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Full-Text Articles in Law
Realigning The Governmental/Proprietary Distinction In Municipal Law, Hugh D. Spitzer
Realigning The Governmental/Proprietary Distinction In Municipal Law, Hugh D. Spitzer
Articles
Lawyers and judges who deal with municipal law are perpetually puzzled by the distinction between “governmental” and “proprietary” powers of local governments. The distinction is murky, inconsistent between jurisdictions, inconsistent within jurisdictions, and of limited use in predicting how courts will rule. Critics have launched convincing attacks on the division of municipal powers into these two categories. Most articles have focused on problems with the distinction in specific areas of municipal law. In contrast, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the governmental/proprietary distinction in seven specific doctrinal areas: legislative grants of municipal authority, government contracts, torts, eminent domain, adverse …
Sovereignty: The State, The Individual, And The International Legal System In The Twenty First Century, Ronald A. Brand
Sovereignty: The State, The Individual, And The International Legal System In The Twenty First Century, Ronald A. Brand
Articles
This essay proposes that an understanding of original concepts of sovereignty both helps explain twentieth century developments in international law and provides a proper context for coming changes in the ways in which persons relate to states, states relate to states within the international legal system, and ultimately and most importantly-the way international law affects and applies to persons. The most important developments in international law in the new century are likely not to be in state-state relationships but rather in the status and rights of the person in international law. The twentieth century process of globalization brought us back …
Taxes Vs. Fees: A Curious Confusion, Hugh D. Spitzer
Taxes Vs. Fees: A Curious Confusion, Hugh D. Spitzer
Articles
Provides an analytical framework for categorizing varoius types of taxes and user charges and distinguishing between them, applying both economic and legal concepts.