Law Commons^™

The Designation Of Protected Areas Pursuant To Biodiversity-Related Meas: An Effective Way Of Conserving Natural Resources?, Marco Citelli

Bocconi Legal Papers

The objective of the article is to see how and to which extent the creation of protected areas pursuant to biodiversity-related MEAs, as a way of balancing state sovereignty over natural resources and the concern of the international community over global environmental protection, can effectively serve the purpose of conserving biodiversity. To that extent, relevant rules under biodiversity-related MEAs will be analyzed as well as the practice developed at international level by the Conference of the Parties of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP) and the strategies respectively developed at national and sub-national level by a selected number …

Unstayed Non-Default State Judgments And The Bona Fide Dispute Language, William Burton

Bocconi Legal Papers

This Note begins by discussing involuntary bankruptcy generally, the 1984 amendment made to the code affecting this issue, the relative legislative history, and the development of a definition for bona fide dispute. Second, both approaches for dealing with unstayed non-default state judgments as they relate to the requirements of involuntary bankruptcy will be examined. Third, this Note investigates the persuasiveness and negativities behind both approaches. Finally, in an attempt to resolve the ambiguity and solidify Delaware and Pennsylvania courts and the Circuits courts themselves, a suggestion will be made that the Third Circuit, and eventually the Supreme Court, adopt the …

Why Venture Capital Will Not Be Crowded Out By Crowdfunding, Ryan Kantor

Bocconi Legal Papers

As the recovery period from one of the worst recessions in our history continues on, life for the fledgling and even, often times, experienced entrepreneur has been tough. Indeed, President Obama remarked “[c]redit’s been tight, and no matter how good their ideas are, if an entrepreneur can’t get a loan from a bank or backing from investors, it’s always impossible to get their businesses off the ground.” In response to this ever-present need for business funding, and in an attempt to stimulate the economy and job growth, Obama signed the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”) into law on …

Pari Passu To Gunboats: Nml V. Argentina, Vassilis Paliouras

Bocconi Legal Papers

This article provides a detailed overview of the latest litigation saga before the courts of the state of New York between NML Capital, a distressed debt hedge fund owned by Elliott Management Corporation, and Argentina. The two of them arguably constitute the most aggressive players in the area of sovereign debt, and it comes with no surprise that much of the relative law has been framed by disputes to which, either one or both of them, were parties. At the heart of the present dispute was the interpretation of the pari passu (originally meaning “on equal step/footing”) clause that was …

Cancelation Of High Frequency Trades: Clearly Erroneous Or Just A Mistake?, Andrew D. Getsinger

Bocconi Legal Papers

This paper focuses on an often overlooked and obscure element of the current marketplace: erroneous transactions. Historically, before the markets’ heavy reliance on automated systems, erroneous transactions were only rescindable if both parties agreed to rescind — a mutual mistake approach. Today, however, Exchanges have incorporated a dispute process to trade rescission, where members petition to the Exchange (the third-party) for cancelation of a bad-trade. A trade will then be nullified by the Exchange, if the Exchange finds that trade to be “clearly erroneous” or to have been made in “obvious error.” This dispute-process is called the “clearly erroneous execution” …

Fiscal Rules As An Instrument Of Fiscal Consolidation (Chosen Issues), Krystyna Niziol

Bocconi Legal Papers

Chosen issues connected with fiscal rules will be analyzed in this paper. These rules can be used as an instrument of fiscal consolidation, which aim is to limit deficit and public debt. This issue is particularly important in times of a sovereign debt crisis, which many EU countries have to cope with. Regulations of the EU and Polish Fiscal Law concerning the analyzed issues will be discussed in this paper.

The International Criminal Court And Lubanga: The Feminist Critique And Jus Cogens, Eric Allen Engle

Bocconi Legal Papers

The Lubanga decision, despite procedural missteps, further anchors the prohibition of child soldiers and child auxiliaries under international law. Feminist criticisms of Lubanga misapprehend the potential of Lubanga to attain the types of legal victories feminists strive for. While one can criticize Lubanga as a matter of procedure, Lubanga methodically strengthens the prohibition of child soldiery. The prohibition of child soldiers, like the prohibition of wartime rape, forced prostitution, and child sex-tourism are or are becoming jus cogens norms. Lubanga contributes to this coherence of jus cogens and sets the stage for extension of its logic into other wrongs committed …

How The French Supreme Court Annulled The First French Legislative Elections In The United States, Pierre Ciric

Bocconi Legal Papers

On February 15th, 2013, the French Supreme Court voided the election results for a newly created legislative seat in the French Parliament representing French nationals living in the United States and Canada. This decision was the result of a lawsuit filed in June 2012, challenging the election results on the basis of significant operational concerns and difficulties encountered by voters. Although a number of novel arguments involving internet and mail-in voting procedures were before the court, the decision to annul those results and declare the legislator ineligible for a year was strictly based on campaign finance rules violation grounds. Although …

The Quality Of Justice Is Strained: The Death Penalty In Nigeria, Chinwe Chinemerem Onuoha

Bocconi Legal Papers

“There is no doubt that over the past fifty years a global trend has emerged towards the abolition of the death penalty.”1 Spread over the world including some African countries, many scholars and advocates find the death penalty a violation of the international human rights standards.2 This paper reviews the arguments for that position, as applied to international instruments adopted by Nigeria, as well as the provisions of the Nigerian constitution that support the implementation of the death penalty. The paper, however, goes on to critically appraise flaws that riddle the Nigerian judicial system regarding the imposition of capital punishment. …

Osmosi Tra Sistemi Giuridici E Sovranità: Il Ruolo Della Giurisprudenza Delle Corti, Patrizia Palermo

Bocconi Legal Papers

Alcuni settori del diritto sono diventati più di altri l’occasione di un confronto e soprattutto di una riflessione approfondita sulla permeabilità dei differenti livelli di tutela dei diritti fondamentali, in particolare nell’ambito dei rapporti tra ordinamento statale, quello della Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali (CEDU) e dell’Unione Europea (UE). Da qualche anno si assiste infatti a un processo di osmosi di materiali normativi e giurisprudenziali, in cui l’interferenza reciproca appare evidente e sembra tracciare il futuro di un sistema sempre più integrato, articolato e complesso di relazioni tra ordinamenti giuridici in cui la sovranità statale riveste …

Quale Futuro Per La Funzione Sociale Della Proprietà? Abbandonare Weimar Per Tornare A Locke?, Geo Magri

Bocconi Legal Papers

Il diritto di proprietà, seppur riconosciuto dalla Costituzione italiana (artt. 42, 43 e 44), non è da essa considerato tra i diritti fondamentali. La proprietà, infatti, è disciplinata nel titolo dedicato ai rapporti civili ed economici e, dalla lettura della Carta emerge che il diritto al godimento della proprietà è subordinato alla necessità di garantire il superiore interesse della collettività. Il dato emerge inequivocabilmente dal comma II dell’art 42, secondo il quale “La proprietà privata è riconosciuta e garantita dalla legge, che ne determina i modi di acquisto, di godimento e i limiti allo scopo di assicurarne la funzione sociale …

Tutela Multilivello Dei Diritti Fondamentali: Il Diritto Di Asilo Tra Convenzione Europea Dei Diritti Dell'uomo E Unione Europea, Stefania Benetton

Bocconi Legal Papers

Il paper si propone di esaminare, alla luce della giurisprudenza più recente, il complesso rapporto tra tutela dei diritti fondamentali e normativa europea in materia di asilo, traendone elementi utili a delineare il sistema di interazione tra i livelli di tutela dei diritti fondamentali in ambito europeo. Nella recente sentenza sulle cause riunite C-411/10 e C-493/10, con riferimento alla disciplina in materia di asilo prevista dal Regolamento 343/2003, la Corte di giustizia ha avuto modo di pronunciarsi sulla tutela dei diritti fondamentali all’interno del sistema UE affermando, da un lato, che la presunzione del rispetto di tali diritti da parte …

Alcune Considerazioni In Tema Di Tutela Di Diritti Fondamentali In Terra Di Israele, Cristina Gazzetta

Bocconi Legal Papers

Le Leggi fondamentali sulla libertà di occupazione e sulla dignità e la libertà della persona del 1992 introducono, nel sistema costituzionale israeliano, il riconoscimento e la garanzia formali dei diritti della persona. Interessa qui rilevare che se da un lato le due Leggi fondamentali prevedono limitazioni all’attività del legislatore, dall’altro invece prevedono, a determinate condizioni, la possibilità che questi diritti fondamentali vengano lesi. Dunque la Corte suprema, se chiamata a giudicare sulla lesione di un diritto fondamentale, dovrà per prima cosa esaminare se la legge oggetto d’esame sia conforme ai valori dello Stato di Israele, in quanto «ebraico» e «democratico» …

Il Diritto Alla Procreazione In Una Prospettiva Comparatistica Tra Italia E Cina, Maria Francesca Staiano

Bocconi Legal Papers

I diritti riproduttivi assumono contenuti molteplici, attinenti sia alla salute sessuale e riproduttiva, sia ai diritti della personalità. Il Programma di Azione del Cairo, così come l'art. 16 (e) della CEDAW, prevede il diritto di decidere liberamente circa il numero dei figli e l'intervallo tra l'uno e l'altro. La Legge sulla popolazione e sulla pianificazione familiare cinese del 2001 impone il limite di un unico figlio per coppia (artt. 18 e 41 in disposto normativo), salvo eccezioni in casi particolari. Al contrario l'ordinamento italiano, in linea con il diritto internazionale, protegge la famiglia come formazione sociale fondamentale e ha individuato …

Alla Ricerca Del Giudice Naturale Dello Ius Cogens Internazionale: Analisi Critica Del "Sindacato Diffuso” Sulla Tutela Dei Diritti Fondamentali Alla Luce Della Giurisprudenza Ferrini E Kadi, Nicola Colacino

Bocconi Legal Papers

A partire dal secondo dopoguerra, la tendenza alla «verticalizzazione» dell’ordine giuridico internazionale si è sviluppata attraverso il riconoscimento di un nucleo di norme a carattere imperativo e inderogabile, poste a tutela di diritti fondamentali, allo scopo di renderle indisponibili e sottrarle così alla libera negoziazione degli Stati. Tuttavia, la difficoltà di stabilire l’esatta dimensione e i limiti applicativi dello ius cogens nell’ambito delle relazioni giuridiche internazionali, tuttora regolate secondo il tradizionale principio di uguaglianza sovrana, ha alimentato le perplessità in ordine alla stessa utilità pratica di tale categoria normativa. Negli ultimi anni si è manifestata, pertanto, l’esigenza di dotare le …

Cookies And Electronic Commerce: A Survey On The Actual Knowledge Of Issues Concerning Privacy, Anna Rita Popoli

Bocconi Legal Papers

This paper discusses the issues concerning cookies and privacy and electronic commerce. After analysing the European and national legislation about protection of privacy, distance selling and electronic commerce, the attention is focused on consumers actual knowledge of cookies. The second part of the paper is a survey realized in 2010 in two high schools of Modena. The survey uncovers that the knowledge about cookies and related issues is superficial. The paper concludes that there are many instruments to protect consumers’ privacy while they are surfing on or buying in the Internet. However there is the need to improve the effective …

Il Regolamento Ce 593/2008 Sulla Legge Applicabile Alle Obbligazioni Contrattuali (“Roma I”) – Ovverosia Una Grande Occasione Perduta, Michael Joachim Bonell

Bocconi Legal Papers

Con l'approvazione del Regolamento 593/2008 nello stesso momento in cui, in Europa viene pubblicata la versione definitiva del DCFR, vera e propria codificazione del diritto europeo dei contratti e delle obbligazioni contrattuali ed extracontrattuali, e a livello mondiale UNCITRAL avalla formalmente i Principi UNIDROIT dei contratti commerciali internazionali; il legislatore comunitario è intervenuto con una presa di posizione di netta chiusura verso gli strumenti di soft law. Il Regolamento 593/2008 sulla legge applicabile alle obbligazioni contrattuali esclude infatti la facoltà delle parti di scegliere quale lex contractus principi e regole non statuali, compromettendo seriamente la diffusione di questi strumenti quanto …

L’Azione Di Riduzione Nei Confronti Del Donatario Che Non Sia Più In Possesso Del Bene, Federico Mottola Lucano

Bocconi Legal Papers

Nel vigente codice civile è possibile riscontrare la presenza di un impianto di norme imperative poste a tutela dei diritti successori dei legittimarii. A tali soggetti l’ordinamento riconosce il diritto, sussistendone i presupposti, di agire nei confronti dei beneficiari delle disposizioni lesive della quota ideale di patrimonio ereditario loro spettante per veder restituito nell’asse ereditario il bene la cui disposizione sia stata lesiva, ovvero l’imputazione del corrispondente valore.

Questa tutela, che viene genericamente definita "azione di riduzione", consta in realtà di tre autonome azioni: l’azione di riduzione in senso stretto, l’azione di restituzione nei confronti dei beneficiari delle disposizioni ridotte …

Labour Rights In A Globalised World: What Future? Higher Standards Or "Race To The Bottom"?, Francesco Montanaro, Luigi Testa

Bocconi Legal Papers

This paper tries to assess the impact of economic globalization on national labour law. The liberalization of movement of capitals, goods and services created a competition between developed and developing countries. Developed countries in order to not lose this new challenge started to modify their labour legislation, curtailing or erasing consolidated rights in the name of flexibility. Deregulation became the leit motiv of the last thirty years. In this scenario both the soft law and the conventions promoted and adopted by International Labour Organizations (ILO) seem to be ineffective, not enforceable. Nevertheless, a global governance and regulation of labour law …

The Criminalization Of Lying: Under What Circumstances, If Any, Should Lies Be Made Criminal?, Bryan H. Druzin

Bocconi Legal Papers

This paper argues that lying should be a crime. In doing so we propose the creation of a wholly new category of crime, which we term “egregious lying causing serious harm.” The paper has two broad objectives: the first is to make the case why such a crime should even exist, and the second is to flesh out how this crime might be constructed. The main contribution of the paper lies in the radical nature of its stated aim: the outright criminalization of certain kinds of lies. To our knowledge, such a proposal has not previously been made. The analysis …

Clarifying The View Of The Cathedral: The Four Dimensions Of The Framework And The Calabresi Theorem, Christopher M. Dunn

Bocconi Legal Papers

It is well-known that policymakers have two basic levers to influence behavior, the carrot and the stick, or incentives and penalties. What is not common knowledge, even among policymakers, is that there are two broader levers than incentives and penalties that can influence behavior. Guido Calabresi and Douglas Melamed, in their seminal framework of law, defined two distinct but interlocking levers, entitlements and rules, powerful tools for meeting objectives. An entitlement, as defined by the framework is broader than that used typically with relation to the partisan “entitlement programs” – it refers to any allocation. The rule is the protection …

World Law Vs Global Law: Legal Models For The World Economy. A Non-Western Approach To Law And Adr As A Resource For South-South, South-East Business Relations, Ignazio Castellucci

Bocconi Legal Papers

The following paper aims to foster the development and use of alternative legal models which can be employed in the modern world economy. The positive aspects, which indeed may prove very useful in transnational economic activities, of such alternative models will be revealed through the comparison of the globally widespread common law models with other legal models sprouting outside the western legal tradition.

The main focus of this paper is on those models which have developed from China?s relations with other developing countries, especially with African ones; however, many discourses made and issues mentioned might well be adaptable to other …

Finding Footing In A Postmodern Conception Of Law, Bryan Druzin

Bocconi Legal Papers

The following jurisprudence paper examines the implications of postmodern thought upon our conception of law. It will be argued that, despite the absolute, all-consuming moral relativism towards which postmodernism seems to lead in its most extreme form, its acceptance in fact in no way undermines the possibility of finding solid ground for our legal principles. This paper contends that moral objectivity can be found in the individual experience of suffering generated by these very subjective concoctions. Subjective concoctions or not, they are real in that they imbue a sense of value into conditions, and may thus serve as foundational principles …

The Liability Of Professional Underwriters For Transfer Of Corporate Bonds Issued Beyond Legal Limits, Antonio Carbone

Bocconi Legal Papers

The present work aims to provide an analysis of the liability of professional underwriters deriving from the transfer of corporate bonds issued beyond legal limits under Italian law. After a brief introduction over the new limits for the issuance of bonds, enacted in 2003 by the Corporate Law Reform, the paper focuses on section 2412 (2) of Italian Civil Code, scrutinizing what plaintiffs can invoke the cause of action set forth by the rule and against what defendants, and analyzing the nature and origins of this liability. The following part of the paper examines the relationship between section 2412(2), banks' …

Trading The Shield Of Sovereignty For The Scales Of Justice: A Proposal For Reform Of International Sea Piracy Laws, Mike Madden

Bocconi Legal Papers

Contemporary piracy represents a large and complex threat to international security. The crime has evolved to the extent that it no longer conforms to its antiquated definition, and the rationales that underlie the ‘high seas’, ‘private ends’ and ‘two ships’ requirements of the crime articulated within UNCLOS 1982 have no relevance in the new millennium. Piracy should be redefined to include the kinds of maritime crimes that are commonly perpetrated on the seas, and a very broad notion of universal jurisdiction should attach to the crime, such that any state would be permitted to enter the territorial sea of another …

Global Law And Plunder: The Dark Side Of The Rule Of Law, Ugo Mattei, Marco De Morpurgo

Bocconi Legal Papers

The ‘rule of law’ has traditionally been conceived as an intrinsically positive and politically neutral ‘tool’, universally valid and capable of being ‘exported’ everywhere. This paper—which represents a synthetic exposition of the ideas expressed in Ugo Mattei and Laura Nader, Plunder: When the Rule of Law is Illegal (Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2008)—asserts that such an ambiguous concept has a bright and a dark side, the latter being excluded from any public discussion. The rhetoric of the ‘rule of law’ has been used by Western powers in order to justify interventions (mainly) into the ‘developing’ world, that ultimately turned into practices …

Secondary Boycotts And Ally Doctrine In The U.S. Law Of Strikes, Jacopo Busnach Ravenna

Bocconi Legal Papers

The paper aims to schematically illustrate the legal genesis of the concept of secondary boycott in U.S. statutory law and its application in the relevant case law. For this purpose, a brief overview of the historical origin of the right to strike is provided, along with the analysis of the evolutionary process which led to its inclusion in the Constitutional Charts of many European countries. This introduction is followed by a description of the legislative steps towards the enactment of the Wagner Act (1935), as amended by the Taft-Hartley Act (1947), and of the Landrum-Griffin Act (1959), especially focusing on …

Law & Globalization, Giovanni Iudica

Bocconi Legal Papers

This article explores the position of law vis-à-vis the complex phenomenon of globalization. It begins by defining globalization as the change brought about by the onset of market economy and by the technological revolution of the twentieth century. The article goes on to sketch a short history of the institutions which globalization has had the greatest destabilizing impact on: the national State and—for civil law jurisdictions—codifications. The declining role of States (and their codes) is then presented as the main reason for the enhanced importance of lex mercatoria in regulating international exchanges. This change translates, in practice, in the increased …

The Reduction Of Air Pollution: States And Markets For An Environmental Global Governance, Marta D'Auria

Bocconi Legal Papers

The air pollution is a global issue; therefore, in order to deal with it, the solution cannot be national. Not only does the Kyoto Protocol establish specific deadlines and quantitative targets for the reduction of greenhouse gases, but it also provides for the so-called ‘flexibility mechanisms’. Among these, it should be mentioned the ‘emissions trading’ system, which establishes a cap of allowable emissions, by allocating ‘emissions allowances’ and trade in them. The paper analyses four main aspects. Firstly, the choice of market-based instruments in the environmental policy, which mark the shift from ‘command-and-control’ to a new type of regulation. Secondly, …

On Universal Jurisdiction—Birth, Life And A Near-Death Experience?, Helena Gluzman

Bocconi Legal Papers

This paper investigates the topic of universal jurisdiction, ie the supranational prosecution and repression—without the necessity of a link between the accused and the prosecuting state—of crimes of such gravity and magnitude as to collide with certain core values accepted by the international community and transcending the peculiarity of national interests. The focus of the chapter is exactly to try and discern the scope of universal jurisdiction, distinguishing between the two different versions of universality theorized by contemporary authors: ‘conditional universal jurisdiction’, which requires the presence of the accused in the prosecuting state, and ‘absolute universal jurisdiction’, according to which …