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Revitalizing Section 2, Christopher Elmendorf
Revitalizing Section 2, Christopher Elmendorf
Christopher S. Elmendorf
This article develops a fresh account of the meaning and constitutional function of Section 2, the Voting Rights Act’s core provision of nationwide application, which has long been portrayed as conceptually opaque, counterproductive in effect, and quite possibly unconstitutional. Section 2 on my account delegates authority to the courts to develop a common law of racially fair elections, anchored by certain substantive and evidentiary norms, as well as norms about legal change. The central substantive norm is that injuries within the meaning of Section 2 only arise when electoral inequalities owe to race-biased decisionmaking by majority-group actors, whether public or …
Refining The Democracy Canon, Christopher Elmendorf
Refining The Democracy Canon, Christopher Elmendorf
Christopher S. Elmendorf
This Essay responds to Professor Rick Hasen’s forthcoming article, The Democracy Canon. Hasen identifies an intriguing and until now largely unnoticed practice in many state courts--to wit, the construing of election statutes with a strong thumb-on-the-scales in favor of easing voters' access to the polls and of rendering ballots eligible to be counted. Hasen defends this “pro voter” canon of interpretation and commends it to the federal courts. I argue that Hasen’s Canon cannot stand on the normative foundation he has poured for it, and that the federal courts’ adoption of the Canon would probably have significant costs (for example, …