Law Commons^™

Federal Regulation Of Independent Natural Gas Producers, Joe H. Foy

Vanderbilt Law Review

In describing and evaluating area rate-making, Mr. Foy concentrates on its historical context. His discussion shows how conventional utility and railroad regulatory methods grew to fit the economic characteristics of the regulated industries. He traces the fluctuating standards of the federal "fair value" era and the modern "end-result" era, with emphasis on the Hope case, and analyzes the use of typical or representative costs in various types of group proceedings. Concluding that natural gas producers occupy a unique factual position, he warns that the FPC must continue to devise ingenious, pragmatic methodology, untrammelled by conventional regulatory concepts, if its regulation …

Book Reviews, Edward W. Kuhn President

Vanderbilt Law Review

Lawyers and Their Work; An Analysis of the Legal Profession in the United States and England. By Quintin Johnstone and Dan Hopson, Jr. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1967. Pp. x, 604. $10.

The Desegregation Opinion Revisited:Legal Or Sociological?, Morris D. Forkosch

Vanderbilt Law Review

It is the thesis of this article that the Supreme Court, regardless of its decision for or against the state laws, had the judicial ability and jurisdiction to render the opinion in the Desegregation Case of 1954. A distinction is drawn here between the judicial power to decide a case regardless of any attendant consequences, and the reasons given for that decision. When reasons which were supposedly valid seventy years ago are now rejected, there is nothing illogical in this rejection so long as the Court still adheres to the identical procedure used earlier; but when the substance within the …

Federal Tax Rulings: Procedure And Policy, Saul C. Belz

Vanderbilt Law Review

The rulings program of the Internal Revenue Service was designed to meet the need for predictability of the tax consequences of any given financial transaction. Though the rulings program is not particularly important to the average taxpayer, it has become increasingly crucial both to the financial community and to the Service itself. As the tax laws become more complex, and tax risks become increasingly important to the success of business ventures, the need for confirmation before entering into a transaction is intensified. Thus parties to a transaction will generally request a ruling...

"whenever the answer is uncertain or when the …

The Use Of Tests In Promotions Under Seniority Provisions, Aubrey L. Coleman, Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

The testing requirements enunciated by the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to eliminate certain types of discrimination through tests will assuredly have application in the further development of sound, overall testing programs for all employees. While at present very few contracts have provisions with respect to testing, undoubtedly most future agreements will. This development should reduce the number of disputes, since requirements now imposed by arbitrators will be written into bargaining agreements. While there will still be disagreements over whether the tests were properly evaluated, controversies as to whether the tests are specifically related to …

State Legislative Services: An Overview, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Increasing awareness of the critical needs of the state legislatures has stimulated a number of groups to study these needs and suggest reforms. As a result of these efforts, the problems in this area are well-defined. However, all too often the states have failed to take an overview of the needs of the legislative branch; instead most efforts in this area have been directed towards the solutions of specific problems. The result has been as follows: a specific service agency will be created in response to a felt need; subsequently the agency will assume additional duties under the force of …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Antitrust--Agency Franchise Agreements Are Reasonable Trade Restraints Under Sherman Act While Restraints Following Sale Are Per Se Unlawful

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Antitrust--Product Extension Merger in Violation of Section 7 of the Clayton Act

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Constitutional Law--Reapportionment-Principle of "One Man, One Vote" Not Applicable to Appointed County School Board Performing Administrative Function

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Labor Law--Union Empowered To Expel Member for Failure To Exhaust Union Appellate Remedies

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Taxation--Federal Estate Taxation-State Trial Court Judgments on Property Rights Not Conclusive on Federal Courts Adjudicating Federal Tax Consequences

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Taxation--Federal Income Tax--Effect of Close Corporation Voting Trust on Right to Subchapter S Election

Corporate Securities As "Business Property", Thomas G. Bost

Vanderbilt Law Review

Inadequacies of the statutory definition of "capital asset" have led the courts to develop the concept of "business property," which serves to distinguish everyday business activities from investment activities.This concept is now being applied by courts in a wide variety of factual situations involving corporate securities. However, unless objective, easily ascertainable limits to the "business property" concept are found, confusion and inconsistency may mark the development of future case law. The rules developed by the American Law Institute's Discussion Draft Study of Definitional Problems in Capital Gains Taxation appear to provide these objective limits. Because they are consistent with the …

Attorney's Fees: Where Shall The Ultimate Burden Lie?, James H. Cheek, Iii

Vanderbilt Law Review

Unfettered access to the courts is the cornerstone of the American concept of justice, yet even today we are far from achieving this ideal. Recently much progress has been achieved in improved legal services for the poor;' but the poor will never have completely free access to the courts unless the American rule that each litigant must bear the burden of paying his own attorney's fees is changed...

Since the first note of protest in 1925, a few writers, recognizing the intimate relationship between attorney's fees and full relief for the wronged party, have urged the adoption of some form …

The Practice Of Law By Out-Of-State Attorneys, William E. Flowers

Vanderbilt Law Review

Multi-state legal problems are commonplace for the American attorney. In meeting the legal needs of the business and personal lives of his clients, he is confronted daily with laws of the several components of our federal system. Out-of-state litigation and office work situations constantly demand his presence in jurisdictions in which he is not admitted to practice. Yet present admission rules make his appearance in such litigation difficult at best, and render such office work virtually impossible. These restrictions on the interstate practice of law have become intolerable--in a legal, if not always a practical, sense--in the context of our …

Abortion Legislation: The Need For Reform, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Widespread national publicity and recent state legislative activity have focused a significant degree of national concern on a serious problem of public health and morals--the question of abortion.Surveys indicate that between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 abortions take place annually--or, one abortion for every four to five pregnancies. The so-called "back-street abortionists," whether amateur or professional, each year cause the death of 5,000 to 10,000 women who are forced to seek their services. Because of the highly controversial nature of abortion, statutes attempting to deal with the problem stubbornly resist amendment despite widespread disregard of their provisions. Many hospitals permit abortions under …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Antitrust--Labor Law-Exemption of Union from Antitrust Laws Is Lost When It Imposes Minimum Price Levels on a Member-Employer Acting on their own initiative, the plaintiffs, union member'

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Civil Rights--Desegregation--School Authorities Have Afirmative Duty To Integrate School System Negro children in six Louisiana and three Alabama school systems

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Constitutional Law--Citizenship--Stripping Congress of Its Right To Expatriate

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Constitutional Law--State Constitutional Amendment Guaranteeing Discretion to Seller of Real Estate Violates Fourteenth Amendment

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Criminal Law--The "Mere Evidence" Rule Is Expressly Abolished

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antitrust, civil rights, constitutional law, criminal law

Burden Of Proof And Choice Of Forum In Tax Litigation, George L. Whitfield, Charles E. Mccallum

Vanderbilt Law Review

Since the burden of proof may be a decisive factor in tax litigation, it is important that the taxpayer be aware of the different rules in the various forums to which he may take a tax controversy, and it is essential that those rules operate fairly and consistently to enable the taxpayer to choose his forum intelligently. It is the purpose of this article to examine the burden of proof in tax litigation as it affects the choice of forum problem.

Severance -- A Means Of Minimizing The Role Of Burden And Expense In Determining The Outcome Of Litigation, Warren F. Schwartz

Vanderbilt Law Review

This article is divided into two main parts. First, it is assumed that the controlling question is how severance affects the likely outcome of litigation by altering the normal incidence of expense and burden. Then the article examines the question of whether there are overriding considerations (particularly the need for "tempering" by reference to the entire controversy) which require that severance be withheld even if dictated by considerations of economy.

The Department Of Consumers, W. E. Forte

Vanderbilt Law Review

In 1872, Congress began protecting the American consumer by enacting legislation to prevent mail fraud. From this modest beginning, the consumer protection activities of the federal government have proliferated until today there are at least 33 government agencies engaged in 296 consumer protection activities. In 1961, the estimated annual expenditures by the federal government for direct consumer protection activities totaled 272 million dollars and the number of full-time federal employees engaged in such activities was almost 22,000. Expenditures for consumer advancement, a broader concept, were estimated at 681 million dollars in 1961 and the number of full time federal employees …

The English Law Commission: A New Philosophy Of Law Reform, R. J. Sutton

Vanderbilt Law Review

Mr. Sutton discusses the newly formed English Law Commission in an effort to present constructive suggestions for the establishment and maintenance of effective law revision programs for other jurisdictions. He examines the structure of the English commission and points out that the qualities of flexibility, independence, and opportunity for early compromise of its proposals with legislators are essential for a successful law revision commission. The author concludes that the major value to be gained from the English commission is its adoption of a new philosophy of law reform--give the commission sufficient latitude to enable it to stimulate advanced legislation.

Plant Relocation: Viewed After Denial Of Enforcement Of Board's "Runaway Shop" Remedy In Garwin, E. Walter Bowman

Vanderbilt Law Review

Plant relocation--the transfer of all or a portion of plant operations to another site--can present two distinct categories of labor relations problems: (1) unfair labor practice problems under the National Labor Relations Act ("runaway shop" problems); and (2) problems of interpreting and applying a collective bargaining agreement.' While this note deals mainly with plant removal as an unfair labor practice, unionized employers must consider both problems carefully before embarking upon a relocation of operations. Miscalculations or ignorance of the consequences of certain relocation procedure can result in the imposition of liability sufficient to cause the employer to rue the day …

Rights And Obligations In The Mutual Fund: A Source Of Law, James M. Anderson

Vanderbilt Law Review

The proposals of this note, the thrust of statutory regulation, the trend of the case law and the direction of recent developments are all consistent. In a practical sense, the suggestions here attempt to provide a reasonable source of law for the men of the industry and for the courts in search of an authoritative system of behavioral standards. If, for example, a mutual fund has enjoyed such vigorous growth that the percentage fee now charged by the advisers has lost its relevance to the actual cost of management, the disgruntled shareholder or the apprehensive director would seek information on …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Bankruptcy--Transfers--Drawee Bank Not Liable for Payment of Depositor's Check After His Voluntary Petition in Bankruptcy Where Notice Is Not Given to Bank

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Constitutional Law--States Must Apply Federal Harmless--Error Standard to Federal Constitutional Error

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Juvenile Courts--Juveniles in Delinquency Proceedings Accorded Same Rights as Adults in Criminal Trials

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Taxation--Federal Income Taxation--Section 267 of the IRC Applies to Involuntary Sale

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Torts--Right of Privacy--Rule of New York Times v. Sullivan Extended to Actions for Invasion of Privacy

Religion And The Public Schools, P. Raymond Bartholomew

Vanderbilt Law Review

The first amendment to the United States Constitution contains a dual command with respect to governmental involvement with religion: government must "make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Although some have insisted that the first amendment requires a strict separation of church and state, the conclusion is inescapable that the two clauses were intended to operate together in harmony. It is apparent, therefore, that the conflicting policies of the "no establishment" clause and the "free exercise" clause must be balanced and reconciled. The United States Supreme Court has held that this balancing effort …

Book Reviews, Herman L. Trautman, W. Harold Bigham

Vanderbilt Law Review

THE BEST OF TRUSTS AND ESTATES-ESTATE PLANNING

There are one hundred and four articles arranged in eight chapters entitled, "Estate Planning-A Panoramic View," "Using the Marital Deduction, "Income Tax Planning, " "Making the Most of Gifts,""Minimizing Administration Problems," "How to Handle Business Interests," "Arranging Life Insurance," and "Drafting Wills and Trusts." The citation and date of the original publication of each article is stated, and in many instances there is an addendum by the author which brings the article up to the date of the book. In addition there are excellent introductory commentaries by the editors at the beginning of …

Legal Implications Of Clinical Investigation, Howard N. Morse

Vanderbilt Law Review

There is an increasing concern among the members of the medical profession with legal rights, obligations and limitations affecting clinical investigation. This is understandable in light of the virtual explosion of clinical investigation within medical science. Clinical investigation is the systematic collection, evaluation and reporting, by or under the supervision of physicians, of data about other human beings for the purpose of advancing scientific medical knowledge. Thus it includes neither investigation relating to animals (even though such investigation may also advance scientific medical knowledge), nor investigation of human beings for purposes unrelated to medical science, nor the trial of unproven …

Report On Administrative Law To The Tennessee Law Revision Commission, Daniel J. Gifford

Vanderbilt Law Review

The following discussion of certain aspects of administrative law is a revised version of a report prepared during the 1963-64 academic year in response to a request by the Tennessee Law Revision Commission for an evaluation of issues to be considered in adopting an administrative procedure act for the State of Tennessee. Because one of the Model State Administrative Procedure Acts would probably be used as the basis for a Tennessee Act, the discussion is based upon a comparative analysis of the workings of the original Model Act, the Revised Model Act, and the federal Administrative Procedure Act.

Whether a …

Bail Reform In The State And Federal Systems, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

The origin of the institution of bail is not entirely known, but it is believed to have originated in medieval England as a device to free untried prisoners. The definitive structure of the process seems to have been first codified in 1275 in the Statute of Westminster. The institution developed gradually and eventually became so well established that the English Bill of Rights of 1688 provided that "excessive bail ought not to be required."' The factors contributing to the development of the institution of bail were primarily matters of practical importance. Disease-ridden jails, delayed trials by traveling justices, and insecure …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Civil Rights--Exclusion of Wage Earners as a Class from Jury Service in State Courts Violates

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International Law and Trademark Infringement--Rights of Former Owners of Confiscated Cuban Businesses Under Hickenlooper Amendment

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Jurisdiction--Minimum" Contacts--First Amendment Requires a Greater Showing of Contact in a Libel Action To Satisfy Due Process Than Is Necessary in Other Types of Actions

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Labor Law--Attorney Undertaking Persuader Activity on Behalf of Employer Must Report Such Activity Under LMRDA

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Labor Law--Employer Must Bargain About an Economically Motivated Decision To Close a Portion of Its Operations

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Labor Law--Employer's Duty To Bargain When Authorization Cards Are …

Covert Contingencies In The Right To The Assistance Of Counsel, Abraham S. Blumberg

Vanderbilt Law Review

On the basis of a sociological survey showing that a very large percentage of guilty pleas are induced by defense counsel, Professor Blumberg concludes that criminal justice is not structured on the adversary model which the Supreme Court's right to counsel decisions presuppose. He submits that the primary loyalty of defense counsel is to the criminal court "system," the informal organization of court officials on which they depend for their professional existence. He suggests further that the additional attorneys which will be required to implement the right to counsel decisions will simply serve to make the"system" more efficient in utilizing …

Commercial Arbitration In Federal Courts, James F. Nooney

Vanderbilt Law Review

With increasing frequency attorneys are confronted with disputes arising under commercial contracts which contain arbitration agreements. Before the attorney can advise the client as to his legal position and recommend a course of conduct, he must interpret the effect of the arbitration agreement. Often the first question for the attorney is whether the client (or, in turn, the opposing party) can be forced to arbitrate. The answer depends upon whether agreements to arbitrate future disputes are enforceable under the law applicable to the transaction. Where both parties to the contract are citizens of the same state, the answer is readily …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Antitrust-Section 2(b) of the Robinson-Patman Act Permits Seller To Use a Pricing System To Meet the Prices of Competing Goods of Equal Saleability

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Constitutional Law--First Amendment--State Legislature May Not Require Local School Boards To Lend Textbooks to Pupils of Parochial Schools

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Constitutional Law--Imports Shipped Directly to Dealer Under Consignment Contracts With the Importer Are Not Immune to State Taxation Under the Import-Export Clause

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Constitutional Law--Reapportionment--One Man-One Vote Principle Applies to Popularly Elected Local School Boards

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Criminal Law--Admissibility in Evidence of Blood Tests Over Defendant's Objection

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Criminal Law--Resentencing--Court Has Duty To Make Known Reasons for Increased …

Legislation: Public Employee Labor Relations / Removal Of Federal Judges, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

One of the most striking developments in labor relations during the past fifteen years has been the rapid increase of both employment and union organization in the public sector. In 1950, there were approximately 6 million public employees; today there are over 10 million, over three quarters of whom work on the state and local level. It is estimated that 1.5 million of these government employees are members of various union organizations, a sixty per cent increase over the past ten years. As a result of this growth, public employees have increasingly sought and gained organizational and bargaining rights parallel …

Book Reviews, Harold G. Maier

Vanderbilt Law Review

The Enforcement of International Judicial Decisions Arbitral Awards in Public International Law By E.K. Nantwi Leyden, Netherlands: A.W. Sijthoff, N.V., 1966. Pp. xv 209.

Harold G. Maier

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Legal Papers of John Adams Edited by L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1965. Vol. 1, pp. cxliv, 334. Vol. 2, pp. x, 441. Vol.3, pp. viii, 434. $30.00 the set

Frederick Bernays Wiener