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Full-Text Articles in Torts

The Four Phases Of Promissory Estoppel, Eric Mills Holmes Jan 1996

The Four Phases Of Promissory Estoppel, Eric Mills Holmes

Seattle University Law Review

Case law accurately delineates the four evolutionary stages of promissory estoppel. As an overview, promissory estoppel has evolved in American case law in four developmental stages: (1) Estoppel Phase, consisting initially of “defensive equitable estoppel” to estop contract defenses based on statutes of limitations and the statute of frauds. In the second part of this first phase, courts have extended “estoppel” based on representations of facts to “promissory” representations and enforced the promissory basis of the representation, thereby creating an affirmative theory of relief. Thus, this first phase of promissory estoppel consists of defensive equitable estoppel and offensive equitable estoppel. …


The Death Of Reliance, Randy E. Barnett Jan 1996

The Death Of Reliance, Randy E. Barnett

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

In the mid-1970s, it was an article offaith that contract was not properly conceived as a means by which persons could, by their own choice, make law for themselves to govern their relations. Instead, contract was thought best conceived as the rectification of injuries persons may have caused by their verbal conduct in much the same way that persons have a duty to rectify the injuries caused by their physical acts. With contracts, these injuries consisted of detrimental reliance on the words of another. So conceived, both contract and tort duties are imposed by law, and do not arise from …


Health Care: Erisa Preemption And Hmo Liability--A Fresh Look At Erisa Preemption In The Context Of Subscriber Claims Against Hmos, Brooks Richardson Jan 1996

Health Care: Erisa Preemption And Hmo Liability--A Fresh Look At Erisa Preemption In The Context Of Subscriber Claims Against Hmos, Brooks Richardson

Oklahoma Law Review

No abstract provided.