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China's State Capitalism And World Trade Law, Ming Du
China's State Capitalism And World Trade Law, Ming Du
Michael Ming Du
Melding the power of the state with the power of capitalism, state‐owned and state-controlled enterprises continue to control the commanding heights of the Chinese economy even though market-oriented reforms have led to a rapid expansion of the private sector in China. This article reflects on how China’s practice of state capitalism challenges the world trading system and how WTO law, as interpreted by WTO Panels and the WTO Appellate Body (AB), addresses these challenges. The article concludes that the WTO Agreement on Subsides and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) have been interpreted in such a manner that many key features of …
The Rise Of National Regulatory Autonomy In The Gatt/Wto Regime, Michael Ming Du
The Rise Of National Regulatory Autonomy In The Gatt/Wto Regime, Michael Ming Du
Michael Ming Du
This paper sets forth two arguments. First, to respect a WTO Member’s national regulatory autonomy in the world trading system is essential to ensure the WTO’s long term success in light of the WTO’s institutional constraints, the WTO’s underlying philosophy and the WTO’s nature as an incomplete contract. Second, and contrary to many popular criticisms against the WTO’s allegedly intrusive penetration to national regulatory autonomy, this paper argues that these critics have failed to appreciate the recent WTO case law developments. Indeed, the recent WTO case law has shown that the WTO Appellate Body has quietly fine-tuned its previous jurisprudence …
Autonomy In Setting Appropriate Level Of Protection Under The Wto Law: Rhetoric Or Reality?, Michael Ming Du
Autonomy In Setting Appropriate Level Of Protection Under The Wto Law: Rhetoric Or Reality?, Michael Ming Du
Michael Ming Du
In the World Trade Organization (WTO) jurisprudence, the Appellate Body (AB) has repeatedly affirmed that WTO Members have the prerogative right in setting any level of protection that they deem appropriate (ALOP). At the same time, WTO Agreements provide for disciplines that a WTO Member must respect when it selects regulatory measures to fulfill its ALOP. Thus, a WTO Member’s autonomy in setting its ALOP, on the one hand, and the full force of other disciplines, on the other hand, are in a constant state of tension. Then, exactly how does a panel balance a Member’s right of setting its …
Standard Of Review Under The Sps Agreement After Ec-Hormones Ii, Michael Ming Du
Standard Of Review Under The Sps Agreement After Ec-Hormones Ii, Michael Ming Du
Michael Ming Du
A recurring and delicate issue in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement processes is whether, and to what extent, WTO Panels and the Appellate Body (AB) should defer to national government decisions. With regard to disputes under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), WTO Panels adopted, and the AB endorsed, a standard of review close to de novo review. As a result, the WTO jurisprudence in SPS disputes has been subject to sharp criticisms over the years. In the recent EC-Hormones II case, the AB has deviated from its established case law and articulated a new …
Reducing Product Standards Heterogeneity Through International Standards In The Wto: How Far Across The River?, Michael Ming Du
Reducing Product Standards Heterogeneity Through International Standards In The Wto: How Far Across The River?, Michael Ming Du
Michael Ming Du
Heterogeneity in product standards across World Trade Organization (WTO) members adversely affects the international flow of goods and its reduction will increase global economic welfare if legitimate regulatory objectives are not violated. The Uruguay Round has seen the incorporation of international standards in both the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement as a harmonization device. Despite many benefits that international standards may offer, WTO’s attachment to international standards has been subject to various criticisms. This paper intends to offer a detailed analysis of the role of …
Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Under The Tbt Agreement: From Non-Discrimination To Harmonization, Michael Ming Du
Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Under The Tbt Agreement: From Non-Discrimination To Harmonization, Michael Ming Du
Michael Ming Du
Compared with other World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements, the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement has received relatively little scholarly attention. This paper will illustrate that the TBT agreement has already exhibited potential to penetrate inappropriately into the domestic regulatory order and threaten domestic regulatory autonomy in unexpected ways, even if many important provisions are still to be elucidated in follow-up dispute settlement practice. This unwarranted intrusion into domestic regulatory autonomy is largely due to the reluctance of WTO panels and the AB to explore the telos of the TBT Agreement. Under the TBT Agreement, not only the conflict between …