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Articles 1 - 30 of 76
Full-Text Articles in Law
Can You Provide Evidence Of Insufficient Evidence? The Precautionary Principle At The Wto, Elisa Vecchione
Can You Provide Evidence Of Insufficient Evidence? The Precautionary Principle At The Wto, Elisa Vecchione
Elisa Vecchione
This paper aims to demonstrate that the WTO jurisprudence on science-related trade disputes has become entangled with a specific vision of science that has prevented any possible application of the precautionary principle. This situation is due to reasons of both legal procedures specific to the WTO dispute settlement system and the substantive nature of precautionary measures. Indeed, their foundation on “insufficient scientific evidence” dramatically complicates the question of the probative value of science for the purpose of legal adjudication and creates a seemingly contradictory situation, of which the Panel on the EC-Biotech case confirmed to be a victim: that of …
Historical Development Of Brazilian And European Legislation On Beef And Their Relation In The International Trade, Luis Augusto Nero Dr.
Historical Development Of Brazilian And European Legislation On Beef And Their Relation In The International Trade, Luis Augusto Nero Dr.
Luis Augusto Nero Dr.
Since the beginning of the XX century, Brazil has developed the industrial exploitation of cattle slaughtering to satisfy both internal market and exportation, mainly to European countries and USA. The laws of importing countries on cattle health and beef safety have always been a benchmark for Brazilian ones, since the very beginning of beef industry, until the promulgation of WTO-SPS agreement. The aim of this article is to compare the historical development of Brazilian and European food laws concerning beef, and to establish associations between law-making and Brazilian beef production and exportation
Imperial Ignition: Ecological Debt, Greenhouse Development Rights And Climate Change, Jonathan Stribling
Imperial Ignition: Ecological Debt, Greenhouse Development Rights And Climate Change, Jonathan Stribling
Jonathan Stribling
This paper argues for legal principles to remedy the harm done to those least responsible for yet most affected by climate change. It examines approaches to developing the concepts of ecological and climate debt in U.S. law. This paper argues for the importance of understanding ecological debt and particularly “climate debt” in order to sustainably remedy climate change. The paper also argues that the principles of capacity and responsibility, which are the basis of the Greenhouse Development Rights (GDR) framework, are critical to remedying climate debt and should be included in global climate negotiations and U.S. environmental law.
Science And International Trade – Third Generation Scholarship, Jeffery Atik, David A. Wirth
Science And International Trade – Third Generation Scholarship, Jeffery Atik, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.
The Transatlantic Gmo Dispute Against The European Communities: Some Preliminary Thoughts, David A. Wirth
The Transatlantic Gmo Dispute Against The European Communities: Some Preliminary Thoughts, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
Any day now, a World Trade Organization panel is expected to rule in a dispute between the U.S. and the EU concerning market access for genetically-engineered foods and crops. This piece, written before the release of the WTO panel's report, analyzes novel systemic issues concerning the impact of WTO law on regulatory design, at both the national and international levels, that are raised by this dispute. These include (1) the application of WTO disciplines to regulatory schemes that require prior governmental approval to protect the environment and public health from newly-introduced products and substances; (2) the role of precaution as …
The International Trade Regime And The Municipal Law Of Federal States: How Close A Fit?, David A. Wirth
The International Trade Regime And The Municipal Law Of Federal States: How Close A Fit?, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.
The International Organization For Standardization: Private Voluntary Standards As Swords And Shields, David A. Wirth
The International Organization For Standardization: Private Voluntary Standards As Swords And Shields, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
Private voluntary standards such as the International Organization for Standardization’s (ISO’s) 14000 series have played an increasingly important role in encouraging corporations to adopt more sustainable business models on their own initiative and not in direct response to governmentally mandated requirements. ISO standards have a number of benefits, including promoting international uniformity; elevating environmental issues within an enterprise; promoting international trade; and providing a minimal level of environmental performance in countries with less than adequate regulatory infrastructure. Concerns about ISO standards include the relationship to public regulation; and ISO 14001’s essentially procedural, as opposed to performance-based, character. International trade agreements …
The Role Of Science In The Uruguay Round And Nafta Trade Disciplines, David A. Wirth
The Role Of Science In The Uruguay Round And Nafta Trade Disciplines, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
The central theme of this article is the necessity for deference to decision-making processes of national regulatory authorities in the application of these new trade disciplines and the need for trade-based reviews of national regulatory measures to operate within clearly defined limits. Accordingly, this article first examines and summarizes the relevant texts, including the original 1947 GATT, the Uruguay Round, and the NAFTA texts on standards. Next, the article considers the role of science in the standard-setting process with reference to the copious literature on this topic. Finally, the article takes up the difficult question of the application of the …
Make Trade Rules Attuned To The Ecological Needs And Interests Of Future Generations: Cli Recommendation No. 15, David A. Wirth
Make Trade Rules Attuned To The Ecological Needs And Interests Of Future Generations: Cli Recommendation No. 15, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
This recommendation observes that international trade agreements as currently structured do not establish minimum standards so as to protect the climate for present and future generations. Accordingly, it advocates potential strategies that could be employed in future rounds of international trade negotiations to mobilize the international trade regime in the pursuit of climate-friendly policies. These strategies include, among others, the elimination of climate-degrading subsidies, the liberalization of trade in climate-friendly goods and services, and the promotion of climate-friendly investments (particularly in the energy sector). In addition, the recommendation proposes a modification in trade rules to account for the greenhouse-gas intensity …
International Trade Law: Cli Background Paper No. 10, David A. Wirth
International Trade Law: Cli Background Paper No. 10, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
No abstract provided.
The President, The Environment, And Foreign Policy: The Globalization Of Environmental Politics, David A. Wirth
The President, The Environment, And Foreign Policy: The Globalization Of Environmental Politics, David A. Wirth
David A. Wirth
By comparison with domestic environmental issues, international environmental diplomacy is distinguished by the far greater role of the Executive Branch, and in particular the President, in making law. This essay explores the legal consequences of the President's dual role in international environmental diplomacy: his duty faithfully to execute statutory mandates adopted by Congress while also serving as the Nation's chief diplomat and negotiator of international agreements with foreign powers. The piece discusses the legal and policy dynamics surrounding two concrete examples affecting domestic and international environmental policy, in which Presidential power assumes dramatically different forms: (1) climate change, and in …
Justice, The Bretton Woods Institutions And The Problem Of Inequality, Frank J. Garcia
Justice, The Bretton Woods Institutions And The Problem Of Inequality, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
The Bretton Woods Institutions are, together with the WTO, the preeminent international institutions devoted to managing international economic relations. This mandate puts them squarely in the center of the debate concerning development, inequality and global justice. While the normative analysis of the WTO is gaining momentum, the systematic normative evaluation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund is comparatively less developed. This essay aims to contribute to that nascent inquiry. How might global justice criteria apply to the ideology and operations of the Bank and Fund? Political theory offers an abundance of perspectives from which to conduct such …
Is Free Trade "Free?" Is It Even "Trade?" Oppression And Consent In Hemispheric Trade Agreements, Frank J. Garcia
Is Free Trade "Free?" Is It Even "Trade?" Oppression And Consent In Hemispheric Trade Agreements, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
In order for free trade as a policy to deliver fully on its social promise, it must be both “free” and “trade.” In fact, it must be free, in the sense of voluntary, to be trade at all. In other words, for normative and practical reasons, free trade requires that global economic relations be structured through agreements which reflect the consent of those subject to them. The neoliberal trading system today only imperfectly lives up to this obligation. In this essay, I will examine the role of consent in trade agreements, drawing on examples from CAFTA as representative of important …
Beyond Special And Differential Treatment, Frank J. Garcia
Beyond Special And Differential Treatment, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
Developing country concern over flawed special and differential treatment (S&D) provisions has already contributed to the failed Seattle and Cancim WTO Ministerial Meetings. In order to succeed, the current WTO Doha Development Round must go beyond simply reforming existing S&D provisions, important as that is. Developing countries must re-focus WTO trade and development policy around the twin goals of deueWpment and fairness. Developing countries need a comprehensive agreement on S&D clarifying that development, not trade liberalization, is the number one economic policy goal of developing countries, and that fairness, not charity, is the basis for development. Such an agreement should …
The ‘Fair’ Trade Law Of Nations, Or A ‘Fair’ Global Law Of Economic Relations?, Frank J. Garcia
The ‘Fair’ Trade Law Of Nations, Or A ‘Fair’ Global Law Of Economic Relations?, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
No abstract provided.
Trade-Based Strategies For Combatting Child Labor, Frank J. Garcia, Soohyun Jun
Trade-Based Strategies For Combatting Child Labor, Frank J. Garcia, Soohyun Jun
Frank J. Garcia
International commerce facilitates abusive child labor when it offers a market for the goods produced through such practices. International trade sanctions are thus a logical avenue for confronting abusive child labor, by eliminating the commercial opportunities for such goods. However, it is not clear that domestic child labor sanctions would survive legal challenge under WTO law as currently interpreted. For international trade law to serve as a viable strategy for change, there must first be a clear theoretical and doctrinal case for the WTO-consistency of domestic child labor-based sanctions. In this chapter, we present this case, using the U.S. section …
Globalization, Global Community And The Possibility Of Global Justice, Frank J. Garcia
Globalization, Global Community And The Possibility Of Global Justice, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
In this essay, I suggest five ways in which globalization is changing the cosmopolitan/communitarian debate over global justice, by creating, both inter-subjectively and at the regulatory level, the constitutive elements of a limited global community. Members of this global community are increasingly aware of each other’s needs and circumstances, increasingly capable of effectively addressing these needs, and increasingly contributing to these circumstances in the first place. They find themselves involved in the same global market society, and together these members look to the same organizations, especially those at the meta-state level, to provide regulatory approaches to addressing problems of global …
Trade Justice And Security, Frank J. Garcia
Trade Justice And Security, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
[Refers to Revised Draft, December 9, 2005] The social psychology literature on justice suggests that the perception of injustice produces the strongest human emotional response. Perceptions of injustice can lead to conflicts over the justice of social outcomes, threatening social cohesion and security. Trade law, and globalization more generally, are increasingly perceived as unjust with respect to the interests of developing countries and of the poor in all countries. To the extent that the various stakeholders in globalization perceive a lack of reciprocity between their investment and their return, they will naturally address their claims of injustice towards the global …
The Integration Of Smaller Economies Into The Ftaa, Frank J. Garcia
The Integration Of Smaller Economies Into The Ftaa, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
No abstract provided.
The Global Market And Human Rights: Trading Away The Human Rights Principle, Frank J. Garcia
The Global Market And Human Rights: Trading Away The Human Rights Principle, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
No abstract provided.
Nafta And The Creation Of The Ftaa: A Critique Of Piecemeal Accession, Frank J. Garcia
Nafta And The Creation Of The Ftaa: A Critique Of Piecemeal Accession, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
No abstract provided.
Decisionmaking And Dispute Resolution In The Free Trade Area Of The Americas: An Essay In Trade Governance, Frank J. Garcia
Decisionmaking And Dispute Resolution In The Free Trade Area Of The Americas: An Essay In Trade Governance, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
No abstract provided.
The Moral Hazard Problem In Global Economic Regulation, Frank J. Garcia
The Moral Hazard Problem In Global Economic Regulation, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
Global regulation of international business transactions presents a particular form of the moral hazard problem. Global firms use economic and political power to manipulate state and state-controlled multilateral regulation to preserve their opportunity to externalize the social costs of global economic activity with impunity. Unless other actors can effectively counter this at the national and global regulatory levels, globalization re-creates the conditions for under-regulated or “robber baron” capitalism at the global level. This model of economic activity has been rejected at the national level by the same modern democratic capitalist states which currently dominate globalization, creating a crisis of legitimacy …
Building A Just Trade Order For A New Millennium, Frank J. Garcia
Building A Just Trade Order For A New Millennium, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
No abstract provided.
Just Trade Under Law: Do We Need A Theory Of Justice For International Trade Relations?, Frank J. Garcia
Just Trade Under Law: Do We Need A Theory Of Justice For International Trade Relations?, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
No abstract provided.
Trade And Justice: Linking The Trade Linkage Debates, Frank J. Garcia
Trade And Justice: Linking The Trade Linkage Debates, Frank J. Garcia
Frank J. Garcia
No abstract provided.
Checking The Staats: How Long Is Too Long To Give Adequate Public Notice In Broadening Reissue Patent Applications?, David M. Longo
Checking The Staats: How Long Is Too Long To Give Adequate Public Notice In Broadening Reissue Patent Applications?, David M. Longo
David M. Longo
No abstract provided.
The Hierarchy That Wasn't There: Elevating ‘Usage’ To Its Rightful Position For Contracts Governed By The Cisg, William P. Johnson
The Hierarchy That Wasn't There: Elevating ‘Usage’ To Its Rightful Position For Contracts Governed By The Cisg, William P. Johnson
William P. Johnson
The term ‘usage’ generally refers to any practice that is habitual or customary within a given industry, trade or region. Under domestic U.S. sales law, the term ‘usage of trade’ is defined specifically to refer to any practice or method of dealing that has such regularity of observance as to justify an expectation that parties to a particular contract will observe the usage, even though the parties have not expressly incorporated the usage into their contract. Usage of trade can be used under domestic U.S. sales law to interpret, supplement or explain a written agreement. But usage of trade may …
U.S. Trade Policy: Increased Emphasis On Worker Rights, Marisa Anne Pagnattaro
U.S. Trade Policy: Increased Emphasis On Worker Rights, Marisa Anne Pagnattaro
marisa pagnattaro
This paper analyzes the increasing focus on worker rights, including the attempt to balance the interests of domestic and international workers, in U.S. trade policy. Part I reviews selected actions asserted by labor unions over the decade prior to the Obama administration, with particular emphasis on the Bush Administration steel tariffs. Part II analyzes two actions taken in 2009, one halting the NAFTA plan to allow trucks from Mexico into the United States. and a second that placed tariffs on tires imported from China. Part III considers the current CAFTA-DR request for consultations with Guatemala for labor rights violations. Part …
Sovereign Wealth Funds In The Making - Assessing The Economic Feasibility And Regulatory Strategies, Julien Chaisse
Sovereign Wealth Funds In The Making - Assessing The Economic Feasibility And Regulatory Strategies, Julien Chaisse
Julien Chaisse
The recent emergence of SWFs as active and important players in international financial markets has raised a host of questions about their likely effect on markets and states. This trend is further reinforced in 2010/2011 by the fact that despite the fears and turbulences that spread all over the world in reason of the global economic and financial crisis, SWFs have blatantly retained their influence. SWFs create a regulatory and theoretical challenge because they serve two masters with very different agendas. This article is the first to explore the challenges governments face when they wish to set up a SWF. …