Contracts Commons^™

The Failure Of Economic Interpretations Of The Law Of Contact Damages, Nathan B. Oman

Nathan B. Oman

The law of contracts is complex but remarkably stable. What we lack is a widely accepted interpretation of that law as embodying a coherent set of normative choices. Some scholars have suggested that either economic efficiency or personal autonomy provide unifying principles of contract law. These two approaches, however, seem incommensurable, which suggests that we must reject at least one of them in order to have a coherent theory. This Article dissents from this view and has a simple thesis: Economic accounts of the current doctrine governing contract damages have failed, but efficiency arguments remain key to any adequate theory …

Gandhi’S Prophecy: Corporate Violence And A Mindful Law For Bhopal, Nehal A. Patel

Nehal A. Patel

AbstractOver thirty years have passed since the Bhopal chemical disaster began,and in that time scholars of corporate social responsibility (CSR) havediscussed and debated several frameworks for improving corporate responseto social and environmental problems. However, CSR discourse rarelydelves into the fundamental architecture of legal thought that oftenbuttresses corporate dominance in the global economy. Moreover, CSRdiscourse does little to challenge the ontological and epistemologicalassumptions that form the foundation for modern economics and the role ofcorporations in the world.I explore methods of transforming CSR by employing the thought ofMohandas Gandhi. I pay particular attention to Gandhi’s critique ofindustrialization and principle of swadeshi (self-sufficiency) …

Brief Of Restitution And Remedies Scholars As Amici Curiae In Support Of Respondent: Spokeo V. Robins, Doug Rendleman, Douglas Laycock, Mark P. Gergen

Mark P. Gergen

Both consumer protection and restitution may be casualties in a collision with the constitutional law of standing. Spokeo collects information from the internet and publishes it; however, Spokeo neither verifies the facts nor confirms which same-named person it refers to. Robins alleges that Spokeo violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act by disseminating false information about him. He seeks class certification and up to $1,000 in statutory minimum damages instead of compensatory damages. Spokeo argues that Robins lacks standing because he suffered no “injury in fact,” no “concrete harm.” Statutory minimum recoveries for defendants’ violations of plaintiffs’ individual rights without proof …

Brief Of Restitution And Remedies Scholars As Amici Curiae In Support Of Respondent: Spokeo V. Robins, Doug Rendleman, Douglas Laycock, Mark P. Gergen

Doug Rendleman

Both consumer protection and restitution may be casualties in a collision with the constitutional law of standing. Spokeo collects information from the internet and publishes it; however, Spokeo neither verifies the facts nor confirms which same-named person it refers to. Robins alleges that Spokeo violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act by disseminating false information about him. He seeks class certification and up to $1,000 in statutory minimum damages instead of compensatory damages. Spokeo argues that Robins lacks standing because he suffered no “injury in fact,” no “concrete harm.” Statutory minimum recoveries for defendants’ violations of plaintiffs’ individual rights without proof …

Dismissing Provenance: The Use Of Procedural Defenses To Bar Claims In Nazi-Looted Art And Securitized Mortgage Litigation, Christian J. Bromley

Christian J Bromley

The litigation surrounding an estimated 650,000 works looted by the Nazis in the Second World War and the millions of securitized mortgages foreclosed in the wake of the Great Recession converge on a fundamental legal principle: who really holds rightful title? Seemingly worlds apart, these separate yet remarkably similar forms of property challenge the American judiciary to allocate property rights between adversaries steadfast in their contention of rightful ownership. The legal fulcrum in this allocation often rests not on the equity or righteousness of either parties’ claim—whether museum versus heir or bank versus former homeowner—but instead on procedural defenses that …

An Approach To The Regulation Of Spanish Banking Foundations, Miguel Martínez

Miguel Martínez

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the legal framework governing banking foundations as they have been regulated by Spanish Act 26/2013, of December 27th, on savings banks and banking foundations. Title 2 of this regulation addresses a construct that is groundbreaking for the Spanish legal system, still of paramount importance for the entire financial system insofar as these foundations become the leading players behind certain banking institutions given the high interest that foundations hold in the share capital of such institutions.

Recovery Of Damages For Lost Profits: The Historical Development, Robert M. Lloyd, Nicholas J. Chase

Robert M Lloyd

ABSTRACT Recovery of Damages for Lost Profits: The Historical Development The rule of Hadley v. Baxendale is widely considered the most important rule of contract damages. In fact, however, the rule that damages must be proven with reasonable certainty is far more important in the modern practice of law. The reasonable certainty rule originated in Roman law and came to the common law through the civil law of Western Europe, developing first in the United States and spreading from the United States to England. The rule of Hadley v. Baxendale developed much in the same way, and, contrary to popular …

Studying Is Dangerous? Possible Federal Remedies For Study Abroad Liability, Robert J. Aalberts, Chad G. Marzen, Darren A. Prum

Chad G. Marzen

Every year, thousands of U.S. students study abroad for academic credit. Study abroad programs have traditionally garnered strong congressional support, and proponents of the programs emphasize the educational, cultural, and diplomatic benefits from study abroad experiences.

Despite the many benefits of study abroad programs, risks are incurred overseas. In the past several years, a number of incidents have resulted in which students studying abroad have not only incurred physical harm, but in some instances have died while enrolled in a study abroad program. The current liability standards governing study abroad programs are murky. This article not only discusses the various …

California Egg Toss - The High Costs Of Avoiding Unenforceable Surrogacy Contracts, Jennifer Jackson

Jennifer Jackson

In an emotionally charged decision regarding surrogacy contracts, it is important to recognize the ramifications, costs, and policy. There are advantages to both “gestational carrier surrogacy” contracts and “traditional surrogacy” contracts. However, this paper focuses on the differences between these contracts using case law. Specifically, this paper will focus on the implications of California case law regarding surrogacy contracts. Cases such as Johnson v. Calvert and In Re Marriage of Moschetta provide a clear distinction between these contracts. This distinction will show that while gestational carrier surrogacy contracts are more expensive, public policy and court opinions will provide certainty and …

California Egg Toss - The High Costs Of Avoiding Unenforceable Surrogacy Contracts, Jennifer Jackson

Jennifer Jackson

In an emotionally charged decision regarding surrogacy contracts, it is important to recognize the ramifications, costs, and policy. There are advantages to both “gestational carrier surrogacy” contracts and “traditional surrogacy” contracts. However, this paper focuses on the differences between these contracts using case law. Specifically, this paper will focus on the implications of California case law regarding surrogacy contracts. Cases such as Johnson v. Calvert and In Re Marriage of Moschetta provide a clear distinction between these contracts. This distinction will show that while gestational carrier surrogacy contracts are more expensive, public policy and court opinions will provide certainty and …

The Evolution Of The Digital Millennium Copyright Act; Changing Interpretations Of The Dmca And Future Implications For Copyright Holders, Hillary A. Henderson

Hillary A Henderson

Copyright law rewards an artificial monopoly to individual authors for their creations. This reward is based on the belief that, by granting authors the exclusive right to reproduce their works, they receive an incentive and means to create, which in turn advances the welfare of the general public by “promoting the progress of science and useful arts.” Copyright protection subsists . . . in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or …

California Egg Toss - The High Costs Of Avoiding Unenforceable Surrogacy Contracts, Jennifer Jackson

Jennifer Jackson

In an emotionally charged decision regarding surrogacy contracts, it is important to recognize the ramifications, costs, and policy. There are advantages to both “gestational carrier surrogacy” contracts and “traditional surrogacy” contracts. However, this paper focuses on the differences between these contracts using case law. Specifically, this paper will focus on the implications of California case law regarding surrogacy contracts. Cases such as Johnson v. Calvert and In Re Marriage of Moschetta provide a clear distinction between these contracts. This distinction will show that while gestational carrier surrogacy contracts are more expensive, public policy and court opinions will provide certainty and …

Flawed Transparency: Shared Data Collection And Disclosure Challenges For Google Glass And Similar Technologies, Jonathan I. Ezor

Jonathan I. Ezor

Current privacy law and best practices assume that the party collecting the data is able to describe and disclose its practices to those from and about whom the data are collected. With emerging technologies such as Google Glass, the information being collected by the wearer may be automatically shared to one or more third parties whose use may be substantially different from that of the wearer. Often, the wearer may not even know what information is being uploaded, and how it may be used. This paper will analyze the current state of U.S. law and compliance regarding personal information collection …

Contratti Di Acquisizione E Rimedi Del Compratore (Seconda Parte), Valerio Sangiovanni

Valerio Sangiovanni

No abstract provided.

Contratti Di Acquisizione E Rimedi Del Compratore (Prima Parte), Valerio Sangiovanni

Valerio Sangiovanni

No abstract provided.

Do The Right Thing: Indirect Remedies In Private Law, Daphna Lewinsohn-Zamir

Daphna Lewinsohn-Zamir

Private law provides diverse remedies for right violations: compensatory and punitive, monetary and non-monetary, self-help and court-awarded. The literature has discussed these (and other) classifications of remedies, yet it overlooked the important distinction between direct and indirect remedies. Some remedies directly order right-infringers to realize the desired outcome, while others bring it about indirectly, by inducing them to self-comply. This classification cuts across the traditional ones.

This Article fills the gap in the literature by introducing the novel category of indirect remedies. It identifies how indirect remedies are used in current legal rules—with examples from property, contract, torts, intellectual property …

Shedding Light On The Reliance Interest, Dr. Yehuda Adar

Yehuda Adar Dr.

No abstract provided.

Quantum Meruit For The Subcontractor: Has Restitution Jumped Off Dawson's Dock?, Doug Rendleman

Doug Rendleman

No abstract provided.

La Prospettiva Dei Rimedi Nel Diritto Privato Europeo, Pietro Sirena

Pietro Sirena

No abstract provided.

La Prospettiva Dei Rimedi Nel Diritto Privato Europeo (Remedies As An Emerging Concept In The European Private Law), Dr. Yehuda Adar, Prof. Pietro Sirena

Yehuda Adar Dr.

No abstract provided.

Restitution, Compensation, Accumulation Of Remedies And Freedom Of Contract (An Analysis Of Supreme Court Civil Appeal No. 4630/04, Rendered 13.12.2006), Dr. Yehuda Adar, Dr. Moshe Gelbard

Yehuda Adar Dr.

- This article is in Hebrew- This article examines focal issues in the law of remedies, in light of the Supreme Court judgment in the case of Kanyonin Nechasim uVinyan Ltd. v. Beney Ya'acov (2006). The case involved a contract for the sale of land. The contract empowered the seller, in case of termination following a fundamental breach by the buyer, to keep certain amounts of money paid under the contract and, in addition, to demand liquidated damages for the same breach. The main issue concerned the right of the seller, who terminated the contract and regained possession of the …

The Role Of Remedies In The Relational Theory Of Contract: A Preliminary Inquiry, Dr. Yehuda Adar, Dr. Moshe Gelbard

Yehuda Adar Dr.

One of the leading contemporary theories of contract law is the relational theory. Notwithstanding its remarkable development since the foundational works of Macaulay and Macneil it would seem reasonably fair to maintain that this body of literature has generally neglected the discussion of legal remedies. Scholarly literature pertaining to the relational theory has typically focused on extra-legal or informal devices for the regulation of long-term contractual relations, such as: consensual adjustment of primary contractual arrangements in light of changing circumstances, informal incentives for performance and cooperation, the tendency to abstain from relying on formal rights and duties, and the frequent …

Failed Synallagmatic Contracts : Appraisal Of The Maxim "The Party Who Has Control And Can Insure Against The Loss Should Shoulder The Risk", Aimite Jorge

Aimite Jorge

The current position in South African law on enrichment situations arising from "failed agreements" is that "if you have received a performance in terms of a contract which subsequently fails for whatever reason, you give it back if you still have it; if you cannot give it back, you are absolved, unless you were culpable in relation to the loss". Daniel Visser, however, challenges this approach and proposes a new one in his recently published book, Unjustified Enrichment (2008). This article evaluates both this position and the newly suggested approach and it argues that in cases of failed synallagmatic contracts …

Legal Engineering In Israeli Law: Codification And Unification Of The Law Of Remedies, Dr. Yehuda Adar

Yehuda Adar Dr.

Legal engineering is the process of designing, constructing and finally implementing means to influence the development of a legal system. In Israel, a relatively young legal system, the concepts of legal engineering and comparative law are deeply interconnected. This interconnection is best reflected in the area of private law. The development of this area of the law, almost since the very inception of the State of Israel, has been characterized by a careful and attentive examination of foreign legal regimes, national and supra-national alike. This was done with the explicit intention of benefiting from the wisdom and experience of older, …

The Reasonable Certainty Requirement In Lost Profits Litigation: What It Really Means, Robert M. Lloyd

Robert M Lloyd

This article explains the factors courts consider when determining whether to award damages for lost profits. It contains an extensive review of the case law.

Contract Law – The Remedies: Towards Codification Of The Civil Law, Dr. Yehuda Adar, Prof. Gabriela Shalev

Yehuda Adar Dr.

-This Book is in Hebrew-

The Law Of Remedies In A Mixed Jurisdiction: The Israeli Experience, Dr. Yehuda Adar, Prof. Gabriela Shalev

Yehuda Adar Dr.

Remedies for Breach of an Obligation - this is the title of the section on remedies in the Israeli Draft Civil Code. Its objective is to create a unified and comprehensive statutory scheme for awarding remedies in all branches of private law (civil and commercial).

This development is no doubt of significant interest to the Israeli lawyer. However, for a number of reasons, acquaintance with this law reform should be of value to legal comparatists in many other jurisdictions. First, from a comparative perspective the present state of the law of remedies in Israel, as well as the forthcoming reform …

Why Unify Contract And Tort Remedies? A Reply To Professor Dagan, Dr. Yehuda Adar

Yehuda Adar Dr.

-This Article is in Hebrew-

The remedies section in the Israeli draft civil code attempts to create a unified law of remedies for the breach of any civil obligation, including originating in tort law and contract law. In his article, "The Risks of Codification: On Over-Coherence and Multiplicity of Remedies", Professor Dagan forcefully criticizes this attempt. The present article demonstrates that the two main criticisms raised by Dagan - against the unification of remedies and against the attempt to fortify the remedial response to breach of civil obligations - are unconvincing, from both a theoretical and a pragmatic point of …

Of The Honey And The Sting – Reflections On Remedies And The Draft Civil Code, Dr. Yehuda Adar

Yehuda Adar Dr.

-This article is in Hebrew-

The remedies section in the Israeli draft civil code reflects a bold – some might say revolutionary – attempt to turn the law of remedies from a set of specific rules appended to various branches of substantive law into a single, autonomous and systematic legal branch. The section, entitled “Remedies for Breach of Obligation,” concludes the fourth part of the proposed code (dealing with obligations) and applies to the violation of any civil obligation, including breach of contract and the commission of torts. This article attempts to provide a broad theoretical framework for the law …

Remedies For Breach Of An Obligation: A Look At The Remedies' Section Of The New Israeli Civil Code, Dr. Yehuda Adar, Prof. Gabriela Shalev

Yehuda Adar Dr.

-This article is in Hebrew-

The remedies section in the new Israeli draft civil code is an endeavor to create a unified law of remedies, applicable to all branches of civil and commercial law, including torts and breach of contract. This article explores the main innovations included in the remedies section. It opens with a short overview of the status of the law of remedies in modern times, and the debate over the justification for unifying it. Then, in the remainder of the article, the authors examine the various changes, in terms of both structure and substance, reflected in the …