Life Sciences Commons^™

Stress: What Is It And How Can It Be Quantified?, T. H. Friend

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

An animal may be considered to be in a state of stress if abnormal behavior or extreme adjustments in its behavior or physiology are necessary in order to cope with adverse aspects of its environment. Methods used to determine if an animal is stressed can be either behavioral or physiological. Behavioral methods may be highly erroneous due to their subjective nature since alterations in behavior do not necessarily prove that an animal is stressed. There is no single measure of stress that can be used in all situations at this time. Every measure must be critically evaluated to ensure that …

Ethology And Laboratory Animal Welfare, James A. Cohen

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

No abstract provided.

Problems With Kosher Slaughter, Temple Grandin

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Ritual slaughter to produce kosher meat is rooted in the teachings and writings of the Talmud. However, the preslaughter handling features of modern systems, particularly the shackling and hoisting of large steers, contravene the basic message of humaneness included in the teachings. The throat-cutting of a live, conscious animal is relatively pain-free, provided that certain precautions are followed, but U.S. kosher plants need to install newly developed conveyor-restrainer systems to eliminate the abuses of shackling and hoisting. Conveyor-restrainer systems for large and small animals are discussed.

Transpiration And Co2 Fixation Of Selected Desert Shrubs As Related To Soil-Water Potential, S. B. Clark, J. Letey Jr., O. R. Lunt, A. Wallace, G. E. Kleinkopf, E. M. Romney

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

In desert plants, transpiration rates decreased before photosynthetic rates when plants were entering a period of water stress. This may have adaptive consequences. A difference of -5 bars in the soil-moisture potential had considerable importance in reducing the rate of transpiration. In Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower) the photosynthetic rate decreased before the transpiration rate in contrast to Great Basin-Mojave Desert plants, and the changes occurred with a -1 bar difference in soil-moisture potential. Morphological changes in three desert plant species [Artemisia tridentata Nutt., Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne, Larrea tridentata (Ses. Moc. ex DC) Cov.] as the soil-moisture potential decreased …

Parent Material Which Produces Saline Outcrops As A Factor In Differential Distribution Of Perennial Plants In The Northern Mojave Desert, A. Wallace, E. M. Romney, R. A. Wood, A. A. El-Ghonemy, S. A. Bamberg

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

An area of 0.46 km² divided into six zones in the northern Mojave Desert transitional with the Great Basin Desert has been studied. Diversity is high among the perennial plant species within the 0.46 km² area. Common species for the two deserts that are present in the area studied are Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frem.) S.Wats., Ceratoides lanata (Pursh) J. T. Howell, Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq., Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. Some other species present include Lycium andersonii A. Gray, Lycium pallidum Miers, Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) Payne., Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC) Cov., Acamptopappus shockleyi A. …

Mineral Compostition Of Atriplex Hymenelytra Growing In The Northern Mojave Desert, A. Wallace, E. M. Romney, R. B. Hunter, J. E. Kinnear, G. V. Alexander

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Fifty samples of Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) S. Wats, were collected from several different locations in southern Nevada and California to test variability in mineral composition. Only Na, V, P. Ca, Mg, Mn, and Sr in the samples appeared to represent a uniform population resulting in normal curves for frequency distribution. Even so, about 40 percent of the variance for these elements was due to location. All elements differed enough with location so that no element really represented a uniform population. The coefficient of variation for most elements was over 40 percent and one was over 100 percent. The proportion of …

End Matter, Vol. 4, Index

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

No abstract provided.

Full Issue, Vol. 4

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

No abstract provided.

End Matter, Vol. 4

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

No abstract provided.

Front Matter, Vol. 4

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

No abstract provided.

The Psychological Relations Hip Between Dairy Cows And Dairy Cowmen And Its Implications For Animal Welfare, Martin F. Seabrook

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

No abstract provided.

The Effect Of Stress On Livestock And Meat Quality Prior To And During Slaughter, Temple Grandin

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The effects of stress on cattle, pigs and sheep prior to slaughter are reviewed. Long-term preslaughter stress, such as fighting, cold weather, fasting and transit, which occurs 12 to 48 hours prior to slaughter depletes muscle glycogen, resulting in meat which has a higher pH, darker color, and is drier. Short-term acute stress, such as excitement or fighting immediately prior to slaughter, produced lactic acid from the breakdown of glycogen. This results in meat which has a lower pH, lighter color, reduced water binding capacity, and is possibly tougher. Psychological stressors, such as excitement and fighting, will often have a …

Roadside Zoos Are Not Zoos

Close Up Reports

HSUS launches campaign against more than 1,000 menageries of misery

Sheep Mulesing And Animal Lib, Nancy Heneson

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The practice of mulesing sheep to prevent blowfly strike has recently come under fire from the Animal Liberation movement in Australia. Although it is only one of the many issues which Animal Lib has raised in its campaign to reform various sectors of the livestock industry, it is particularly illustrative of the kinds of conflicts in world view which arise when animal rights activists turn the spotlight on the farming establishment. Spokesmen for the livestock industries are quick to stress the emotional and sometimes sensational portrayal by Animal Libbers of time-honored animal management practices, as well as the sinister role …

Meetings And Announcements

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

1. Meeting Report - Animals in Research
2. Announcement - Abstract exchange
3. New APHIS administrator
4. Newsletter on the Human-Companion Animal Bond
5. Veterinarians for Animal Protection
6. New editor for Equine Study Group
7. Bibliography of Animal Ethology

Drugs & Horse Racing

Close Up Reports

HSUS working to end use of drugs at tracks--new bill introduced in House & Senate

Bruises And Carcass Damage, Temple Grandin

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Bruising and carcass damage is a major source of financial loss to slaughterhouses in the United States, approximately $46 million per annum. The absence of easily administered tests to determine where and/or when bruising occurs results in the slaughter plant absorbing carcass damage costs. Rough, abusive handling of livestock accounts for over half of all bruising. Injuries occur through overuse of persuaders, careless transport methods, and faulty equipment. Other elements relevant to carcass loss include branding cattle, abscesses, spreader and crippling injuries, sickness and death during extreme weather conditions, and carcass shrink. The 1979 regulations under the Humane Methods of …

Future Of Virginia Fisheries Explored, Susan C. Watkins

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

Observations On The Incidence Of Chiggers, Eutrombicula Alfreddugesi (Oudemans) On Crotaphytus (Sauria: Iguanidae) In Izard County, Arkansas, Chris T. Mcallister

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Ultrastructural Features Of Spicules Of Five Species Of Minnesota Sponges, Louise A. Rollins, Lynn C. Hyland

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Observations Of Diatom Populations In The Snake River, Minnesota, Donald G. Kaddatz, Keith M. Knutson

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Winter Sampling Of Benthic Stream Fishes In Minnesota With A One-Man Net, James E. Erickson

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Newly designed one-man nets were used extensively between 1973 and 1977 to collect fishes in a variety of stream habitats in southeastern Minnesota. They proved to be especially effective In winter sampling of benthic stream fishes such as Etheostome zonale, Etheostome ceeruleum, Percina phoxocephala, Percina shumardi, Percina caprodes, Rhinichthyes cataractae, and Noturus flavus. Effectiveness and potential importance of these one-man nets as winter sampling devices was demonstrated during three consecutive winters of use In the Cannon River at Welch, Goodhue County, Minnesota.

Nesting Ecology Of The Red-Winged Blackbird In North Central Minnesota, Daniel W. Moulton

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Reproductive success of a Red-winged Blackbird population nesting in marsh-like habitat In north central Minnesota was estimated. Territorial defense by males began in late April, and nest initiation occurred from mid-May through about mid-July. Nest-starts appeared to be divided into two categories: initial attempts which occurred in late May with a high degree of synchrony, and renesting attempts which occurred from about June 4-July 8, The nesting season lasted only about two months. A minimum of 20 percent of marked females renested on the study area, and others may have renested elsewhere. Three of the six females that renested switched …

Age Study Of Minnesota Red Fox Using Cementum Annulae Counts And Tooth X-Rays, Dennis E. Simon, Merrill J. Frydendall

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

A prerequisite to the proper management of an animal species is understanding of its population dynamics. Attempting this, the age structure of 297 red fox trapped or shot in southern Minnesota was investigated, using the techniques of tooth sectioning and x-ray. Results from two seasons (1977 and 1978) were similar, with 76.8 percent of the harvested population being juveniles (78.4 percent, 1977 and 74.6 percent, 1978), whereas only 0 .6 percent of the total were in the 4½ year old class. The percentage of juveniles corresponds closely to the numbers predicted by a Department of Natural Resources model developed by …

Food Of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) In Degray Reservoir, Arkansas, 1976, Horace E. Bryant, Thomas E. Moen

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Stomach contents were examined from 748 largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (<125 mm total length), collected from DeGray Reservoir during April-November 1976. Fish constituted 59% by weight of the total diet and occurred in 81% of the stomachs; crayfish made up nearly 38% of the weight and occurred in 24% of the stomachs. Sunfish, the principal fish food (about 28% by weight), were observed in 36% of the stomachs. Shad were the second most important prey (23% by weight and 29% frequency in occurrence). Crayfish constituted about 42% of the total weight of the food of bass 200 mm long or longer, but only 12% in bass less than 200 mm. Crayfish consumption was greatest during the fall.

Potential Of Utilizing Scrap Processed Cheese As A Major Ration Component For Channel Catfish, Calvin J. Haskins, Scott H. Newton

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Three cages (0.9 m³) were stocked with 200 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, fingerlings (73.7 g avg.) in a 1.5 hectare pond. Two cheese rations were formulated and fed to the catfish; the first consisting of cheese, oil, and vitamin C (C + VC)and the second consisting of cheese, cottonseed meal, oil, trace minerals, and vitamins (CC + VM). A commercial trout ration (TC) was fed as a control. High mortalities occurred in the C + VC diet, thus resulting in premature removal of that cage from the study (after 86 days). A sample of 50 fish from the two …

Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes Montanus), A New State Record, Norman Lavers

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Glycoprotein Proteinase In Agkistrodon Bilineatus Venom, John D. Ruff, Bob D. Johnson, Dewey H. Sifford

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Food Of Bluegill And Longear Sunfish In Degray Reservoir, Arkansas, 1976, Horace E. Bryant, Thomas E. Moen

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Stomach contents were examined from 544 bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and 709 longear sunfish (L. megalotis) collected from nearshore areas of DeGray Reservoir April-November 1976. Major foods of bluegill (percentage of total weight of food in parentheses) were insects (33), bryozoa (7.3), planktonic crustaceans (6.5), and plant materials (15.4). The major food items contributing to the diet of longear sunfish were insects (52.6%), crayfish (12.5%), fish (7.4%), and plant material (6.7%). Although bluegill and longear sunfish are closely related species, their diets were not as similar as expected: bluegill consumed zooplankton, adult dipterans, and adult ephemeropterans associated with limnetic areas; while …

Evaluation Of A Full-Fat Soybean Ration For Channel Catfish Production In Cages, Scott H. Newton, Walter R. Robison, Calvin J. Haskins

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

An experimental ration consisting of 50% full-fat soybeans, heated 170°C, was compared to a commercial trout chow in a 120-day feeding trial using two stocks of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque. Catfish were reared in 0.9 m³ floating cages, with 200 fish per cage, anchored in a 1.5 hectare farm pond. A Central Arkansas stock significantly outperformed a Southeast Arkansas stock for comparisons of net production and food conversion efficiency (FCE), with 92% greater production and 41% better FCE, respectively. Survival was 90% or greater for all fish. There was no significant difference in dress-out weight between the stocks. However, …