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Articles 1 - 30 of 49
Full-Text Articles in Law
Judges And Mass Incarceration, Carissa Byrne Hessick
Judges And Mass Incarceration, Carissa Byrne Hessick
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
It seems to have fallen out of fashion to talk about judges as a source of criminal justice reform. Instead, the academic literature now focuses on the role that prosecutors and legislatures have played in mass incarceration. But judges have also played an important role in the phenomenon that has come to be known as mass incarceration. Perhaps more importantly, there are things that judges could do to help reverse that trend.
Judges will sometimes say our system is too harsh. But, in the same breath they tell us the decision to create such a system and the decision to …
Debiasing Criminal Justice, Sandra Guerra Thompson, Nicole Bremner Cásarez
Debiasing Criminal Justice, Sandra Guerra Thompson, Nicole Bremner Cásarez
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
The killing of George Floyd by police officers in Minnesota inspired a summer of protests in 2020, followed by a call for racial reckoning and a professed commitment to reform criminal justice. Many have condemned the “systemic racism” reflected in countless demographic measures. From killings of unarmed men by the police at the front end of the criminal justice system to incarceration rates at the back end, the statistics show stark disparities along racial lines. These disparities are held up as evidence of racial bias in the system.
Statements about racial bias may be intended as an indictment of a …
Solidifying Supremacy Clause Immunity, Leslie A. Gardner, Justin C. Van Orsdol
Solidifying Supremacy Clause Immunity, Leslie A. Gardner, Justin C. Van Orsdol
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
States have often taken different approaches to polarizing issues such as the legalization of marijuana, voting rights, and gun safety. Generally, the federal government has stayed out of the fray honoring the concept of the “states as laboratories.” That is, until recently. With increasing debate among political leaders and diverging viewpoints among Department of Justice officials, clashes between federal officers and state governments have increased. But what happens to a federal officer caught in the crossfire, charged by a state prosecutor for breaking state criminal law while attempting to enforce federal law? The answer lies in the doctrine of Supremacy …
Petitions From The Grave: Why Federal Executions Are A Violation Of The Suspension Clause, Taran Wessells
Petitions From The Grave: Why Federal Executions Are A Violation Of The Suspension Clause, Taran Wessells
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
This Note will address the intersection of wrongful convictions, the federal death penalty, and habeas corpus to conclude that the federal death penalty is an unconstitutional violation of the Suspension Clause of the United States Constitution. Part I of this Note will establish that Congress may not suspend the writ of habeas corpus outside of wartime. Then, Part II will show that wrongfully convicted prisoners therefore have a constitutional right to a habeas petition if they discover new, exonerating evidence. Part III will argue that because executed prisoners cannot file a habeas petition for release, executing wrongfully convicted prisoners is …
Frankly, It's A Mess: Requiring Courts To Transparently "Redline" Affidavits In The Face Of Franks Challenges, Diana Bibb
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
Part I provides a brief overview of the Fourth Amendment, probable cause, and the exclusionary rule. Part II discusses Franks v. Delaware, the development of the challenge’s framework, and subsequent expansions to the doctrine made by the lower courts. Next, Part III argues that, despite the aforementioned expansions, courts have consistently weakened Franks. Notably, the Supreme Court refuses to consider Franks issues, including the multitude of splits over which standard of review is applicable. Moreover, some circuits have developed their own minute rules that have chiseled away at the effectiveness of a Franks challenge. Part IV proposes that …
A Comparative Examination Of Police Interrogation Of Criminal Suspects In Australia, Canada, England And Wales, New Zealand, And The United States, Carol A. Brook, Bruno Fiannaca, David Harvey, Paul Marcus, Renee Pomerance, Paul Roberts
A Comparative Examination Of Police Interrogation Of Criminal Suspects In Australia, Canada, England And Wales, New Zealand, And The United States, Carol A. Brook, Bruno Fiannaca, David Harvey, Paul Marcus, Renee Pomerance, Paul Roberts
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
The interrogation process is central to the investigation and resolution of criminal matters throughout the world. It is fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of comparative criminal procedure to study and appreciate the different approaches to the interrogation process in different nations. This Article developed through a series of conversations between six international criminal justice professionals— practicing attorneys, scholars, and judges—regarding the interrogation practices and rules in their respective countries. Providing a comparative look at this important area, this Article examines the applicable practices and procedures in the common law nations of Australia, Canada, England and Wales, New Zealand, and the …
The Protection Of Free Choice And The Right To Passivity: Applying The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination To Physical Examinations And Documents' Submission, Rinat Kitai-Sangero
The Protection Of Free Choice And The Right To Passivity: Applying The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination To Physical Examinations And Documents' Submission, Rinat Kitai-Sangero
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
This Article addresses the question of whether the privilege against selfincrimination should cover physical examinations as well as the obligation to submit documents. This question requires a serious examination of the justifications underlying the privilege against self-incrimination and is of particular relevance in the current age of technological progress that expands the powers assigned to law enforcement agencies to access knowledge and thoughts stored in individuals’ minds. After addressing the comparative law regarding the applicability of the privilege against selfincrimination to physical examinations and to the obligation to submit documents and discussing key justifications for the privilege against self-incrimination, dividing …
"Buy One Get One Free": How Reindictment Policies Permit Excessive Searches, Katie Carroll
"Buy One Get One Free": How Reindictment Policies Permit Excessive Searches, Katie Carroll
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
When the government decides to stop prosecuting a case, it files a nolle prosequi with the court. Nolle prosequis are slightly different from motions to dismiss. Unlike a motion to dismiss with prejudice, a prosecutor may later reindict a defendant with the same crime without a double jeopardy issue arising after dropping the same case through nolle prosequi. Furthermore, many states do not require judicial approval for a nolle prosequi. Therefore, prosecutors can gain a number of advantages by using nolle prosequi, like avoiding speedy trial deadlines or having a second chance to win important evidentiary hearings.
The advantages of …
Steps Toward Abolishing Capital Punishment: Incrementalism In The American Death Penalty, Melanie Kalmanson
Steps Toward Abolishing Capital Punishment: Incrementalism In The American Death Penalty, Melanie Kalmanson
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
While scholars seem united on the sentiment that abolition is the ultimate resting place for capital sentencing in the United States, their arguments vary as to how the system will reach that point. For example, Carol and Jordan Steiker argue that the systemic disarray of capital sentencing in the United States is a result of the U.S. Supreme Court’s attempt to constitutionalize capital sentencing. This Article contends that the U.S. Supreme Court’s constitutional jurisprudence that has developed since 1972, when the Court reset capital sentencing in Furman v. Georgia, has aided the Court in gradually narrowing capital punishment, as a …
Common Law Evidence And The Common Law Of Human Rights: Towards A Harmonic Convergence?, John D. Jackson
Common Law Evidence And The Common Law Of Human Rights: Towards A Harmonic Convergence?, John D. Jackson
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
This Article considers the impact which European Human Rights Law has made upon the common law rules of evidence with reference to the approach the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has adopted towards exclusionary rules of evidence. Particular attention will be given to rules that have been developed by the ECtHR in relation to the right to counsel during police questioning (the so-called “Salduz” doctrine) and the right to examine witnesses (the so-called “sole or decisive” evidence rule). The Article argues that the effect of these rules has encouraged common law judges to engage more holistically with the effect …
Legitimacy, Authority, And The Right To Affordable Bail, Colin Starger, Michael Bullock
Legitimacy, Authority, And The Right To Affordable Bail, Colin Starger, Michael Bullock
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
Bail reform is hot. Over the past two years, jurisdictions around the country have moved to limit or end money bail practices that discriminate against the poor. Although cheered on by many, bail reform is vehemently opposed by the powerful bail-bond industry. In courts around the country, lawyers representing this industry have argued that reform is unnecessary, and even unconstitutional. One particularly insidious argument advanced by bail-bond apologists is that a “wall of authority” supports the proposition that “bail is not excessive merely because the defendant is unable to pay it.” In other words, authority rejects the right to affordable …
The Fourth Amendment Disclosure Doctrines, Monu Bedi
The Fourth Amendment Disclosure Doctrines, Monu Bedi
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
The third party and public disclosure doctrines (together the “disclosure doctrines”) are long-standing hurdles to Fourth Amendment protection. These doctrines have become increasingly relevant to assessing the government’s use of recent technologies such as data mining, drone surveillance, and cell site location data. It is surprising then that both the Supreme Court and scholars, at times, have associated them together as expressing one principle. It turns out that each relies on unique foundational triggers and does not stand or fall with the other. This Article tackles this issue and provides a comprehensive topology for analyzing the respective contours of each …
Excessively Unconstitutional: Civil Asset Forfeiture And The Excessive Fines Clause In Virginia, Rachel Jones
Excessively Unconstitutional: Civil Asset Forfeiture And The Excessive Fines Clause In Virginia, Rachel Jones
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Reducing The Dangers Of Future Dangerousness Testimony: Applying The Federal Rules Of Evidence To Capital Sentencing, Jaymes Fairfax-Columbo, David Dematteo
Reducing The Dangers Of Future Dangerousness Testimony: Applying The Federal Rules Of Evidence To Capital Sentencing, Jaymes Fairfax-Columbo, David Dematteo
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
The United States Supreme Court has long held that the death penalty cannot be imposed arbitrarily, and that during sentencing in capital cases, jurors must be provided with guidelines to assist them in narrowing down the class of individuals for whom the death penalty is appropriate. Typically, this is accomplished through the presentation of aggravating and mitigating evidence. One aggravating factor is a capital offender’s future dangerousness, or the likelihood that the individual will engage in violent institutional misconduct while in prison. Future dangerousness may be assessed using a variety of measures; Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), a measure of personality …
Orange Is The New Equal Protection Violation: How Evidence-Based Sentencing Harms Male Offenders, Shaina D. Massie
Orange Is The New Equal Protection Violation: How Evidence-Based Sentencing Harms Male Offenders, Shaina D. Massie
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Confronting Cops In Immigration Court, Mary Holper
Confronting Cops In Immigration Court, Mary Holper
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
Part I of the Article outlines the police report problem by discussing the four situations in which police reports are used in immigration court, why police reports are unreliable, and the scope of the problem. Part II discusses criminal laws treatment of police reports, focusing on the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, which provides the constitutional justification for excluding police reports in criminal cases. Part III discusses the use of hearsay evidence in immigration cases, where hearsay is allowed due to the characterization of removal proceedings as civil, not criminal. While there has been a trend to reject unreliable …
Sentencing Roulette: How Virginia’S Criminal Sentencing System Is Imposing An Unconstitutional Trial Penalty That Suppresses The Rights Of Criminal Defendants To A Jury Trial, Caleb R. Stone
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Forgetting Furman: Arbitrary Death Penalty Sentencing Schemes Across The Nation, Sarah A. Mourer
Forgetting Furman: Arbitrary Death Penalty Sentencing Schemes Across The Nation, Sarah A. Mourer
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Death By Irrelevance: The Unconstitutionality Of Virginia’S Continued Exclusion Of Prison Conditions Evidence To Assess The Future Dangerousness Of Capital Defendants, Andrew Lindsey
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
This Note argues that Virginia statutory and case law requiring the exclusion of prison conditions evidence in capital trials where the jury must determine defendants’ future dangerousness is unconstitutional. In Part I, I present certain portions of a hypothetical capital trial in Virginia to introduce readers to the concepts of prison conditions evidence and future dangerousness, and why they are important to capital defendants. In Part II, I trace the development of the constitutional right that is violated by the exclusion of this evidence, as well as how Virginia has come to justify its exclusionary stance based on a flawed …
Seizing A Cell Phone Incident To Arrest: Data Extraction Devices, Faraday Bags, Or Aluminum Foil As A Solution To The Warrantless Cell Phone Search Problem, Adam M. Gershowitz
Seizing A Cell Phone Incident To Arrest: Data Extraction Devices, Faraday Bags, Or Aluminum Foil As A Solution To The Warrantless Cell Phone Search Problem, Adam M. Gershowitz
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Shadowing The Flag: Extending The Habeas Writ Beyond Guantanamo, Dawinder S. Sidhu
Shadowing The Flag: Extending The Habeas Writ Beyond Guantanamo, Dawinder S. Sidhu
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
The writ of habeas corpus activates courts’ duty to check arbitrary or unlawful restraints by the Executive on individual liberty. In times of war, courts have been compelled to determine whether the writ is available to individuals held by the Executive outside of the territorial boundaries of the United States. In Johnson v. Eisentrager, in which World War II detainees were held in Germany, the Supreme Court answered in the negative, while in Boumediene v. Bush, involving post–9/11 detainees housedat Guantánamo, the Court reached the opposite conclusion. Operating within these two guideposts, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District …
Grand Jury Innovation: Toward A Functional Makeover Of The Ancient Bulwark Of Liberty, Roger A. Fairfax Jr.
Grand Jury Innovation: Toward A Functional Makeover Of The Ancient Bulwark Of Liberty, Roger A. Fairfax Jr.
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Georgia V. Randolph, The Red-Headed Stepchild Of An Ugly Family: Why Third Party Consent Search Doctrine Is An Unfortunate Fourth Amendment Development That Should Be Restrained, Aubrey H. Brown
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Your Honor, I Seen Him With That Gang: The Constitutionality Of The Federal Criminal Street Gang Statute In The Wake Of Apprendi V. New Jersey, Jennifer E. Fleming
Your Honor, I Seen Him With That Gang: The Constitutionality Of The Federal Criminal Street Gang Statute In The Wake Of Apprendi V. New Jersey, Jennifer E. Fleming
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
1984 Arrives: Thought(Crime), Technology, And The Constitution, William Federspiel
1984 Arrives: Thought(Crime), Technology, And The Constitution, William Federspiel
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Be They Fish Or Not Fish: The Fishy Registration Of Nonsexual Offenders, Ofer Raban
Be They Fish Or Not Fish: The Fishy Registration Of Nonsexual Offenders, Ofer Raban
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
"Sacrificing The End To The Means": The Constitutionality Of Suspicionless Subway Searches, Katherine Lee Martin
"Sacrificing The End To The Means": The Constitutionality Of Suspicionless Subway Searches, Katherine Lee Martin
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
All Men Are (Or Should Be) Created Equal: An Argument Against The Use Of The Cultural Defense In A Post-Booker World, Elizabeth Martin
All Men Are (Or Should Be) Created Equal: An Argument Against The Use Of The Cultural Defense In A Post-Booker World, Elizabeth Martin
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Terrorism And The New Criminal Process, John T. Parry
Terrorism And The New Criminal Process, John T. Parry
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Justice Story Cuts The Gordian Knot Of Hung Jury Instructions, George C. Thomas Iii, Mark Greenbaum
Justice Story Cuts The Gordian Knot Of Hung Jury Instructions, George C. Thomas Iii, Mark Greenbaum
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.