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- Irene Calboli (16)
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Articles 1 - 30 of 57
Full-Text Articles in Law
The New Servitudes, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling
The New Servitudes, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling
Molly Van Houweling
In the age of electronic commerce, consumers routinely acquire intangible products without engaging in any direct human interaction. These products-computer programs, digital music, et cetera—often arrive bearing terms that purport to limit the sticks in the consumers' bundles of rights in ways that depart from the background limitations imposed by intellectual property law. For example, a consumer who has downloaded a computer program from the Internet might be presented with a screen of text imposing myriad restrictions on how the program may be used; installation commences only when the consumer clicks “I agree.” Courts in the United States have increasingly …
Touching And Concerning Copyright: Real Property Reasoning In Mdy Industries, Inc. V. Blizzard Entertainment, Inc, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling
Touching And Concerning Copyright: Real Property Reasoning In Mdy Industries, Inc. V. Blizzard Entertainment, Inc, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling
Molly Van Houweling
No abstract provided.
Selected Construction Contract Clauses: From The Routine To The Cutting Edge, Carl J. Circo
Selected Construction Contract Clauses: From The Routine To The Cutting Edge, Carl J. Circo
Carl J. Circo
Bitproperty, Joshua A.T. Fairfield
Bitproperty, Joshua A.T. Fairfield
Joshua A.T. Fairfield
Property is the law of lists and ledgers. County land records, stock certificate entries, mortgage registries, UCC filings on personal property, United States Copyright and Patent registries of interests in intellectual property, bank accounts, domain name systems, and consumers’ Kindle eBook collections in the cloud — all are merely entries in a list, determining who owns what.Each such list has suffered under a traditional limitation. To prevent falsification or duplication, a single entity must maintain the list, and users must trust (and pay) that entity. As a result, transactions must proceed at significant expense and delay. Yet zero or near-zero …
La Insoportable Levedad Del Legislador Argentino En Materia De Derecho De Autor Digresiones Jurídico-Económicos En Torno Al Proyecto Legislativo Que Propone Extender La Duración De Las Obras Fotográficas, Maximiliano Marzetti
Maximiliano Marzetti
Este aporte tiene una doble finalidad, catártica y educativa. Por un lado quiero desahogarme al ver como la historia se repite: la vetusta ley de propiedad intelectual N° 11.723 sólo se retoca para extender privilegios económicos de un sector y no en beneficio del bien común. Por otro, continúo mi prédica para intentar convencer a colegas y legisladores para que se adentren en el fabuloso mundo de la multidisciplina. Necesitamos legisladores que sepan de derecho, economía y ciencias sociales, o al menos que sepan escuchar a quienes saben.
El Derecho Al Secreto Y La Teoría Del Cono, Juan Carlos Riofrío Martínez-Villalba
El Derecho Al Secreto Y La Teoría Del Cono, Juan Carlos Riofrío Martínez-Villalba
Juan Carlos Riofrío Martínez-Villalba
El presente estudio contiene una teoría general del derecho de los secretos, que sirve para determinar el peso específico de cada secreto, a efectos de realizar una correcta ponderación de derechos. La teoría explica las relaciones que existen entre los diversos tipos de secreto, utilizando y desarrollando la teoría del cono de García Morente, que se muestra como una herramienta apropiada para dilucidar cuándo hay derecho al secreto, cuando no lo hay y en qué medida. La metodología utilizada es inductiva. El análisis se estructura de la siguiente manera: (i) se recapitula la teoría general del derecho de los secretos; …
Proposed Secondary Liability Regimes For Trademark Infringement Online: Commentary, Irene Calboli, Jane Ginsburg, Amy Cotton, Bob Weigel, Bruce Rich, Miguel Peguera
Proposed Secondary Liability Regimes For Trademark Infringement Online: Commentary, Irene Calboli, Jane Ginsburg, Amy Cotton, Bob Weigel, Bruce Rich, Miguel Peguera
Irene Calboli
No abstract provided.
Sharing Research Data And Intellectual Property Law: A Primer, Michael W. Carroll
Sharing Research Data And Intellectual Property Law: A Primer, Michael W. Carroll
Michael W. Carroll
Betty Boop And The Return Of Aesthetic Functionality: A Bitter Medicine Against "Mutant Copyrights"?, Irene Calboli
Betty Boop And The Return Of Aesthetic Functionality: A Bitter Medicine Against "Mutant Copyrights"?, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
This article offers a brief overview of the history and developments of the doctrine of aesthetic functionality in the United States and examines the recent decisions in Fleischer Studios, Inc v AVELA, Inc . In particular, the article argues that the courts in Fleischer added an important element to the interpretation of the doctrine, namely the fact that the courts seemed willing to resort to aesthetic functionality to counter the consequences resulting from the practice of using trade mark law as an additional form of protection for copyrighted, or once copyrighted, creative works.
In Territorio Veritas? Bringing Geographical Coherence Into The Ambiguous Definition Of Geographical Indications Of Origin, Irene Calboli
In Territorio Veritas? Bringing Geographical Coherence Into The Ambiguous Definition Of Geographical Indications Of Origin, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
In this article, I touch upon a topic that remains highly controversial in international intellectual property law—the legal protection of geographical indications of origin (GIs): Chianti wine, Champagne sparkling wine, Gorgonzola cheese, Parma ham, Darjeeling tea, Colombian coffee, and other terms that indicate (or are supposed to indicate, as I will develop in this article) the geographical origin of the products they identify. In line with the theme of this special issue of the WIPO Journal, I focus on the requirement of “geographical origin” upon which the protection of GIs has been historically built and is generally justified. In particular, …
Overlapping Copyright And Trademark Protection: A Call For Concern And Action, Irene Calboli
Overlapping Copyright And Trademark Protection: A Call For Concern And Action, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
In this Article, I tackle a controversial topic-the overlapping trademark and copyright protection that can apply to creative works such as fictional characters, pictures, video clips, and songs. In particular, I highlight the possible negative consequences that granting trademark protection to these works-concurrently or after the expiration of copyright protection- can have on the societal bargain upon which copyright protection is built and justified. To date, scholars have only limitedly addressed these consequences, and more academic attention is needed in this area. In contrast, the advantages of trademark rights in creative works (in their entirety or in separated features of …
Recent Developments In The Law Of Comparative Advertising In Italy – Towards An Effective Enforcement Of The Principles Of Directive 97/55/Ec Under The New Regime?, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
On February 25, 2000, the Italian Government adopted Legislative Decree No. 67, which enacted Directive 97/55/EC amending Directive 84/450/EEC concerning misleading advertising, so as to include comparative advertising. Contrary to what one could have expected in a country that has traditionally banned comparison in advertisements, Italy was one of the first among the Member States to implement Directive 97/55/EC. In order to allow consistent enforcement practices, however, the adoption of the new law must be followed by a profound change in the ways Italian courts and legal operators have approaches this issue so far. This Article explores this issue and …
The Challenges Of Reforming Intellectual Property Protection For Computer Software, Peter S. Menell
The Challenges Of Reforming Intellectual Property Protection For Computer Software, Peter S. Menell
Peter Menell
No abstract provided.
The Property Rights Movement's Embrace Of Intellectual Property: True Love Or Doomed Relationship, Peter S. Menell
The Property Rights Movement's Embrace Of Intellectual Property: True Love Or Doomed Relationship, Peter S. Menell
Peter Menell
No abstract provided.
Tailoring Legal Protection For Computer Software, Peter S. Menell
Tailoring Legal Protection For Computer Software, Peter S. Menell
Peter Menell
No abstract provided.
Intellectual Property And The Law Of Land, Peter S. Menell
Intellectual Property And The Law Of Land, Peter S. Menell
Peter Menell
The author expresses opinion on an essay by professor Richard Epstein on intellectual property and property rights movement. He says the professor acknowledges that governance of intellectual property involves a complex public policy balance that varies from real property governance. He stresses Epstein should agree that the uniform structure of patent law across all innovation may be a significant issue. He notes the demand for more adjustments to the patent system to distinguish among the various fields of inventive activity covered by patent law.
Intellectual Property And The Property Rights Movement, Peter S. Menell
Intellectual Property And The Property Rights Movement, Peter S. Menell
Peter Menell
The article discusses why the effort to equate protecting intellectual property (IP) and tangible property differ in significant ways. The author criticizes the property rights movement for trying to equate IP protection with real property. He discusses the differences between philosophical, legal, economic and political bases for protecting both types of property. He also tackles the various characteristics of intellectual resources.
Private Value Determinations And The Potential Effect On The Future Of Research And Development, Amy L. Landers
Private Value Determinations And The Potential Effect On The Future Of Research And Development, Amy L. Landers
Amy L. Landers
Although the promise of an emerging patent market is thought to provide future benefits to invention, innovation, and the public, this essay examines the possibility that the aggregate influence of this activity could instead destabilize patent values in a manner that mirrors the "bubble" phenomenon that occurred in certain markets in the past. To the extent that this occurs, this would destabilize the patent system and might have negative consequences for the future of investment in research, development and innovation.
The International Enclosure Movement, Peter K. Yu
Constitutionalizing Patents: From Venice To Philadelphia, Craig Allen Nard, Andrew P. Morriss
Constitutionalizing Patents: From Venice To Philadelphia, Craig Allen Nard, Andrew P. Morriss
Andrew P. Morriss
Patent law today is a complex institution in most developed economies and the appropriate structure for patent law is hotly debated around the world. Despite their differences, one crucial feature is shared by the diverse patent systems of the industrialized world even before the recent trend toward harmonization: modern patent regimes include self-imposed restrictions of executive and legislative discretion, which we refer to as "constitutionalized" systems. Given the lucrative nature of patent monopolies, the long history of granting patents as a form of patronage, and the aggressive pursuit of patronage in most societies, the choice to confine patents within a …
Constitutionalizing Patents: From Venice To Philadelphia, Craig Allen Nard, Andrew P. Morriss
Constitutionalizing Patents: From Venice To Philadelphia, Craig Allen Nard, Andrew P. Morriss
Andrew P. Morriss
Patent law today is a complex institution in most developed economies and the appropriate structure for patent law is hotly debated around the world. Despite their differences, one crucial feature is shared by the diverse patent systems of the industrialized world even before the recent trend toward harmonization: modern patent regimes include self-imposed restrictions of executive and legislative discretion, which we refer to as "constitutionalized" systems. Given the lucrative nature of patent monopolies, the long history of granting patents as a form of patronage, and the aggressive pursuit of patronage in most societies, the choice to confine patents within a …
The Sunset Of Quality Control In Modern Trademark Licensing, Irene Calboli
The Sunset Of Quality Control In Modern Trademark Licensing, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
Historically, based on the premise that trademark protection is about consumer welfare, trademark law has allowed trademark licensing only as long as licensors control the quality of the products bearing the licensed marks. Ever since its adoption, however, this rule has been difficult to enforce because it hinges on a concept that is ambiguous and difficult to frame in a legal context: quality control. Unsurprisingly, the consequence has been inconsistent case law and much uncertainty as to what represents valid licensing. In addition, in the past decades, courts have proven increasingly reticent to strictly apply this rule and have declared …
International Intellectual Property Scholars Series: Reviewing The (Shrinking) Principle Of Trademark Exhaustion In The European Union (Ten Years Later), Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
Ten years ago, I published an article in the Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review titled “Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International? The Saga Continues.” In that article, I described the development of the principle of trademark exhaustion in the European Union (EU) and analyzed the interplay among trademark protection, trademark territoriality, and the treatment of the parallel importation of gray market products—unauthorized genuine goods imported from foreign countries—under Article 7 of the Trademark Directive (Article 7). In this Essay, I continue to explore, ten years after my 2002 article, the development of the principle of trademark exhaustion …
Trademark Assignment With Goodwill: A Concept Whose Time Has Gone, Irene Calboli
Trademark Assignment With Goodwill: A Concept Whose Time Has Gone, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
Historically, starting from the premise that trademark protection is about consumer welfare, trademark law has required trademarks to be assigned with the goodwill of the business to which they refer, to deter assignees from changing the quality of the marked products. Yet, ever since its adoption, this rule has been hard to enforce because it hinges on a concept that is ambiguous and difficult to frame in a legislative context: trademark goodwill. Additionally, regardless of this rule, trading in trademarks has been a recurrent practice in the business world, and trademark practices have traditionally provided instruments to assist this trade. …
The Case For A Legislative Amendment Against Accessory Copyright For Grey Market Products: What Can The U.S. Learn From Singapore And Australia, Irene Calboli, Mary Lafrance
The Case For A Legislative Amendment Against Accessory Copyright For Grey Market Products: What Can The U.S. Learn From Singapore And Australia, Irene Calboli, Mary Lafrance
Irene Calboli
In this article, we suggest that the U.S. Congress could implement a legislative provision prohibiting copyright protection for incidental product features in the context of parallel imports. The U.S. would not be the first country to implement such a provision. In 1994, Singapore pioneered the adoption of a similar provision, which was introduced as an amendment to the SG 1987 Copyright Act. A few years later, in 1998, Australia incorporated a similar amendment to its Aust. Copyright Act 1968. In this article, we analyse in detail the Singapore and Australia provisions and, building upon these provisions, we suggest …
Corporate Strategies, First Sale Rules, And Copyright Misuse: Waiting For Answers From Kirstsaeng V. Wiley And Omega V. Costco (Ii), Irene Calboli
Corporate Strategies, First Sale Rules, And Copyright Misuse: Waiting For Answers From Kirstsaeng V. Wiley And Omega V. Costco (Ii), Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
In this Essay, I continue my previous analysis of the first sale rule (or principle of exhaustion) in intellectual property law in the context of international trade. In particular, I highlight the differences between the first sale rules in trademark and copyright law--in particular, international first sale in trademark law and national first sale (at least to date) in copyright law--and criticize the corporate trend to invoke copyright protection for incidental product features of otherwise functional and uncopyrightable products in order to restrict the importation of gray market (genuine) products into the United States. During the past decade, corporations have …
Market Integration And (The Limits Of) The First Sale Rule In North American And European Trademark Law, Irene Calboli
Market Integration And (The Limits Of) The First Sale Rule In North American And European Trademark Law, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
This Article explores the intricate relationship between the exercise of trademark rights and the free movement of goods in the marketplace, and considers the effectiveness and the limitations of the principle of trademark first sale (also known as trademark exhaustion) in promoting the free movement of goods across international borders, notably across members of free trade areas. In particular, this Article examines the application of the principle of trademark first sale and the resulting process of market integration that has characterized to date the members of NAFTA and the European Union. Based upon this comparison, this Article argues that the …
The Case For A Limited Protection Of Trademark Merchandising, Irene Calboli
The Case For A Limited Protection Of Trademark Merchandising, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
Since its judicial creation in the 1970s, strong controversy has surrounded the practice of trademark merchandising. Trademark scholars have generally opposed merchandising rights because of the departure from the traditional interpretation of trademark law—protecting consumers and market competition—in favor of a direct protection of trademark value. Despite this opposition, courts and Congress have favored the acceptance of this practice by broadening the scope of trademark protection and by introducing the concept of confusion as to the products’ “sponsorship” or “affiliation” as part of the standard for trademark infringement. Not surprisingly, trademark scholars have criticized these developments but have not offered, …
What If, After All, Trademarks Were Traded In Gross, Irene Calboli
What If, After All, Trademarks Were Traded In Gross, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
The conditions upon which trademarks should be "traded" --that is, assigned and licensed in the marketplace--have traditionally been at the center of the trademark debate. Historically, based upon the assumption that trademarks can be protected only as conveyers of commercial information and as symbols of business goodwill, trademark law has prohibited trading in trademarks "in gross" and has required that trademarks be assigned "with their goodwill" and licensed only as long as licensors control the quality of the products. Yet, these criteria have been proven controversial and difficult to enforce because they hinge on two concepts that are ambiguous and …
Expanding The Protection Of Geographical Indications Of Origin Under Trips: Old Debate Or New Opportunity, Irene Calboli
Expanding The Protection Of Geographical Indications Of Origin Under Trips: Old Debate Or New Opportunity, Irene Calboli
Irene Calboli
Geographical indications of origin (GI), their definition, and rationale for protection have historically been the subject of heated debates in the international community. Countries have long quarreled about the extent of protection of "their" GI, that is, the names they used to identify products grown or manufactured on their soil. Fierce defenders of GI protection, European countries have traditionally advocated that GI should not be used by unrelated parties because GI identify the unique qualities, characteristics, and reputation of the products to which they are affixed; thus, should others use GI improperly, consumers would be confused as to the origin …