Law Commons^™

Taming The Derivative Works Right: A Modest Proposal For Reducing Overbreadth And Vagueness In Copyright, Christina Bohannon

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

The Supreme Court recently decided United States v. Stevens, a case challenging the constitutionality of a federal statute that punishes commercial depictions of animal cruelty, such as videos of dog fights. Concluding that the statute prohibited a good deal of speech that was unrelated to eradicating illegal animal cruelty, the Court held that the statute was substantially overbroad and therefore invalid under the First Amendment.

This case and other First Amendment cases help to shed light on the problems of overbreadth and vagueness in copyright law, particularly the derivative works right. The copyright holder's derivative works right prohibits others from …

Copyright, Derivative Works, And The Economics Of Complements, Glynn S. Lunney, Jr.

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

From an economic perspective, copyright is irrational. In defining the scope of a copyright owner's exclusive rights, it treats situations that have similar economic consequences differently, as infringement in one case and not in the other, and situations that have radically different economic consequences similarly. This essay explores such area in which copyright exhibits economic irrationality: Copyright's treatment of complements. Where a lower price on a substitute reduces demand for the original, a lower price on a complement increases it. So defined, copyright addresses whether a copyright owner will control three different types of complements: (i) complementary products, such as …

Guerrilla Radio: Has The Time Come For A Full Performance Right In Sound Recordings?, Lauren E. Kilgore

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

Musicians and songwriters occupy a unique place in society as purveyors of composition and expression that impart an intangible benefit to society. Understanding the value of "Science and useful Arts," the Founders provided Constitutional protection for individuals spending time, money, and energy pursuing creative endeavors. Music defines generations and pivotal moments in history, and has rightfully taken its place at the forefront of human expression. When music began reaching the masses in the early twentieth century, both record labels and radio, even in its infancy, helped propel artists to the national spotlight. Johnny Cash, Ray Charles, and Pearl Jam all …

Promoting Creativity Through Copyright Limitations: Reflections On The Concept Of Exclusivity In Copyright Law, Christophe Geiger

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

Do copyright limitations have the ability to promote creativity and innovation in an effective way? This question may initially sound astonishing because this incentive function is traditionally attributed to the exclusive rights and not to their limitations. However, it should not be forgotten that innovation often builds on existing creations. As a consequence, by depriving the copyright holder of the right to consent to certain acts, one might in turn encourage creative uses. In addition, it is possible for legislatures to draft limitations in order to guarantee that the permitted uses are not for free by providing for a just …

Is That Really Me?: Social Networking And The Right Of Publicity, Rachel A. Purcell

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

Social networking websites are ubiquitous in modern culture and popular with people of all ages and demographics. Operators of this kind of site, which consist largely of third party generated content, are immune from many types of civil liability for third party postings under the Communications Decency Act. However, the Act does not immunize these providers from intellectual property right infringements. Recent court decisions suggest that this immunity exception may extend not only to federal intellectual property rights, but state intellectual property rights like the right of publicity. This Note will evaluate the emerging circuit split regarding state intellectual property …

Libraries, Digital Content, And Copyright, Laura N. Gasaway

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

Libraries use, acquire, create and host generate digital content. They digitize their existing collections of works such as letters, diaries and manuscripts and post them on library websites. Increasingly, libraries are utilizing digital technology to preserve library works which may or may not be made available to the public. Libraries also create, manage and host user generated content such as posts on discussion boards, blogs, wikis, RSS feeds, social bookmarking, tagging, and social networks. Libraries use user generated content for internal library purposes, such as displays and events and for teaching. Further, libraries often are asked to assist users who …

Beyond Creativity: Copyright As Knowledge Law, Michael J. Madison

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

The Supreme Court's copyright jurisprudence of the last 100 years has embraced the creativity trope. Spurred in part by themes associated with the story of "romantic authorship" in the 19th and 20th centuries, copyright critiques likewise ask, "Who is creative?" "How should creativity be protected (or not) and encouraged (or not)?" and "Why protect creativity?" Policy debates and scholarship in recent years have focused on the concept of creativity in framing copyright disputes, transactions, and institutions, reinforcing the notion that these are the central copyright questions. I suggest that this focus on the creativity trope is unhelpful. I argue that …

A Preliminary First Amendment Analysis Of Legislation Treating News Aggregation As Copyright Infringement, Alfred C. Yen

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

The newspaper industry has recently experienced economic difficulty. Profits have declined because fewer people read printed versions of newspapers, preferring instead to get their news through so-called "news aggregators" who compile newspaper headlines and provide links to stories posted on newspaper websites. This harms newspaper revenue because news aggregators collect advertising revenue that newspapers used to enjoy.

Some have responded to this problem by advocating the use of copyright to give newspapers the ability to control the use of their stories and headlines by news aggregators. This proposal is controversial, for news aggregators often do not commit copyright infringement. Accordingly, …

Dead On The Vine: Living And Conceptual Art And Vara, Charles Cronin

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 (VARA) broadened general copyright protection under U.S. law by granting to artists who have created certain copyrightable physical works of visual art, the moral rights of attribution and integrity. Since the time of VARA's enactment (and for some time before) many artists have worked with unconventional genres and media to produce art that is not comfortably accommodated among the visual art works contemplated by VARA. An increasing number of recent works of Conceptual and Appropriationist Art raise doubts about fixation and original expression, both of which are required for copyrightability which, in turn, …

No Confusion Here: Proposing A New Paradigm For The Litigation Of Keyword Advertising Trademark Infringement Cases, Rachel R. Friedman

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

Internet search engines such as Google and Yahoo! earn a majority of their profit from selling advertisements to appear next to search results. Google's coveted advertising space, however, causes nightmares for trademark holders when their trademarks are auctioned by Google to competitors as keywords to trigger the competitors' advertisements when the trademark is used as a search term. Advertisers strategically bid on trademarks of competitors to ensure that their ads appear whenever the trademark is used as a search term, instead of the advertisements of the trademark holder. For example, Nike could bid on the trademark for "Adidas," with the …

An "Absence Of Meaningful Appellate Review": Juries And Patent Obviousness, Theresa Weisenberger

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

The rise in the number of patent infringement trials heard by juries has brought criticisms of the jury's expansive role to the forefront of patent law commentary. Under current Federal Circuit practice, the jury is permitted to deliver a verdict on patent obviousness. Especially in light of the 2007 Supreme Court decision KSR International Co. v. Teleflex, Inc., the role of the jury in obviousness determinations has come under particular scrutiny. This Note examines the effect of the jury's expansive role in obviousness determinations on appellate review of these verdicts. It begins by examining the two conflicting views of the …

When Users Are Authors: Authorship In The Age Of Digital Media, Alina Ng

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

This Article explores what authorship and creative production mean in the digital age. Notions of the author as the creator of the work have, since the passage of the Statute of Anne in 1710, provided a point of reference for recognizing ownership rights in literary and artistic works in conventional copyright jurisprudence. The role of the author as both the creator and the producer of a work has been seen as distinct and separate from that of the publisher and user. Copyright laws and customary norms protect the author's rights in his creation, and provide the incentive to create. They …

I Put You There: User-Generated Content And Anticircumvention, Rebecca Tushnet

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

This Article discusses recent rulemaking proceedings before the Copyright Office concerning the anticircumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). During these proceedings, non-institutionally affiliated artists organized to assert their interests in making fair use of existing works, adding new voices to the debate. A proposed exemption for noncommercial remix video is justified to address the in terrorem effect of anticircumvention law on fair use. Without an exemption, fair users are subjected to a digital literacy test combined with a digital poll tax, and this regime suppresses fair use. The experience of artists (vidders) confronting the law illustrates both …

Losing My Edge: The Copyright Implications Of Audio Blogging And Why Blogs Matter To The Music Industry, Steven M. Reilly

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

In the past decade, the information distribution channels for music have changed dramatically. Not only have they largely moved from radio and print to online sources, but many audioblogs have formed to cover various niches according to the individual tastes of bloggers. This democratization of music criticism has been popular with listeners, as the information is easily and immediately available as well as tailored to a particular interest.

A defining feature of the audioblog is the inclusion of a downloadable MP3 in each post. In some cases, especially for more popular audioblogs, the download is approved by the copyright holder. …

Unveiling The Distinction Between The University And Its Academic Researchers: Lessons For Patent Infringement And University Technology Transfer, Jennifer Carter-Johnson

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

This Article explores the idea that a faculty member acting in the role of an academic researcher in the scientific disciplines should be viewed in the context of patent law as an autonomous entity within the university rather than as an agent of the university. The structure of the university laboratory within the university and the social norms associated with the activities that members of the research laboratory conduct supports such a view. Additionally, the data from the implementation of the Bayh-Dole Act reveal that universities and faculty scientists have different goals and motivations regarding the transfer of new technology …

Transformative Use And Cognizable Harm, Thomas F. Cotter

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

In recent years, the question of whether the unauthorized use of a copyrighted work is "transformative" has become a dominant consideration in determining whether the use is fair or unfair. As critics have pointed out, however, this emphasis on transformative use is both underinclusive and indeterminate of the range of uses that fall within the scope of the fair use privilege. Worse yet, efforts to define or apply the concept of transformative use, or to distinguish fair transformative uses from transformative uses that infringe the copyright owner's exclusive right to prepare derivative works, often serve only to illuminate the concept's …

A Generation Of Racketeers? Eliminating Civil Rico Liability For Copyright Infringement, Julie L. Ross

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

This article addresses questions raised in recent years by the increasingly severe penalties for copyright infringement, focusing on potential civil RICO liability as illustrated by a hypothetical peer-to-peer file-sharing example. Because civil litigation has been, by a wide margin, the favored means for pursuing copyright violators, the criminal copyright infringement statute remains largely untested, and the few cases that address its provisions offer conflicting interpretations. Now that RICO penalties are available in civil copyright infringement cases, courts faced with resolving the ambiguities in the application of the criminal copyright infringement provisions will need to reconcile divergent policies. To effectuate its …