lynch

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of vitamin E, selenium, and copper supplementation on the pre- and postweaning performance, immune responses, and serum metabolites o f crossbred beef calves. In experiment 1, 71 calves were blocked by weight and allotted to one of four individually fed treatments: 1) control supplement (2 lb grain creep ) (CS), 2) CS + .27 mg selenium + 500 IU vitamin E, 3) CS + 9.1 mg copper, and 4) combination of treatments 2 and 3. In experiment 2, 80 crossbred beef calves were blocked by weight and allotted to 5 individually fed …

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Finfish Aquaculture In Western Australia, David Berry Jan 1997

Finfish Aquaculture In Western Australia, David Berry

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

David Berry surveys fish farming from Broome to Williams, on off shore reefs and in farm dams, for barramundi, silver perch and black bream, trout and tuna.

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Better Flock Benchmarking From Wether Trials, David Windsor, Bronwyn Clarke Jan 1997

Better Flock Benchmarking From Wether Trials, David Windsor, Bronwyn Clarke

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Genetic links between wether trials put in place by Agriculture Western Australia's Wool Program are helping farmers benchmark the productivity of their flocks on a statewide basis. David Windsor and Bronwyn Cklarke report on the progress to date.

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A Novel Estrus-Synchronization Program For Anestrous And Cycling, Suckled, Beef Cows, W.L. Forbes, L.R. Corah, K. E. Thompson, G.C. Lamb, David M. Grieger, Jeffrey S. Stevenson Jan 1997

A Novel Estrus-Synchronization Program For Anestrous And Cycling, Suckled, Beef Cows, W.L. Forbes, L.R. Corah, K. E. Thompson, G.C. Lamb, David M. Grieger, Jeffrey S. Stevenson

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

We used four herds at three Kansas ranches to evaluate the potential of two new estrus synchronization strategies to increase estrus expression and fertility of 911 crossbred suckled beef cows. The treatments included: 1) 100 μg of GnRH and a 6-mg norgestomet ear implant on day -7 and 25 mg of PG F2" and implant removal on day 0 (GnRH+NORG+PG F2"); 2) 100 μg of GnRH on day - 7 and 25 mg of PGF 2" on day 0 (GnRH+PG F2"); and 3 ) (control) 25- mg injections of PG F2" on days -14 and 0; (2xPGF2" control) . The …

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Pyridoxine, But Not Thiamin, Improves Growth Performance Of Weanling Pigs (1997), J C. Woodworth, R E. Musser, J A. Loughmiller, S A. Moser, G S. Grinstead, P R. O'Quinn, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Michael D. Tokach Jan 1997

Pyridoxine, But Not Thiamin, Improves Growth Performance Of Weanling Pigs (1997), J C. Woodworth, R E. Musser, J A. Loughmiller, S A. Moser, G S. Grinstead, P R. O'Quinn, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Michael D. Tokach

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two trials were conducted to determine whether pyridoxine or thiamine needs to be added to the diet for weanling pigs. In the first trial, weanling pigs were fed either a control diet or diets containing added thiamin (2.5 or 5.0 g/ton) or pyridoxine (3.5 or 7.0 g/ton). From d 0 to 14 after weaning, pigs fed added pyridoxine had increased ADG and ADFI, with pigs fed 3.5 g/ton of added pyridoxine having the greatest response. Growth performance was not improved by added thiamin. In a second trial, weanling pigs were fed a control diet or diets containing 1, 2, 3, …

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Effects Of Increased Feed Intake Or Additional Corn From Day 30 To 50 Of Gestation On Performance Of Sows And Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Offspring (1997), R E. Musser, J S. Bauman, M Heintz, Robert D. Goodband, Duane L. Davis, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz Jan 1997

Effects Of Increased Feed Intake Or Additional Corn From Day 30 To 50 Of Gestation On Performance Of Sows And Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Offspring (1997), R E. Musser, J S. Bauman, M Heintz, Robert D. Goodband, Duane L. Davis, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen, Steven S. Dritz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 321 PIC sows was used to determine the effects of either increased feed (8 Ib/d of complete feed) or added corn (4 Ib/d of complete feed plus 4 Ib/d of ground corn) from d 30 to 50 of gestation on sow and offspring performance. Sows fed increased feed intake from d 30 to 50 of gestation had fewer pigs born live than control sows; however this decrease was not observed for sows fed ground corn. Increased complete diet feed intake from d 30 to 50 of gestation resulted in heavier offspring at slaughter, with offspring from sows …

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Blup For Merino Breeding, David Windsor, Johan Greeff Jan 1997

Blup For Merino Breeding, David Windsor, Johan Greeff

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) experiences of farmers into their genetic breeding programs.

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Wool 2000, Tunbridge Steve Jan 1997

Wool 2000, Tunbridge Steve

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

The Wool 2000 Market Awareness Workshops have been a highly successful venture by Agriculture Western Australia and the International Wool Secretariat. In the past two years over 35 workshops have been held in about as many locations in the southern half of Western Australia, from Gascoyne Junction to Esperance.

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The Effects Of Rbst (Posilac®) On Heat Stressed, Lactating, Dairy Cows (1997), John F. Smith, John E. Shirley, Evan C. Titgemeyer Jan 1997

The Effects Of Rbst (Posilac®) On Heat Stressed, Lactating, Dairy Cows (1997), John F. Smith, John E. Shirley, Evan C. Titgemeyer

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two hundred cows located on a commercial dairy in Mesquite, NM were used to evaluate response to rbST (POSILAC®) during heat stress in the summer of 1996. Cows were paired by days in milk (average = 153 d at initiation of experiment), parity, and milk yield (average = 92 lb at start of experiment). Prior to initiation of the experiment, all cows received rbST, then rbST treatment was discontinued for one cow from each pair. Milk production was monitored for 4 months. No interactions were detected between lactation number and treatment. Cows maintained on rbST gained .09 of a score …

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