Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Articles 1 - 10 of 10
Full-Text Articles in Law
Three Grotian Theories Of Humanitarian Intervention, Evan J. Criddle
Three Grotian Theories Of Humanitarian Intervention, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
This Article explores three theories of humanitarian intervention that appear in, or are inspired by, the writings of Hugo Grotius. One theory asserts that natural law authorizes all states to punish violations of the law of nations, irrespective of where or against whom the violations occur, to preserve the integrity of international law. A second theory, which also appears in Grotius’s writings, proposes that states may intervene as temporary legal guardians for peoples who have suffered intolerable cruelties at the hands of their own state. Each of these theories has fallen out of fashion today based on skepticism about their …
Standing For Human Rights Abroad, Evan J. Criddle
Standing For Human Rights Abroad, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
When may states impose coercive measures such as asset freezes, trade embargos, and investment restrictions to protect the human rights of foreign nationals abroad? Drawing inspiration from Hugo Grotius’s guardianship account of humanitarian intervention, this Article offers a new theory of states’ standing to enforce human rights abroad: under some circumstances, international law authorizes states to impose countermeasures as fiduciary representatives, asserting the human rights of oppressed foreign peoples for the benefit of those peoples. The fiduciary theory explains why all states may use countermeasures to vindicate the human rights of foreign nationals abroad despite the fact that they do …
Proportionality In Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, Evan J. Criddle
Proportionality In Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
At a time when the United States has undertaken high-stakes counterinsurgency campaigns in at least three countries (Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan) while offering support to insurgents in a fourth (Libya), it is striking that the international legal standards governing the use of force in counterinsurgency remain unsettled and deeply controversial. Some authorities have endorsed norms from international humanitarian law as lex specialis, while others have emphasized international human rights as minimum standards of care for counterinsurgency operations. This Article addresses the growing friction between international human rights and humanitarian law in counterinsurgency by developing a relational theory of the use …
The Fiduciary Constitution Of Human Rights, Evan Fox-Decent, Evan J. Criddle
The Fiduciary Constitution Of Human Rights, Evan Fox-Decent, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
We argue that human rights are best conceived as norms arising from a fiduciary relationship that exists between states (or statelike actors) and the citizens and noncitizens subject to their power. These norms draw on a Kantian conception of moral personhood, protecting agents from instrumentalization and domination. They do not, however, exist in the abstract as timeless natural rights. Instead, they are correlates of the state’s fiduciary duty to provide equal security under the rule of law, a duty that flows from the state’s institutional assumption of irresistible sovereign powers.
Protecting Human Rights During Emergencies: Delegation, Derogation, And Deference, Evan J. Criddle
Protecting Human Rights During Emergencies: Delegation, Derogation, And Deference, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
Leading human rights treaties permit states as a temporary measure to suspend a variety of human rights guarantees during national crises. This chapter argues that human rights derogation is best justified as a temporary mechanism for empowering states to protect human rights, rather than as a device for enabling national authorities to advance their own interests in a manner that compromises human rights protection. Human rights treaties use broad legal standards to entrust states with responsibility for deciding what measures are best calculated to maximize human right protection during emergencies. For this delegation of authority to operate effectively, international tribunals …
Deriving Peremptory Norms From Sovereignty, Evan J. Criddle, Evan Fox-Decent
Deriving Peremptory Norms From Sovereignty, Evan J. Criddle, Evan Fox-Decent
Evan J. Criddle
No abstract provided.
Humanitarian Financial Intervention, Evan J. Criddle
Humanitarian Financial Intervention, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
Over the past several decades, states have used international asset freezes with increasing frequency as a mechanism for promoting human rights abroad. Yet the international law governing this mechanism, which I refer to as ‘humanitarian financial intervention’, remains fragmented. This article offers the first systematic legal analysis of humanitarian financial intervention. It identifies six humanitarian purposes that states may pursue through asset freezes: preserving foreign assets from misappropriation, incapacitating foreign states or foreign nationals, coercing foreign states or foreign nationals to forsake abusive practices, compensating victims, ameliorating humanitarian crises through humanitarian aid or postconflict reconstruction, and punishing human rights violators. …
Customary Constraints On The Use Of Force: Article 51 With An American Accent, William C. Banks, Evan J. Criddle
Customary Constraints On The Use Of Force: Article 51 With An American Accent, William C. Banks, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
This article, prepared for the symposium on ‘The Future of Restrictivist Scholarship on the Use of Force’, examines the current trajectory of restrictivist scholarship in the United States. In contrast to their counterparts in continental Europe, American restrictivists tend to devote less energy to defending narrow constructions of theUNCharter. Instead, they generally focus on legal constraints outside the Charter’s text, including customary norms and general principles of law such as necessity, proportionality, deliberative rationality, and robust evidentiary burdens. The article considers how these features of the American restrictivist tradition reflect distinctive characteristics of American legal culture, and it explores the …
A Fiduciary Theory Of Jus Cogens, Evan J. Criddle, Evan Fox-Decent
A Fiduciary Theory Of Jus Cogens, Evan J. Criddle, Evan Fox-Decent
Evan J. Criddle
No abstract provided.
Book Review Of The Riddle Of All Constitutions: International Law, Democracy, And The Critique Of Ideology, Evan J. Criddle
Book Review Of The Riddle Of All Constitutions: International Law, Democracy, And The Critique Of Ideology, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
No abstract provided.