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Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Impact Of Environment And Ontogeny On Relative Fecundity And Egg Quality Of Female Oysters (Crassostrea Virginica) From Four Sites In Northern Chesapeake Bay, Hl Glandon, Ak Michaelis, Et Al, Kimberly S. Reece, Et Al
Impact Of Environment And Ontogeny On Relative Fecundity And Egg Quality Of Female Oysters (Crassostrea Virginica) From Four Sites In Northern Chesapeake Bay, Hl Glandon, Ak Michaelis, Et Al, Kimberly S. Reece, Et Al
VIMS Articles
Resource allocation to reproduction is a primary physiological concern for individuals, and can vary with age, environment, or a combination of both factors. In this study we quantified the impact of environment and individual age on the reproductive output of female oysters Crassostrea virginica. We determined the relative fecundity, egg total lipid content, and overall and omega- 3/omega-6 fatty acid signatures (FAS) of eggs spawned by female oysters over a 2-year period (n = 32 and n = 64). Variation was quantified spatially and ontogenetically by sampling young and old oyster populations from two rivers in Chesapeake Bay, totaling four …
Ahr-Related Activities In A Creosote-Adapted Population Of Adult Atlantic Killifish, Fundulus Heteroclitus, Two Decades Post-Epa Superfund Status At The Atlantic Wood Site, Portsmouth, Va Usa, Jv Wojdylo, Wolfgang K. Vogelbein, Lj Bain, Cd Rice
Ahr-Related Activities In A Creosote-Adapted Population Of Adult Atlantic Killifish, Fundulus Heteroclitus, Two Decades Post-Epa Superfund Status At The Atlantic Wood Site, Portsmouth, Va Usa, Jv Wojdylo, Wolfgang K. Vogelbein, Lj Bain, Cd Rice
VIMS Articles
Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, are adapted to creosote-based PAHs at the US EPA Superfund site known as Atlantic Wood (AW) on the southern branch of the Elizabeth River, VA USA. Subsequent to the discovery of the AW population in the early 1990s, these fish were shown to be recalcitrant to CYP1A induction by PAHs under experimental conditions, and even to the time of this study, killifish embryos collected from the AW site are resistant to developmental deformities typically associated with exposure to PAHs in reference fish. Historically, however, 90 +% of the adult killifish at this site have proliferative hepatic …
Improving Marine Disease Surveillance Through Sea Temperature Monitoring, Outlooks And Projections, J Maynard, R Van Hooidonk, Cd Harvell, Cm Eakin, G Liu, Jeffrey D. Shields, Et Al.
Improving Marine Disease Surveillance Through Sea Temperature Monitoring, Outlooks And Projections, J Maynard, R Van Hooidonk, Cd Harvell, Cm Eakin, G Liu, Jeffrey D. Shields, Et Al.
VIMS Articles
To forecast marine disease outbreaks as oceans warm requires new environmental surveillance tools. We describe an iterative process for developing these tools that combines research, development and deployment for suitable systems. The first step is to identify candidate host-pathogen systems. The 24 candidate systems we identified include sponges, corals, oysters, crustaceans, sea stars, fishes and sea grasses (among others). To illustrate the other steps, we present a case study of epizootic shell disease (ESD) in the American lobster. Increasing prevalence of ESD is a contributing factor to lobster fishery collapse in southern New England (SNE), raising concerns that disease prevalence …
Characterization Of Infectious Dose And Lethal Dose Of Two Strains Of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (Ihnv), Dg Mckenney, G Kurath, Ar Wargo
Characterization Of Infectious Dose And Lethal Dose Of Two Strains Of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (Ihnv), Dg Mckenney, G Kurath, Ar Wargo
VIMS Articles
The ability to infect a host is a key trait of a virus, and differences in infectivity could put one virus at an evolutionary advantage over another. In this study we have quantified the infectivity of two strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) that are known to differ in fitness and virulence. By exposing juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hosts to a wide range of virus doses, we were able to calculate the infectious dose in terms of ID50 values for the two genotypes. Lethal dose experiments were also conducted to confirm the virulence difference between the two virus …
Plant Characteristics Associated With Widespread Variation In Eelgrass Wasting Disease, Ml Groner, Ca Burge, Cjs Kim, E Rees, Kl Van Alstyne
Plant Characteristics Associated With Widespread Variation In Eelgrass Wasting Disease, Ml Groner, Ca Burge, Cjs Kim, E Rees, Kl Van Alstyne
VIMS Articles
Seagrasses are ecosystem engineers of essential marine habitat. Their populations are rapidly declining worldwide. One potential cause of seagrass population declines is wasting disease, which is caused by opportunistic pathogens in the genus Labyrinthula. While infection with these pathogens is common in seagrasses, theory suggests that disease only occurs when environmental stressors cause immunosuppression of the host. Recent evidence suggests that host factors may also contribute to disease caused by opportunistic pathogens. In order to quantify patterns of disease, identify risk factors, and investigate responses to infection, we surveyed shoot density, shoot length, epiphyte load, production of plant defenses (phenols), …
Effects Of Embryonic Exposure To Salinity Stress Or Hypoxia On Post-Metamorphic Growth And Survival Of The Polychaete Capitella Teleta, Ja Pechenik, Or Chaparro, A Pilnick, M Karp, M Acquafredda, R Burns
Effects Of Embryonic Exposure To Salinity Stress Or Hypoxia On Post-Metamorphic Growth And Survival Of The Polychaete Capitella Teleta, Ja Pechenik, Or Chaparro, A Pilnick, M Karp, M Acquafredda, R Burns
VIMS Articles
Although a good number of studies have investigated the impact of larval experience on aspects of post-metamorphic performance, only a few have considered the potential impact of stresses experienced by brooded embryos. In this study we separately investigated the impact of salinity stress (as low as 10) and hypoxia (1 ml O2 1 sub-1) experienced by brooded embryos of the deposit-feeding polychaete Capitella teleta on hatching success, metamorphosis, post-metamorphic survival, and post-metamorphic growth. Salinity reduction from 30 to 10 or 15 reduced relative hatching success, presumably by reducing embryonic survival, but generally had no negative latent effects on juvenile survival …
Managing Aquatic Parasites For Reduced Drug Resistance: Lessons From The Land, Gf Mcewan, Ml Groner, Dl Burnett, Md Fast, Cw Revie
Managing Aquatic Parasites For Reduced Drug Resistance: Lessons From The Land, Gf Mcewan, Ml Groner, Dl Burnett, Md Fast, Cw Revie
VIMS Articles
Atlantic salmon farming is one of the largest aquaculture industries in the world. A major problem in salmon farms is the sea louse ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis, which can cause stress, secondary infection and sometimes mortality in the salmon host. Sea lice have substantial impacts on farm economics and potentially nearby wild salmonid populations. The most common method of controlling sea louse infestations is application of chemicals. However, most farming regions worldwide have observed resistance to the small set of treatment chemicals that are available. Despite this, there has been little investigation of treatment strategies for managing resistance in aquaculture. In …
First Report Of Perkinsus Honshuensis In The Variegated Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes Variegatus In Korea, Hs Kang, Hs Yang, Kimberly S. Reece, Hk Hong, Ki Park, Ks Choi
First Report Of Perkinsus Honshuensis In The Variegated Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes Variegatus In Korea, Hs Kang, Hs Yang, Kimberly S. Reece, Hk Hong, Ki Park, Ks Choi
VIMS Articles
The recent discovery of Perkinsus honshuensis, a new Perkinsus species infecting Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum (Sowerby, 1852), in Japan, suggested that, based on proximity, P. honshuensis could also be in Korean waters, where to date, P. olseni was believed to be the only Perkinsus species present. Perkinsus sp. infections consistently occurred among Ruditapes variegatus clams on a pebble beach on Jeju Island, off the south coast of Korea. The typical 'signet ring' morphology of the parasite was observed in the connective tissue of the digestive gland, and infection intensity was comparatively low (3.3 x 10(3) +/- 1.2 x 10(4) to …
Managing Marine Mollusc Diseases In The Context Of Regional And International Commerce: Policy Issues And Emerging Concerns, Ryan Carnegie, I Arzul, D Bushek
Managing Marine Mollusc Diseases In The Context Of Regional And International Commerce: Policy Issues And Emerging Concerns, Ryan Carnegie, I Arzul, D Bushek
VIMS Articles
Marine mollusc production contributes to food and economic security worldwide and provides valuable ecological services, yet diseases threaten these industries and wild populations. Although the infrastructure for mollusc aquaculture health management is well characterized, its foundations are not without flaws. Use of notifiable pathogen lists can leave blind spots with regard to detection of unlisted and emerging pathogens. Increased reliance on molecular tools has come without similar attention to diagnostic validation, raising questions about assay performance, and has been accompanied by a reduced emphasis on microscopic diagnostic expertise that could weaken pathogen detection capabilities. Persistent questions concerning pathogen biology and …
Managing Marine Disease Emergencies In An Era Of Rapid Change, Ml Groner, J Maynard, R Breyta, Rb Carnegie, Et Al, Jeffrey D. Shields
Managing Marine Disease Emergencies In An Era Of Rapid Change, Ml Groner, J Maynard, R Breyta, Rb Carnegie, Et Al, Jeffrey D. Shields
VIMS Articles
Infectious marine diseases can decimate populations and are increasing among some taxa due to global change and our increasing reliance on marine environments. Marine diseases become emergencies when significant ecological, economic or social impacts occur. We can prepare for and manage these emergencies through improved surveillance, and the development and iterative refinement of approaches to mitigate disease and its impacts. Improving surveillance requires fast, accurate diagnoses, forecasting disease risk and real-time monitoring of disease-promoting environmental conditions. Diversifying impact mitigation involves increasing host resilience to disease, reducing pathogen abundance and managing environmental factors that facilitate disease. Disease surveillance and mitigation can …
Potential Drivers Of Virulence Evolution In Aquaculture, David A. Kennedy, Gael Kurath, Ilana L. Brito, Maureen K. Purcell, Andrew F. Read, James R. Winton, Ar Wargo
Potential Drivers Of Virulence Evolution In Aquaculture, David A. Kennedy, Gael Kurath, Ilana L. Brito, Maureen K. Purcell, Andrew F. Read, James R. Winton, Ar Wargo
VIMS Articles
Infectious diseases are economically detrimental to aquaculture, and with continued expansion and intensification of aquaculture, the importance of managing infectious diseases will likely increase in the future. Here, we use evolution of virulence theory, along with examples, to identify aquaculture practices that might lead to the evolution of increased pathogen virulence. We identify eight practices common in aquaculture that theory predicts may favor evolution toward higher pathogen virulence. Four are related to intensive aquaculture operations, and four others are related specifically to infectious disease control. Our intention is to make aquaculture managers aware of these risks, such that with increased …