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Articles 1 - 30 of 411
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Maturation Of An Off-Channel Habitat Concept To Conserve Native Fishes In The Lower Colorado River, Paul C. Marsh, Thomas E. Dowling, Thomas F. Turner, Megan J. Osborne, Brian R. Kesner
Maturation Of An Off-Channel Habitat Concept To Conserve Native Fishes In The Lower Colorado River, Paul C. Marsh, Thomas E. Dowling, Thomas F. Turner, Megan J. Osborne, Brian R. Kesner
Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist
Two endemic, “large river” fishes of the Colorado River basin of western North America, bonytail Gila elegans and razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus, are among several critically endangered species in the system. Wild populations of bonytail are gone, and there are no self-sustaining populations of razorback sucker anywhere; reproduction occurs but recruitment does not. Both species have been under intensive management in the Lower Colorado River since the 1980s. Today, with the single exception of Lake Mead, remaining populations are composed entirely of repatriated individuals that depend on stocking for their continued existence. In 2003, a conceptual off-channel habitat (OCH) …
Using Detection Dogs And Rspf Models To Assess Habitat Suitability For Bears In Greater Yellowstone, Jon P. Beckmann, Lisette P. Waits, Aimee Hurt, Alice Whitelaw, Scott Bergen
Using Detection Dogs And Rspf Models To Assess Habitat Suitability For Bears In Greater Yellowstone, Jon P. Beckmann, Lisette P. Waits, Aimee Hurt, Alice Whitelaw, Scott Bergen
Western North American Naturalist
In the northern U.S. Rockies, including the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), connectivity is a concern because large carnivores have difficulties dispersing successfully between protected areas. One area of high conservation value because of its importance for connecting the GYE to wilderness areas of central Idaho is the Centennial Mountains and surrounding valleys (2500 km2) along the Idaho–Montana border just west of Yellowstone National Park. The current expansion of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and other large carnivore populations outside protected areas of Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National Park has placed a greater emphasis on potential linkage zones …
The Flea Family Tree: Phylogeny Of The Order Siphonaptera Based On 18s Rdna, 28s Rdna, Elongation Factor-1alpha, And Cytochrome Oxidase Ii Gene Regions, Alison Swindle, Dr. Michael F. Whiting
The Flea Family Tree: Phylogeny Of The Order Siphonaptera Based On 18s Rdna, 28s Rdna, Elongation Factor-1alpha, And Cytochrome Oxidase Ii Gene Regions, Alison Swindle, Dr. Michael F. Whiting
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Fleas are laterally compressed, wingless insects with small helmet shaped heads, and mouthparts specialized for feeding on the blood of their hosts. These morphological specializations make it possible for fleas to be entirely ectoparasitic, but they also make it difficult to find distinguishing characters on which to base taxonomy above the generic level (Holland, 1964). The highly derived state of flea morphology has resulted in questionable classification within the order, and lack of solid support for any group as the sister taxon to fleas. To this point there has been no molecular study that has considered fleas below the ordinal …
Phylogenetic Analysis Of Crayfish Using Astacin, Crystal Komm, Dr. Keith A. Crandall
Phylogenetic Analysis Of Crayfish Using Astacin, Crystal Komm, Dr. Keith A. Crandall
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Astacin is a zinc-endopeptidase, originally described as a unique enzyme and first sequenced from the crayfish Astacus astacus (Geier 97). This project aimed to gather several Astacin gene sequences from multiple taxa of crayfish and to submit them to phylogenetic analysis using PAUP (Swofford 98). PAUP would then generate trees displaying the most probable evolutionary relationships among taxa based on variation in the Astacin gene sequences.
Brain Aromatase And 5a-Reductase, Regulatory Behaviors And Testosterone Levels In Adult Rats On Phytoestrogen Diets, Scott Weber, Dr. Edwin Lephart
Brain Aromatase And 5a-Reductase, Regulatory Behaviors And Testosterone Levels In Adult Rats On Phytoestrogen Diets, Scott Weber, Dr. Edwin Lephart
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In certain brain regions, brain cell differentiation is influenced by hormones present at the time of development. Two hormones, estrogen (estradiol) and testosterone, play significant roles in male and female brain structure differentiation. The major androgen (testosterone) metabolizing enzymes, aromatase cytochrome P450 and 5a-reductase, play critical roles in the conversion of testosterone into estradiol and 5a-dihydrotestosterone, respectively.1
The Effects Of Interleukin-1a, Interleukin-6 And Tumor Necrosis Factor- A On The Growth Of Human H295r Cells, Tara Leigh Nelson, Dr. Allan M. Judd
The Effects Of Interleukin-1a, Interleukin-6 And Tumor Necrosis Factor- A On The Growth Of Human H295r Cells, Tara Leigh Nelson, Dr. Allan M. Judd
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cytokines are extracellular signaling proteins or peptides that act as local mediators in cell-cell communication. They regulate several endocrine systems and function in the immune process. These agents mediate cellular proliferation within endocrine tissues, regulate hormone secretion, and control aspects of inflammation (1). Interleukin-1a (IL- 1a), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) are present in normal adrenal glands of rats, bovine and humans. They stimulate and inhibit adrenal hormones. Growth and differentiation of the adrenal gland may also be affected by cytokines. The study of the effects of these cytokines is important because adrenal tumors may cause hypersecretion of the …
Independent Murine Biosynthesis Of Threonine: Expression Of A Complete Bacterial Biosynthetic Pathway In Mice, Ryan D. Mcallister, Dr. David Kooyman
Independent Murine Biosynthesis Of Threonine: Expression Of A Complete Bacterial Biosynthetic Pathway In Mice, Ryan D. Mcallister, Dr. David Kooyman
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Threonine is one of the 20 common amino acids found in nature. It is a limiting factor for the growth of many non-ruminant animals such as swine and mice and must be obtained from their diet. When threonine is absent from the diet of these animals, the other amino acids present cannot be fully utilized. The result is poor conversion of plant to animal protein (1). We proposed producing transgenic mice using the genes from the known five-step bacterial pathway for threonine synthesis (2). The introduction of these bacterial pathways to mice would eliminate the need for dietary supplementation of …
Ultrastructural Analysis Of Cartilage Matrix Fibrils, Niloufar Tabatabaei
Ultrastructural Analysis Of Cartilage Matrix Fibrils, Niloufar Tabatabaei
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Pulmonary Hypoplasia is a lethal neonatal disorder associated with the reduction of thoracic volume due to skeletal dysplasia.’ The homozygous recessive chondrodysplasia (cho/ cho) in mice serves as our model enabling us to demonstrate how the cartilage matrix is tied together on a molecular level. Atypically wide type II collagen fibrils have been observed in the cartilage of cho/ cho fetuses. This suggests that the mutation has altered the process by which collagen is assembled into fibrils in the extracellular matrix. Recently the cho mutation was mapped to chromosome 3 which is linked to a! (XI) collagen. Based upon this …
Prey Life History Variation Across A Predation Gradient, Matthew Baker, Dr. Mark Belk
Prey Life History Variation Across A Predation Gradient, Matthew Baker, Dr. Mark Belk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Research exploring the effects of predation on life history evolution has focused almost exclusively on geographically disjunct populations subjected to discrete differences in mortality. Sampling only the ends of a predation continuum left to guess how prey life histories in the live bearing fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdopora vary by sampling at points along the entire predation gradient.
Determining The Expression Patterns Of Developmental Genes In Tribolium, Cecily P. Vaughn, Dr. Randy Bennett
Determining The Expression Patterns Of Developmental Genes In Tribolium, Cecily P. Vaughn, Dr. Randy Bennett
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Development in animals is controlled by a set of genes called homeotic genes whose protein products regulate the expression of other genes. Although many homeotic genes have been locates in numerous organisms, there is still much that remains to be learned about the manner in which these genes control development. The aim of my ORCA project was to determine the expression patterns of a few key developmental genes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum).
Phylogeny Of The Order Siphonaptera Based On Molecular Data, Alison Swindle, Dr. Michael F. Whiting
Phylogeny Of The Order Siphonaptera Based On Molecular Data, Alison Swindle, Dr. Michael F. Whiting
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The insect order Siphonaptera (fleas) has been historically significant for thousands of years. Beginning as early as 430 B.C. outbreaks of the bubonic plague have swept across continents and killed millions of people. Before fleas were linked with the plague, they were a little known order. Karl Linne recognized only two species of fleas in his “Systemae Naturae” in 1735. From 1735 to 1897 the described species count increased slowly from two up to sixty-eight. After 1897, and the recognition that fleas may be carriers of the plague, there was a rapid escalation in the research and interest in the …
The Effects Of Prenatal Phytoestrogen Exposure On Fetal Brain Calbindin Levels, Heather Taylor, Dr. Edwin Lephart
The Effects Of Prenatal Phytoestrogen Exposure On Fetal Brain Calbindin Levels, Heather Taylor, Dr. Edwin Lephart
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Calcium plays a major part in muscle contraction, bone growth, but especially in central nervous system (CNS) development and function. Calcium participates in neuronal growth and degeneration. For example, the CNS depends on calcium during the development of neuronal cytoskeletal structures and synapse formation. When there is an excess of calcium, it disrupts the formation and the essential synapses or connections and they fail to form correctly.
Ultrasonic Study Of Normal Tendons And Ligaments Of The American Quarter Horse, Joseph Thurgood
Ultrasonic Study Of Normal Tendons And Ligaments Of The American Quarter Horse, Joseph Thurgood
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The palmar metacarpal aspect of 27 purebred (n=24) and appendix (n=3) American Quarter Horses were divided into sections and ultrasonically viewed to determine the circumference and cross-sectional area of the four principle tendons and ligaments in this region: superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, inferior check ligament, and suspensory ligament. This study was conducted using Brigham Young University Equitation schooling horses between May 1997 and February 1998. The structure measurements were analyzed for relationships to weight, age, sex and size of the horses (n=27). No correlation between weight, age, and sex of the horse and dimensions of any …
Chelex, Guanidine, And Phenol/Chloroform: A Comparison Of Extractions For Ancient Dna From Dentin Powder, J. Daniel Rasband
Chelex, Guanidine, And Phenol/Chloroform: A Comparison Of Extractions For Ancient Dna From Dentin Powder, J. Daniel Rasband
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Several different methods have been employed in the extraction and amplification of ancient DNA (aDNA). The work in this thesis Is an effort to compare three popular extraction techniques, chelex, guanidine/ silica slurry, and phenol/chloroform, as applied to extracting DNA from the dentin of ancient teeth. Modern and ancient samples were extracted using the three techniques. The extract was then amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data show that of the three extraction procedures, the most favorable results were obtained using the guanidine/silica slurry extraction technique, producing consistently good amplification. The phenol/chloroform extraction was mildly successful, showing amplification …
Determination Of The Cell Tvpe(S) In The Rat Adrenal Zona Glomerulosa That Release Interleukin-6, Michael F. Erickson
Determination Of The Cell Tvpe(S) In The Rat Adrenal Zona Glomerulosa That Release Interleukin-6, Michael F. Erickson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Recent studies have shown that the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are produced by cells found in the zonaglomerulosa of the rat adrenal cortex (I ,2). These cytokines modify adrenal hormone release gland. Specifically, IL-6 stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata/reticularis (3) and TNF inhibits the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa (4). It is of interest that during times of traumatic injury or septic shock the serum and tissue levels of these cytokines increase. This increased cytokine level is partly responsible for the lethal effects of septic shock (including severe hypotension) since …
Culture And Isolation Of Embryonic Stem Cells From Porcine Blatocysts, J. Zachary Bruneel, Dr. Jeralyn J. Franson
Culture And Isolation Of Embryonic Stem Cells From Porcine Blatocysts, J. Zachary Bruneel, Dr. Jeralyn J. Franson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are obtained through the culture of undifferentiated cells of embryos in early devel-opment. Because embryonic cells will undergo differentiation and development when placed in standard culture conditions, a media which contains differentiation inhibitors must be used in order for successful development of ES cells. ES cells are capable of becoming any cell type in the body when removed from the influence of differentiation inhibitors, making ES cells a potential agent for gene transfer and livestock cloning. ES cells are therefore an invaluable research tool, providing both a better understanding of genetics as well as providing genetically …
The Impact Of A Naturally Fragmented Habitat On The Distribution And Breeding Biology Of House Wrens, Suzanne Reeve, Dr. Brian A. Maurer
The Impact Of A Naturally Fragmented Habitat On The Distribution And Breeding Biology Of House Wrens, Suzanne Reeve, Dr. Brian A. Maurer
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The distribution and life history characteristics of organisms can be significantly affected by structural variation in their habitats. One major type of variation is spatial arrangement and whether a habitat extends continuously or exists in small, fragmented patches. The effects of this variation have been documented in organisms from fruit flies (Jaenike 1978) to Amazonian beetles (Klein 1989) to songbirds (Andren and Angelstam 1988, Gates and Gysel 1978). According to research findings and theoretical prediction, many significant consequences of habitat fragmentation are caused by an increased ratio of habitat edge length to area. Studies indicate that increased edge length creates …
The Effects Of Maternal Separation On Lymphocyte Activity In Rats, Patrick R. Olson, Dr. Reuben Ward Rhees
The Effects Of Maternal Separation On Lymphocyte Activity In Rats, Patrick R. Olson, Dr. Reuben Ward Rhees
Journal of Undergraduate Research
We have been investigating how stress affects physiological development. My interest dealt with the effects of stress on the immune system. Lymphocyte proliferation is a common measurement of immune function.
Ciliary Transport Of Particles In Polyplacophoran Gills, Matthew Palmer, Dr. Lee F. Braithwaite
Ciliary Transport Of Particles In Polyplacophoran Gills, Matthew Palmer, Dr. Lee F. Braithwaite
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Throughout the phylum Mollusca, gills are used to accomplish a variety of tasks and are thus highly specialized organs. The chitons, class Polyplacophora, are a primitive group of molluscs whose gills have the unique condition of being aligned on either side of the foot in series of up to 60 gills per side. Despite this unique arrangement, chiton gills have been the subject of relatively few studies. The objective of this project was to elucidate the mechanism by which chitons extrude particles from their gill surfaces. The two approaches employed to this end were, first, observation of live chitons transporting …
Biophysical Mechanism Of Anesthetics, David Busath
Biophysical Mechanism Of Anesthetics, David Busath
Journal of Undergraduate Research
I was awarded a MEG in 2008 (with support continuing through 2009) for the project entitled “Biophysical Mechanism of Anesthetics.” The goals of the project were to measure the impact of volatile general anesthetics (isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane) on:
Jak/Stat Pathway Utilized By Adrenal Cells In Response To Il-6, Brice Jason Williams, Dr. Allan M. Judd
Jak/Stat Pathway Utilized By Adrenal Cells In Response To Il-6, Brice Jason Williams, Dr. Allan M. Judd
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In most mammals, the adrenal cortex produces the hormones cortisol, aldosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). These hormones have profound effects upon water and salt balance, the inflammatory response, and the metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins. Because of its importance in maintaining homeostasis, the body highly regulates the adrenal gland. As part of the regulation, the body secretes many different molecules including cytokines. One of the most researched cytokines is interleukin-6, IL-6 (1). Many different cells produce IL-6, including adrenal cortical cells (2). The adrenal cortical cells secrete IL-6 into the extracellular space. IL-6 then binds to its receptor (IL-6 receptor …
Effects Of Dietary Phytoestrogens On Calcium-Binding Proteins And Cox- 2 In The Frontal Cortex Of Adult Rats, Lilyan Yi Tian, Dr. Edwin Lephart
Effects Of Dietary Phytoestrogens On Calcium-Binding Proteins And Cox- 2 In The Frontal Cortex Of Adult Rats, Lilyan Yi Tian, Dr. Edwin Lephart
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Phytoestrogens are estrogen-like molecules found in many plants (that have a diphenolic, non-steroidal structure), such as, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole-grain and especially soy products. These plant estrogen mimic the ability to selectively bind estrogen receptors and have recently received a great deal of investigative attention due to the potential protective effects against age-related diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis) as well as hormone-dependent cancers (i.e., breast and prostate cancer). At this time, however, little is known about the effects phytoestrogens have on the central nervous system (CNS).
Systematics And Genetic Variation Among The Cryptic Sub-Species Complex Of Two- Lined Salamanders Eurycea Bislineata, Eric Swenson, Dr. Keith Crandall
Systematics And Genetic Variation Among The Cryptic Sub-Species Complex Of Two- Lined Salamanders Eurycea Bislineata, Eric Swenson, Dr. Keith Crandall
Journal of Undergraduate Research
DNA sequence analysis can be a very powerful tool to examine the evolutionary history of many different species of organisms. One of the most useful benefits is determining species lineage and evolutionary relationships. In this study we attempted to examine the phylogenetic relationship of Eurycea bislineata, an east coast salamander by examining the Cytochrome b, and ND4 gene regions of the mitochondrial DNA genome.
Locating Chondrocyte-Specific Enhancer Elements In The First Intronic Region Of The Col11a2 Gene, Steven Alan Smith, Dr. Laura Bridgewater
Locating Chondrocyte-Specific Enhancer Elements In The First Intronic Region Of The Col11a2 Gene, Steven Alan Smith, Dr. Laura Bridgewater
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Osteoarthritis is one of most prominent illnesses that plague our world today. It involves the degeneration of cartilage between joints due to a reduction of collagen fibrils. The type XI collagen gene (Col11a2) is one of a few genes responsible for the production of the collagen fibrils. It is expressed wherever cartilage is present. It is expressed in these areas because of specific expression factors (proteins) that enhance the production of collagen. Once these expression factors are known, a possible genetic remedy can be manufactured to aide in curing osteoarthritis or other skeletal abnormalities.
The Separation Of Suspected Subspecies Of Cutthroat Trout Using Mitochondrial Dna Sequences, Becky A. Shiozawa, R. Paul Evans
The Separation Of Suspected Subspecies Of Cutthroat Trout Using Mitochondrial Dna Sequences, Becky A. Shiozawa, R. Paul Evans
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Current mitochondrial DNA techniques using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are still unsuccessful in determining phylogenetic relationships between subspecies of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), such as the relationships between Snake River finespot cutthroat trout and Yellowstone cutthroat trout, Bear River Bonneville cutthroat trout and Yellowstone cutthroat trout, and Lahontan cutthroat trout and its subspecies. Due to these groups distinct geological or ecological separation and the relatively rapid rate of mtDNA evolution, it is likely distinctive markers exist for these subspecies within mtDNA. Identification of such markers would be valuable for identification and future research on the subspecies.
Species Boundaries In The Gymnodactylus Darwinii Complex (Reptilia, Squamata), Aaron N. Waite, Dr. Jack W. Sites Jr.
Species Boundaries In The Gymnodactylus Darwinii Complex (Reptilia, Squamata), Aaron N. Waite, Dr. Jack W. Sites Jr.
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The genus Gymnodactylus is a group of small lizards belonging to the family Gekkonidae, which occur in the east and central areas of Brazil. The species G. darwinii is restricted to the Atlantic Forest and ranges from the northeastern state of Bahia south 1500 miles along the coast to the northern region of the southeastern state of São Paulo.
Premature Onset Of Osteoarthritis Due To A Col11a1 Gene Mutation, Victoria Ryder, Dr. Robert Seegmiller
Premature Onset Of Osteoarthritis Due To A Col11a1 Gene Mutation, Victoria Ryder, Dr. Robert Seegmiller
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cartilage collagen mutations can alter the load-bearing properties of articular cartilage (AC), possibly leading to premature osteoarthritis. AC consists mainly of types II, VI, IX, X, and XI collagen.1 Collagen fibrils in AC are heteropolymers of types II, IX, and XI collagen2. Type II is the major constituent, making up 95% of the fibril, while types IX and XI are minor components. Collagen fibrillar meshwork is essential as it gives AC its structural and tensile strength. Type XI collagen plays a role in dictating fibril diameter, thus playing a role in the AC’s strength. Mutations in the Col11a1 gene can …
Identification Of The Activator Proteins For The Dna-Protein Interaction Of A Primary Cartilage Enhancer, L. Daniel Holsinger, Dr. Laura Bridgewater
Identification Of The Activator Proteins For The Dna-Protein Interaction Of A Primary Cartilage Enhancer, L. Daniel Holsinger, Dr. Laura Bridgewater
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Abstract: The Human col11 2 gene is responsible for the production of type XI collagen, one of the three components of the collagen triple helix. Disruption of this gene results in varied problems including dwarfism, osteoarthritis and possibly cleft palate. In order to understand more about this gene, a series of experiments were carried out to identify proteins involved in its expression in cartilage-producing Chondrocytes. More specifically, based on what was learned in previous research, efforts were made to isolate the DNA sequences that encode those proteins acting as activators of three known enhancer elements in Chondrocyte cells. Using …
Histology: A Student’S Comprehensive Lab Manual And Corresponding Cd, Jon Christopher Kerr, Dr. Richard A. Heckmann
Histology: A Student’S Comprehensive Lab Manual And Corresponding Cd, Jon Christopher Kerr, Dr. Richard A. Heckmann
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of this project was to provide a comprehensive and accurate text for the study of histology–the microscopic study of cells and tissues. In order to facilitate this study, appropriate text corresponding to over 400 histological images was prepared. This manual explains the images, defines and describes the histological and physiological significance of the tissues, and provides an avenue to better understanding of the functions and mechanisms of the human body. Accompanying this manual is a computer-generated program incorporating histological slides, explanatory notes, mock quizzes, tests and a review section. To further augment the learning process, mock quizzes (in …
Examination Of Ap-4 As A Transcriptional Activator Of The Col11a2 Chondrocyte-Specific Enhancer Elements, Todd Lincoln Jackson, Dr. Laura Bridgewater
Examination Of Ap-4 As A Transcriptional Activator Of The Col11a2 Chondrocyte-Specific Enhancer Elements, Todd Lincoln Jackson, Dr. Laura Bridgewater
Journal of Undergraduate Research
My purpose is to explore activator protein 4’s (AP-4) role in the expression of the Col11a2 gene. My hypothesis is that AP-4 will bind to the Col11a2 enhancer elements and increase activity of that gene. AP-4 is a ubiquitous transcription factor. Transcription factors are proteins that help regulate cell differentiation and proliferation by binding to enhancer sites to promote or inhibit gene expression. Previous work has shown that the mouse Col11a2 gene contains at least three enhancer sites namely; ABC, DE, and FG [1,2]. Each sequence of the enhancer sites was put through two computer databases of known transcription factors …