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Articles 1 - 28 of 28
Full-Text Articles in Law
Lending Innovations, Xuan-Thao Nguyen
Lending Innovations, Xuan-Thao Nguyen
Brooklyn Law Review
This article is about innovations. Startups and their founders in the innovation intensive sectors cannot reach their dreams without financing. They cannot turn to banks for loans. Banks, from community to commercial banks, shun startups due to antiquated banking law, business model and high risks associated with tech lending. But there are outlier banks who disrupt the banking business model with lending innovation, fueling startups with loans that allow tech innovations to occur from Silicon Valley to Route 128 of the northeast corridor, and from Shanghai, China to Herzliya, Israel. With qualitative and quantitative patent data, this article demonstrates how …
Libertad For All? Why The Helms-Burton Act Is An Empty Promise Of “Freedom” For The Cuban People., Cristina L. Lang
Libertad For All? Why The Helms-Burton Act Is An Empty Promise Of “Freedom” For The Cuban People., Cristina L. Lang
Brooklyn Law Review
After the Cuban Revolution, the Castro government nationalized the property of many American nationals, which served as a justification for the Kennedy administration’s decision to institute a general economic embargo on Cuba. This embargo was officially codified in the late 1990s in the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act, enacted by President Bill Clinton. Title III of this Act was suspended since its enactment. By creating a private cause of action for American nationals to sue “traffickers” of their improperly nationalized Cuban property, Title III aims to deter foreign investment into Cuba and compensate American citizens whose Cuban property …
Not All Violence In Relationships Is "Domestic Violence", Tamara Kuennen
Not All Violence In Relationships Is "Domestic Violence", Tamara Kuennen
Brooklyn Law Review
This article argues that not all violence in intimate relationships is “domestic violence.” Domestic violence is a pattern of acts perpetrated with a motive: power and control over another. National anti-domestic violence organizations, activists and advocates, and a number of academics agree on this construct of domestic violence. Law, on the other hand, requires neither a pattern nor a motive; it defines domestic violence to include any single act of violence in a relationship, regardless of the perpetrator’s intent. Because legal intervention is the primary intervention for domestic violence today, feminist legal scholars have sought to reform the law to …
The Regulatory Production Of Vaccine Hesitancy, Eugene Mccarthy
The Regulatory Production Of Vaccine Hesitancy, Eugene Mccarthy
Brooklyn Law Review
This article argues that U.S. vaccine law produces the “anti-vax” movement. The anti-vax movement is a growing problem, as more than half of American parents have concerns about vaccinating their children. Remarkably, these “vaccine-hesitant” individuals tend to be highly educated, wealthy, and experienced parents. Three legal structures cause vaccine hesitancy: strict immunization mandates, lax regulatory oversight, and blanket limited liability for vaccine manufacturers. The United States stands alone with regard to its vaccine mandates—no other developed democracy requires its citizens to receive such a large number of childhood vaccines. Meanwhile, the law permits financial conflicts of interest in vaccine approval …
The Use Of Force To Prevent Recurrence Of Conflict: Where Are The Limits Of Self-Defense?, Laurie R. Blank
The Use Of Force To Prevent Recurrence Of Conflict: Where Are The Limits Of Self-Defense?, Laurie R. Blank
Brooklyn Law Review
The prohibition on the use of force is the central pillar of the international system of peace and security, and yet contemporary conflicts continue to stretch and pressure this foundational rule. This article examines how international law applies to the use of force in the territory of another state for the purpose of preventing a resurgence of violence after a conflict has ended. In the absence of consent or U.N. Security Council authorization, can self-defense be a justification for a state to use force to prevent the resurgence of conflict? In January 2018, the United States announced an intended policy …
Going Gunless, Dru Stevenson
Going Gunless, Dru Stevenson
Brooklyn Law Review
Firearm policy in the United States is subject to longstanding political gridlock. Up to now, most of the legal academic literature has focused on the constitutionality of various—or any—regulations regarding firearm possession, sales, or usage. This article inverts the problem and proposes a system for voluntary registration and certification of nonowners, those who want to waive or renounce their Second Amendment rights as a matter of personal conviction. The proposed system is analogous to both the registration of conscientious objectors during wartime conscriptions, and the newer suicide prevention laws whereby individuals can add their names to a do-not-sell list for …
It’S 1919 Somewhere: What Tennessee Wine & Spirits Retailers Association V. Thomas Means For The National Hangover Of The Twenty-First Amendment, The Dormant Commerce Clause, And Federal Legalization Of Intoxicating Substances., Evan W. Saunders
Brooklyn Law Review
The United States has a drinking problem; or rather, an alcohol problem. In the aftermath of Prohibition and the passage of the Twenty-First Amendment, the Supreme Court has struggled to settle upon an overarching regulatory system for alcohol that is amenable to both the federal government and the states. Most recently, in Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Association v. Thomas, the Court further asserted that alcohol should be treated just like any other good under the Dormant Commerce Clause. This note examines the Court’s Twenty-First Amendment jurisprudence leading up to Tennessee Wine, and suggests an alternate interpretation of the amendment …
Patents, Information, And Innovation, Brenda M. Simon
Patents, Information, And Innovation, Brenda M. Simon
Brooklyn Law Review
Inventors and commercialization partners often rely on patents to facilitate the exchange of sensitive information. Most scholarship in this area has focused on the areas of software and biotechnology. To provide a richer description of the role of patents in the innovative process, this project evaluates the existing literature and sets forth examples drawn from a series of interviews with professionals from the largely-overlooked medical device industry. The limited analysis of the medical device industry has focused on the largest few dozen firms—as publicly-traded entities, a great deal of data about them is readily available. Small medical device companies are …
How Single-Candidate Super Pacs Changed The Game And How To Change It Back: Adopting A Presumption Of Coordination And Fixing The Fec’S Gridlock, Sarah E. Adams
How Single-Candidate Super Pacs Changed The Game And How To Change It Back: Adopting A Presumption Of Coordination And Fixing The Fec’S Gridlock, Sarah E. Adams
Brooklyn Law Review
A series of Supreme Court decisions chipping away at campaign finance regulations, particularly the regulation of expenditure-only groups, has resulted in a proliferation of single-candidate Super PACs. While purportedly independent of the candidate, in reality, single-candidate Super PACs operate as an extension of the candidate’s own campaign team. This note argues that single-candidate Super PACs, now operating as fundamental extensions of candidates’ campaigns, pose quid pro quo corruption risks by acting as surrogates for donors who have maxed out on contributions made directly to a candidate. This note will prove that curbing the proliferation of candidate Super PAC coordination, and …
Inequality In The Sharing Economy, Gregory M. Stein
Inequality In The Sharing Economy, Gregory M. Stein
Brooklyn Law Review
The rise of the sharing economy benefits consumers and providers alike. Consumers can access a wider range of goods and services on an as-needed basis and no longer need to own a smaller number of costly assets that sit unused most of the time. Providers can engage in profitable short-term ventures, working on their own schedule and enjoying many new opportunities to supplement their income. Sharing economy platforms often employ dynamic pricing, which means that the price of a good or service varies in real time as supply and demand change. Under dynamic pricing, the price of a good or …
“To Infinity And Beyond”: A Limitless Approach To Telemedicine Beyond State Borders, Kate Nelson
“To Infinity And Beyond”: A Limitless Approach To Telemedicine Beyond State Borders, Kate Nelson
Brooklyn Law Review
Although the growth and acceptance of technological advances in the medical field have been rapid, the legal system has neglected to adjust its laws accordingly. Perhaps the most significant innovation is telemedicine, which allows a patient and a doctor, miles away from each other, to form a medical relationship across state lines. Yet, the traditional state-by-state physician licensing scheme, which promotes a medical relationship within just one state, remains the governing law. Consequently, many citizens––especially those residing in rural areas––continue to suffer from lack of health care access due to physician shortages within their state borders. Accordingly, this note critically …
Prosecuting Misconduct: New York’S Creation Of A Watchdog Commission, Danielle Robinson
Prosecuting Misconduct: New York’S Creation Of A Watchdog Commission, Danielle Robinson
Brooklyn Law Review
Prosecutors play an integral role in America’s inherently adversarial criminal justice system and thus have a significant impact on the individual liberties of accused citizens. Therefore, they have long since been subject to continuous scrutiny by the public, which in turn leads to criticism of state legislatures for not addressing the issue. The state of New York attempted to meet this challenge of prosecutorial misconduct head-on as part of a multi-pronged criminal justice reform agenda with the creation of a first-in-the-nation commission on prosecutorial conduct (CPC). At this point in time, the CPC has been held unconstitutional. This note will …
The Abraham L. Pomerantz Lecture: Investor Protection In The Digital Age, Kara M. Stein
The Abraham L. Pomerantz Lecture: Investor Protection In The Digital Age, Kara M. Stein
Brooklyn Law Review
On September 24, 2019, Kara M. Stein delivered the following keynote address at the 17th annual Abraham L. Pomerantz Lecture at Brooklyn Law School. The Pomerantz Lecture is sponsored by the Brooklyn Law Review and the Center for the Study of Business Law and Regulation at Brooklyn Law School. Kara M. Stein served as Commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from August 9, 2013 until January 2, 2019. Commissioner Stein was appointed by President Barack Obama and confirmed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.
Limited Scope Lottery: Playing The Odds On Your Ability To Withdraw, Lianne S. Pinchuk
Limited Scope Lottery: Playing The Odds On Your Ability To Withdraw, Lianne S. Pinchuk
Brooklyn Law Review
Limited scope representation, also called unbundled representation, has become widespread and widely used over the past three decades. While the American Bar Association has amended its model rules to expressly permit such representation, it failed to amend its model rules governing withdrawal. Some states have been more proactive than others in confronting potential withdrawal issues in limited scope representation. Those states that have attempted to remedy the withdrawal/termination issues have created specific rules governing limited scope engagements allowing for easier withdrawal by attorneys in such matters. Neither New York nor the American Bar Association have promulgated rules (or model rules) …
Wills Speak, Katheleen Guzman
Wills Speak, Katheleen Guzman
Brooklyn Law Review
Legal maxims calcify. It is often unclear whether a given saying – particularly a catchy one that seems to make perfect sense – was always and remains actual law, or whether at some point its iteration and confident reiteration alchemized a useful shortcut into something much more. Such is the case for the aphorism that “no will speaks until the death of its maker,” which is pervasive but incomplete. Wills speak upon execution all the time. They simply don’t speak as conveyance. Candidly recognizing the determinism of the maxim invites fresh inquiry over the nature of the expectancy. If wills …
Debugging Irs Notice 2014-21: Creating A Viable Cryptocurrency Taxation Plan, Alex Ankier
Debugging Irs Notice 2014-21: Creating A Viable Cryptocurrency Taxation Plan, Alex Ankier
Brooklyn Law Review
In 2014, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issued Notice 2014-21 in an attempt to address issues with cryptocurrency taxation, essentially reaching the conclusion that cryptocurrency must be treated like property for purposes of taxation. In the time since the IRS pronouncement, several academics have called for an alternative treatment known as “currency treatment.” Each treatment inadequately addresses the comprehensive issues surrounding cryptocurrency because they offer wholesale treatment to nuanced issues with valid concerns from each side. To truly allow this emerging industry to flourish and gain societal acceptance, artful policymaking is required. This note provides an example of such policymaking. …
The People’S Business: The Case For Amending New York Civil Rights Law Section 50-A, Jeffrey T. Hazelton
The People’S Business: The Case For Amending New York Civil Rights Law Section 50-A, Jeffrey T. Hazelton
Brooklyn Law Review
For more than forty years, New York Civil Rights Law section 50-a has harmed New Yorkers by shielding the release of police officers’ “personnel records,” including in the aftermath of substantiated complaints of misconduct. With the aid of numerous New York Court Appeals decisions, this statute progressively transformed from a relatively nuanced protection for testifying officers during trial, to its ultimate status as an outright bar to virtually all public disclosures. In fact, the New York Court Appeals has even held that section 50-a supersedes New York’s Freedom of Information Law (FOIL), thereby prohibiting even redacted FOIL disclosures. By prioritizing …
Virtual Pretrial Jurisdiction For Virtual Contacts, Max D. Lovrin
Virtual Pretrial Jurisdiction For Virtual Contacts, Max D. Lovrin
Brooklyn Law Review
Personal jurisdiction is a threshold requirement for any civil court’s constitutional exercise of adjudicative authority over a defendant, and one of civil procedure’s most fundamental concepts. The Supreme Court is acutely aware of difficulties facing personal jurisdiction doctrine in an evolving world and the need for jurisprudential solutions to those problems. But recent inconsistent trends in Supreme Court personal jurisdiction jurisprudence have served to further complicate the doctrine. Such overcomplication often leads to unpredictability, which both increases expenses for litigants and creates additional work for the already overburdened federal civil docket. This problem is exacerbated when litigation arises out of …
Protecting The Social Utility Of Appraisal Arbitrage: A Case For Amending Delaware Law To Strengthen The Appraisal Remedy After Dell, Thomas J. Meriam
Protecting The Social Utility Of Appraisal Arbitrage: A Case For Amending Delaware Law To Strengthen The Appraisal Remedy After Dell, Thomas J. Meriam
Brooklyn Law Review
The landscape of M&A litigation in Delaware has undergone a substantial transformation within the last decade. Almost every transaction involving the acquisition of a publicly traded company has attracted stockholder litigation. This note considers Delaware’s attempt to strike the right balance between deterring frivolous litigation and ensuring adequate stockholder protections. In particular, this note considers the social utility of Delaware’s appraisal remedy and the practice of “appraisal arbitrage.” This note puts forth reasons as to why a healthy market of appraisal arbitrage benefits all stockholders: a meaningful threat of appraisal litigation encourages better sales practices in the market for corporate …
The Common Law Of Cyber Trespass, Michael J. O'Connor
The Common Law Of Cyber Trespass, Michael J. O'Connor
Brooklyn Law Review
Right now, if executives in California and Virginia each bribe a competitor’s disloyal employee to steal a trade secret from the competitor’s servers, under the federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), the Government can charge one executive but not the other. Courts decide these cases differently due to the widening circuit split over the CFAA term “without authorization.” Neither the Supreme Court nor Congress has shown interest in resolving the split over authorization. Even more concerning is the suggestion that they can’t resolve it; the statute addresses too many potential scenarios for a single definition to end all debate. …
Pharmaceutical Philanthropy Or Resisting Regulations?: Why Pharmaceutical Donations Do Not Violate The Anti-Kickback Statute, Tino Illiparambil
Pharmaceutical Philanthropy Or Resisting Regulations?: Why Pharmaceutical Donations Do Not Violate The Anti-Kickback Statute, Tino Illiparambil
Brooklyn Law Review
With health care costs spiraling out of control in recent decades, Americans have been forgoing necessary medical attention. The many federal health care programs instituted to assist patients do not guarantee affordable costs. In an effort to combat this crisis, pharmaceutical companies have taken the initiative to absorb some of these costs through patient assistance programs (PAPs). Pharmaceutical companies attract low-income patients to drug-specific PAPs by offering a deep discount on their medications. This leads to an increase in demand, which ultimately can be used to increase price and thus profits. Consequently, the government has begun to scrutinize PAPs for …
Out Of Options: The Obstructions Hindering Victims Of Non-State Actor Violence Under Current Asylum Law, Kenneth D. Law Jr.
Out Of Options: The Obstructions Hindering Victims Of Non-State Actor Violence Under Current Asylum Law, Kenneth D. Law Jr.
Brooklyn Law Review
Each year tens of thousands of immigrants head to the United States’ shores in the hope of achieving their version of the “American Dream.” This dream is now more elusive than it has ever been due to the Trump Administration’s attempts to limit legal migration by, to an extent, removing certain avenues of entry. Specifically, the Trump Administration severely hindered the ability of victims of domestic and gang violence to apply for one of the few forms of relief afforded to them: asylum. This note analyzes how decisions such as former Attorney General Jeff Sessions’ opinion in Matter of A-B- …
Asymmetries In Immigration Protection, Sabrineh Ardalan
Asymmetries In Immigration Protection, Sabrineh Ardalan
Brooklyn Law Review
As increasing numbers of immigrants face deportation, a major asymmetry in existing immigration procedures requires attention. Individuals who are deported from the United States and attempt to reenter are afforded an opportunity to prove their fears of return to their home countries, whereas those with prior deportation orders who have remained in the United States are not. This difference is based on the false premise that the latter have already had their day in court and do not need an additional layer of screening. This article fills a critical gap in the existing scholarship, which has thus far failed to …
Fraying The Knot: Marital Property, Probate, And Practical Problems With Tribal Marriage Bans, Suzianne D. Painter-Thorne
Fraying The Knot: Marital Property, Probate, And Practical Problems With Tribal Marriage Bans, Suzianne D. Painter-Thorne
Brooklyn Law Review
While marriage equality is thought to be the law of the land, that is not necessarily true for members of nearly a dozen Indian tribes that continue to prohibit same-sex marriage. Whether a tribe permits same-sex marriage rests on the tribes’ inherent authority to govern their own internal affairs. Acting pursuant to that inherent authority, many tribes were leaders on the issue of marriage equality, legalizing same-sex marriage when most states prohibited such marriages. Other tribes, however, like the Navajo Nation, limit marriages to “one man and one woman.” As a consequence, a married Indian couple may have their marriage …
Bargaining Over Biometrics: How Player Unions Should Protect Athletes In The Age Of Wearable Technology, Skyler R. Berman
Bargaining Over Biometrics: How Player Unions Should Protect Athletes In The Age Of Wearable Technology, Skyler R. Berman
Brooklyn Law Review
From governments to businesses and entertainment-like professional sports, society is slow to adjust to rapid technological change. State and federal governments are similarly tepid to regulate emerging technologies, and many industries fail to promptly alter their strategies to account for such changes. This note focuses on how the major sports leagues have yet to adequately address biometric data derived from wearable technology in their respective collective bargaining agreements. This lack of clarity presents a multitude of issues spanning from data ownership, privacy and publicity rights to labor and employment protections. Consequently, professional athletes have, at best, limited rights to their …
Lying And Cheating, Or Self-Help And Civil Disobedience?, Aditi Bagchi
Lying And Cheating, Or Self-Help And Civil Disobedience?, Aditi Bagchi
Brooklyn Law Review
May poor sellers lie to rich buyers? This article argues that, under limited circumstances, sellers may indeed have a license to lie about their goods. Where sellers are losers under unjust background institutions and they reasonably believe that buyers have more than they would under just institutions, lies that result in de minimum transfers can be regarded as a kind of self-help. More generally, what we owe each other in our interpersonal interactions depends on the institutional backdrop. Consumer contract law, including its enforcement regimes, should recognize the social and political contingency of sellers’ obligations to buyers. In other contexts, …
The Impossibility Doctrine In Commercial Contracts: An Empirical Analysis, Uri Benoliel
The Impossibility Doctrine In Commercial Contracts: An Empirical Analysis, Uri Benoliel
Brooklyn Law Review
The impossibility doctrine – under which a contracting party has no duty to perform the agreement if performance thereof is rendered impossible – is a basic building block of U.S. contract law. The prevailing law-and-economics analysis of this doctrine suggests that when contract performance becomes impossible, courts should assign the contractual risk of non-performance to the superior risk bearer, i.e., to the party that can bear said risk at least cost. This article empirically tests, for the first time, the economic theory of the impossibility doctrine. It first hypothesizes that most sophisticated parties to commercial contracts are unlikely to adopt …
When Women’S Silence Is Reasonable: Reforming The Faragher/Ellerth Defense In The #Metoo Era, Elizabeth C. Potter
When Women’S Silence Is Reasonable: Reforming The Faragher/Ellerth Defense In The #Metoo Era, Elizabeth C. Potter
Brooklyn Law Review
The incredible force of the #MeToo movement has created momentum for long-overdue reform of workplace sexual harassment laws. One problematic element of the sexual harassment scheme is the Faragher/Ellerth defense, a defense to a claim of hostile work environment under Title VII. The Faragher/Ellerth defense allows an employer to escape liability for actionable sexual harassment if it can show that it had a policy against harassment with a procedure for making complaints, but the victim of harassment did not complain using that procedure. But the vast majority of victims of sexual harassment never make a formal complaint to their employer …