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The Uncertain Status Of The Puerto Rico Ports Authority: Working Towards A Uniform Arm-Of-The-State Test, Jessica Landry Wildeus
The Uncertain Status Of The Puerto Rico Ports Authority: Working Towards A Uniform Arm-Of-The-State Test, Jessica Landry Wildeus
Law Student Publications
Many port authorities are allocated special status and therefore partake in the parent state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity as effective arms-of-the-state. This serves several important policy goals, yet the precedent surrounding the arm-of-the-state test is muddled. This results in different tests and standards, depending on the court hearing the case, leading to different results for different entities. The Port Authority of Puerto Rico (“PRPA”) is in an especially vulnerable situation, due to its dual function as a governmental and corporate entity. The unclear status of what role the function of an entity should play in determining its status under the Eleventh …
Bunker Intermediaries And Their Rights To A Maritime Lien Under Cimla, Chresanthe E. Staurulakis
Bunker Intermediaries And Their Rights To A Maritime Lien Under Cimla, Chresanthe E. Staurulakis
Law Student Publications
Fuel intermediaries supply a valuable service in today’s shipping industry, playing a supporting role in the operation of cargo carriers, by box or in bulk. Working for the vessel, fuel intermediaries order “bunkers” from local physical suppliers and arrange for the suppliers to “stem” the vessel when she reaches the specified port. Such a service is crucial where vessels run international routes on tight schedules and risk delay due to language barriers, changes in currencies or changes in port requirements. Regarded within the industry as “local experts,” intermediaries leverage their knowledge, technology, resources and people to connect the vessel with …