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Articles 1 - 30 of 86
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Legal Implications And Research Opportunities, Lawrence A. Cunningham, Stephen Kwaku Asare, Arnold Wright
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Legal Implications And Research Opportunities, Lawrence A. Cunningham, Stephen Kwaku Asare, Arnold Wright
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Congress passed the Sarbanes Oxley Act to restore investor confidence, which had been deflated by massive business and audit failures, epitomized by the demise of the Enron Corporation and Arthur Anderson LLP. The Act altered the roles and responsibilities of auditors, corporate officers, audit committee members, as well as other participants in the financial reporting process. We evaluate the potential legal implications of some of the Act's major provisions and anticipate participants' likely responses. Our evaluation suggests that these provisions will significantly change behavior, increase compliance costs and alter the legal landscape. We also identify promising avenues for future research …
Constructing A Bid Protest Process: Choices Every Procurement Challenge System Must Make, Daniel I. Gordon
Constructing A Bid Protest Process: Choices Every Procurement Challenge System Must Make, Daniel I. Gordon
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Many public procurement systems, within the United States and abroad, have established systems for allowing vendors to challenge the conduct of procurement processes. Providing an effective domestic review mechanism for vendors who believe that government procurement officials have not conducted an acquisition lawfully brings an important measure of transparency and accountability to public procurement systems. This brief article discusses the goals of these bid protest systems, and then presents key choices that must be made in crafting such a system. For example: Where in the government is the protest forum located? How broad is the forum's jurisdiction? Who has standing …
Justice Rehnquist And The Dismantling Of Environmental Law, Robert L. Glicksman, James May
Justice Rehnquist And The Dismantling Of Environmental Law, Robert L. Glicksman, James May
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist was uniquely situated to have a profound impact on the development of federal environmental law - both because of the overlap of his tenure with the development of the field of environmental law and because of his four-decade tenure on the U.S. Supreme Court, more than one-half of which was as Chief Justice. Before his death on September 3, 2005, Rehnquist heard the vast majority of the Court`s environmental cases during the modern environmental era, penning opinions in 25% of them, and affording him an opportunity to shape environmental law, especially during its formative years, …
Using Ex Post Evaluations To Improve The Performance Of Competition Policy Authorities, William E. Kovacic
Using Ex Post Evaluations To Improve The Performance Of Competition Policy Authorities, William E. Kovacic
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Competition policy is a work in progress. Charting the future course of competition policy can benefit heavily from looking back and asking two fundamental questions. First, did the agency’s interventions produce good results? Second, did the agency’s managerial processes help ensure that the agency selected initiatives that would yield good outcomes? This article discusses how government competition authorities might use ex post evaluations of enforcement decisions, operational mechanisms, and organizational design to improve the quality of their work. Preparing performance measures and conducting evaluations provide valuable tools for answering critical questions about the administration of competition policy.
The article also …
The Campaign To Restrict The Right To Respond To Terrorist Attacks In Self-Defense Under Article 51 Of The U.N. Charter And What The United States Can Do About It, Gregory E. Maggs
The Campaign To Restrict The Right To Respond To Terrorist Attacks In Self-Defense Under Article 51 Of The U.N. Charter And What The United States Can Do About It, Gregory E. Maggs
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Article 51 of the United Nations Charter preserves the right of nations to use military force in self-defense. This broad language would appear to allow nations to use military force in self-defense in response to "armed attacks" by terrorists. But a significant problem has developed over the past twenty years. In a series of resolutions and judicial decisions, organs of the United Nations have attempted to read into Article 51 four very significant and dangerous limitations on the use of military force in self-defense. These limitations find no support in the language of Article 51, they do not accord with …
Estoppel And Textualism, Gregory E. Maggs
Estoppel And Textualism, Gregory E. Maggs
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
How might judges who purport to adhere to textualism justify their use of estoppel to affect the application of statutes that say nothing about estoppel? This essay addresses this question. It considers six possible arguments that courts have made or might make to rationalize the recognition of unwritten exceptions to statutes in the name of estoppel. These arguments include the following: (1) Even though the statutory provision at issue says nothing about estoppel, some other legislation expressly authorizes courts to invoke equitable principles, including estoppel; (2) The legislation contains an implied term authorizing the application of estoppel principles; (3) Courts …
What The Shutts Opt-Out Right Is And What It Ought To Be, Alan B. Morrison
What The Shutts Opt-Out Right Is And What It Ought To Be, Alan B. Morrison
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This article discusses the ramifications of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Phillips Petrolem v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797 (1985), regarding the right of an absent class member to opt out of a class action. The article addresses both the current prevailing understanding of Shutts, which is based on the personal jurisdiction strain of due process jurisprudence, and what the authors believe is a more useful understanding, based on the property rights strain of due process jurisprudence. As an addendum to the article, the authors propose a new civil procedure rule governing class actions that would implement their ideas about …
Private Monitoring Of Gatekeepers: The Case Of Immigration Enforcement, Jeffrey Manns
Private Monitoring Of Gatekeepers: The Case Of Immigration Enforcement, Jeffrey Manns
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This article shows how the enlistment of private monitors can overcome the limits of public enforcers in overseeing gatekeeper compliance with liability-induced duties. Gatekeepers are private actors who possess skills or advantages that allow them to detect and prevent wrongdoing in a more cost-effective way than the state. The problem enforcers face is that the same skills or advantages that equip gatekeepers with the ability to identify wrongdoing often provide them with the means and incentives to subvert their duties and to evade public oversight. Policymakers have largely attempted to remedy this challenge by increasing sanctions against gatekeepers and have …
The Corporate Lawyer And 'The Perjury Trilemma', Thomas D. Morgan
The Corporate Lawyer And 'The Perjury Trilemma', Thomas D. Morgan
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This paper extends Monroe Freedman's idea of the criminal lawyer's "perjury trilemma" to current issues faced by corporate lawyers dealing with perceived pressures on the attorney-client privilege. The duties of criminal defense and corporate lawyers are more similar than they often seem. Corporate lawyers' duties of honesty in dealing with third parties are closely analogous to criminal lawyers' duties of honesty in dealing with a court. Both sets of lawyers also have an important interest in fostering open communications with their clients. Where their situations differ is not with respect to lawyer obligations but with respect to their clients' rights. …
A Place At The Table: Creating Presence And Voice For Teenagers In Dependency Proceedings, Catherine J. Ross
A Place At The Table: Creating Presence And Voice For Teenagers In Dependency Proceedings, Catherine J. Ross
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This comment argues that lawyers for youth in foster care too often fail to include their clients in judicial hearings and that foster youth are entitled to appear at hearings where critical decisions affecting their lives will be made. The article reviews studies showing that foster children complain that they have little or no opportunity to be heard, and discusses the interplay between foster care and problems at school.
Linking Domestic Violence, Child Abuse, And Animal Cruelty, Joan Schaffner
Linking Domestic Violence, Child Abuse, And Animal Cruelty, Joan Schaffner
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
For years social science has demonstrated a link between animal abuse and human violence but the legal system has been slow to recognize this link. This article discusses the link among domestic violence, child abuse and animal abuse in the home and how one jurisdiction, the District of Columbia, is addressing this complex and integrated cycle of abuse as family abuse. The legal proposals include mandatory cross-reporting of abuse between child services and animal protection services, recognizing pet abuse with the intent of injuring a human family member as grounds for an intra-family abuse protective order, providing companion animal protection …
A Grand Slam Of Professional Irresponsibility And Judicial Disregard, Stephen A. Saltzburg
A Grand Slam Of Professional Irresponsibility And Judicial Disregard, Stephen A. Saltzburg
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Many examples of bad lawyering and indifferent judicial responses to bad lawyering concern those who seek to raise the standards of professional conduct and assure adequate legal representation for all clients. This article discusses one case (a death penalty prosecution of William Charles Payton for rape, murder and attempted murder in 1981) to illustrate just how poor the performance of lawyers can be and how largely indifferent judges often are to such performances. With the defendant's life on the line, it appears that none of the legally trained professionals at trial did what professional standards required of them. The prosecutor …
Guilt Assuming Hypotheticals: Basic Character Evidence Rules, Stephen A. Saltzburg
Guilt Assuming Hypotheticals: Basic Character Evidence Rules, Stephen A. Saltzburg
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
The accused in a criminal case has the right to offer evidence of a pertinent character trait in order to cast doubt on whether he or she would commit the crime charged by the government. This right gives the accused an opportunity to offer predisposition evidence that is otherwise generally inadmissible. Calling a character witness is not without risk, however. The principal risk is that the witness may be cross-examined about specific acts that are inconsistent with the character to which the witness attests. This article discusses Michelson v. United States, and United States v. Pirani, the latter which reminds …
The Fourth Amendment: Internal Revenue Code Or A Body Of Principles?, Stephen A. Saltzburg
The Fourth Amendment: Internal Revenue Code Or A Body Of Principles?, Stephen A. Saltzburg
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
The Supreme Court has made the body of Fourth Amendment law too complicated, inconsistent, and confusing. Prior to Mapp v. Ohio, in 1961, the Court focused its attention on federal law enforcement and devoted less of its docket to criminal procedure cases. After Mapp, the Court was called upon to review state cases and forced to deal with the myriad of state law enforcement issues that inevitably arise. Since Mapp, the Court has made the meaning of the relatively few words that constitute the Fourth Amendment extremely complicated, so that the total body of Fourth Amendment law has begun to …
Trial Tactics: Reverse Rule 404(B) Evidence: Parts I And Ii, Stephen A. Saltzburg
Trial Tactics: Reverse Rule 404(B) Evidence: Parts I And Ii, Stephen A. Saltzburg
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Defendants have the same right to offer Rule 404(b) evidence as prosecutors, and they are not required to give pretrial notice under the Federal Rules of Evidence. When defendants offer this evidence, they attempt to prove that someone else is guilty of the crime attributed to them. This often is referred to as reverse Rule 404(b) evidence. Some defense evidence will be admitted - indeed the Confrontation Clause or Compulsory Process Clause may require admission in some cases - but not all defense evidence will be admitted. The issue is where to draw the line between admissible and inadmissible evidence. …
Was The Disparate Impact Theory A Mistake?, Michael Selmi
Was The Disparate Impact Theory A Mistake?, Michael Selmi
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
The disparate impact theory has long been viewed as one of the most important and controversial developments in antidiscrimination law. In this article, Professor Selmi assesses the theory's legacy and challenges much of the conventional wisdom. Professor Selmi initially charts the development of the theory, including a close look at Griggs v. Duke Power Co. and Washington v. Davis, to demonstrate that the theory arose to deal with specific instances of past discrimination rather than as a broad theory of equality. In the next section, Professor Selmi reviews the success of the theory in the courts through an empirical analysis …
Women In The Workplace: Which Women, Which Agenda?, Michael Selmi, Naomi R. Cahn
Women In The Workplace: Which Women, Which Agenda?, Michael Selmi, Naomi R. Cahn
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Much of the work family literature that has blossomed over the last decade has focused on professional women and has emphasized policy changes that would be of less utility to many other working women and men. In this symposium contribution, we explore the recent data on working time to demonstrate that in today's economy more women are underemployed rather than overemployed. We also demonstrate that although professional women tend to work the longest hours, they also tend to have the greatest means, both in income and workplace benefits, to support them in achieving a workable balance between their work and …
Privacy For The Working Class: Public Work And Private Lives, Michael Selmi
Privacy For The Working Class: Public Work And Private Lives, Michael Selmi
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Privacy has become the law's chameleon, simultaneously everywhere and nowhere. This is particularly true of the workplace where employees often seek some private space but where the law, particularly the formidable employment-at-will rule, typically frustrates that search. As the workplace has expanded both in its scope and importance, additional concerns have been raised about an employer's potential reach outside of the workplace. In this symposium contribution, I explore the privacy issue by asking a fundamental question: what do employees deserve? My answer is that, as a matter of policy, we ought to concede privacy issues as the employer's domain at …
Race In The City: The Triumph Of Diversity And The Loss Of Integration, Michael Selmi
Race In The City: The Triumph Of Diversity And The Loss Of Integration, Michael Selmi
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This symposium piece explores the current state of our cities with a particular emphasis on political power, education and housing, and examines whether our move away from integration and towards diversity has been a trade worth making. Despite the transformation of most of the largest cities to majority-minority status, the latest data indicate that our housing remains deeply segregated, and urban schools deeply troubled, and in many instances, whites have been able to retain political power. The increased emphasis on diversity has not translated into the expected multicultural renaissance. The essay also explores the emerging issues relating to the ascendancy …
The Originalist's Dilemma, Peter J. Smith
The Originalist's Dilemma, Peter J. Smith
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
In response to Anti-Federalist complaints that the Constitution was dangerous because it was ambiguous, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued that judges would construe the Constitution in the same manner that they construed statutes, and in the process would fix the meaning of ambiguous constitutional provisions. In other words, the original understanding was that constitutional ambiguities would be resolved, among other means, through adjudication. During his lengthy tenure, Chief Justice John Marshall had ample occasion to fix constitutional meaning, and he presided over a Court that resolved many constitutional ambiguities according to a nationalistic view of the relationship between the …
A Taxonomy Of Privacy, Daniel J. Solove
A Taxonomy Of Privacy, Daniel J. Solove
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Privacy is a concept in disarray. Nobody can articulate what it means. As one commentator has observed, privacy suffers from an embarrassment of meanings. Privacy is far too vague a concept to guide adjudication and lawmaking, as abstract incantations of the importance of privacy do not fare well when pitted against more concretely-stated countervailing interests.
In 1960, the famous torts scholar William Prosser attempted to make sense of the landscape of privacy law by identifying four different interests. But Prosser focused only on tort law, and the law of information privacy is significantly more vast and complex, extending to Fourth …
Vicious Dog Laws Unconstitutional In Ohio, Joan Schaffner, Barbara J. Gislason
Vicious Dog Laws Unconstitutional In Ohio, Joan Schaffner, Barbara J. Gislason
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
On March 3, 2006, an Ohio appeals court issued a landmark decision in City of Toledo v. Tellings, 2006 WL 513946 (Ohio App. 6 Dist), which may affect pit bulls and pit bull "look-a-likes" and their owners nationwide. Tellings was the owner of three pit bulls. The warden killed one of his pit bulls and criminally charged Tellings with two violations of the local Toledo ordinance limiting ownership to one vicious dog per household and two violations of the state statute requiring liability insurance with ownership of a vicious dog. The vicious dog laws on Ohio include pit bulls in …
Overcoming The Fear Of Guns, The Fear Of Gun Control, And The Fear Of Cultural Politics: Constructing A Better Gun Debate, Donald Braman, Dan M. Kahan
Overcoming The Fear Of Guns, The Fear Of Gun Control, And The Fear Of Cultural Politics: Constructing A Better Gun Debate, Donald Braman, Dan M. Kahan
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
The question of how strictly to regulate firearms has convulsed the national polity for the better part of four decades, and in this article Donald Braman and Dan M. Kahan conclude that the best way to engender productive debate is to investigate deeper than the statistics and address the competing American social attitudes on guns themselves: guns symbolizing honor, human mastery over nature, and individual self-sufficiency on the one hand, and guns creating the perpetuation of illicit social hierarchies, the elevation of force over reason, and the expression of collective indifference to the well-being of strangers on the other. Braman …
Filartiga’S Legacy In An Era Of Military Privatization, Laura T. Dickinson
Filartiga’S Legacy In An Era Of Military Privatization, Laura T. Dickinson
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Filartiga v. Pena-Irala established the idea that domestic tort suits might be brought under the Alien Tort Claims Act ("ATCA") against those accused of violating human rights norms. But what is the legacy of this case in an era of military privatization? Are there available legal responses to what we might call the privatization of torture? In the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, where detainees were tortured and abused, the individuals involved in the torture included not only members of the military, but contractors hired from the private sector. Because U.S. constitutional scrutiny traditionally applies only to state actors, privatization …
Cultural Cognition And Public Policy, Donald Braman, Dan M. Kahan
Cultural Cognition And Public Policy, Donald Braman, Dan M. Kahan
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
People disagree about the empirical dimensions of various public policy issues. It's not surprising that people have different beliefs about the deterrent effect of the death penalty, the impact of handgun ownership on crime, the significance of global warming, the public health consequences of promiscuous sex, etc. The mystery concerns the origins of such disagreement. Were either the indeterminacy of scientific evidence or the uneven dissemination of convincing data responsible, we would expect divergent beliefs on such issues to be distributed almost randomly across the population, and beliefs about seemingly unrelated questions (whether, say, the death penalty deters and whether …
From Cooperative To Inoperative Federalism: The Perverse Mutation Of Environmental Law And Policy, Robert L. Glicksman
From Cooperative To Inoperative Federalism: The Perverse Mutation Of Environmental Law And Policy, Robert L. Glicksman
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Beginning in 1970, Congress adopted a series of statutes to protect public health and the environment that represented an experiment in cooperative federalism. The operative principle of cooperative federalism is that the federal government establishes a policy - such as protection of public health and the environment and sustainable natural resource use - and then enlists the aid of the states, through a combination of carrots and sticks, in pursuing that policy. The result is a system in which both levels of government work together to achieve a common goal. If the process works well, the synergism of related federal …
The Rehnquist Court's Noninterference With The Guardians Of National Security, Gregory E. Maggs
The Rehnquist Court's Noninterference With The Guardians Of National Security, Gregory E. Maggs
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Based on an examination of the Rehnquist Court's national security cases decided between 1986 and 2005, this essay makes three claims. The first claim is that the Rehnquist Court generally did not interfere with the governmental units that serve as the guardians of national security. The Rehnquist Court almost always rejected challenges to governmental actions when the official responsible justified the actions based on the need to protect the United States from external threats. The second claim is that the Rehnquist Court's hands-off approach generally had favorable consequences. It promoted national security by leaving the subject to the governmental units …
Voter Identification, Spencer A. Overton
Voter Identification, Spencer A. Overton
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
In the wake of closely contested elections, calls for laws that require voters to present photo identification as a condition to cast a ballot have become pervasive. Advocates tend to rely on two rhetorical devices: (1) anecdotes about a couple of elections tainted by voter fraud; and (2) common sense arguments that voters should produce photo identification because the cards are required to board airplanes, buy alcohol, and engage in other activities. This Article explains the analytical shortcomings of anecdote, analogy, and intuition, and applies a cost-benefit approach generally overlooked in election law scholarship. Rather than rushing to impose a …
International Trade And Developing Countries (Introduction), Steve Charnovitz
International Trade And Developing Countries (Introduction), Steve Charnovitz
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
This article is an introduction to the Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 29, Number 2. The journal issue addresses the challenge of trade and developing countries. The most powerful countries have sound financial, political, environmental, and social reasons to promote sustainable economic growth throughout the world. Nevertheless, the policies used to do so have failed or have, in some instances, been designed in such a hypocritical way that they could not possibly succeed in their ostensible purposes. The issue offers a useful contribution to the debate about what works and does not work in promoting development.
The Relevance Of The Nlra And Labor Organizations In The Post-Industrial Global Economy, Charles B. Craver
The Relevance Of The Nlra And Labor Organizations In The Post-Industrial Global Economy, Charles B. Craver
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
As the United States continues to transition from a manufacturing to a post-industrial service-oriented economy that is directly affected by global competition, the strength of domestic labor organizations has declined and private sector union membership has fallen to below 8 percent. Most unions continue to behave like the craft and industrial organizations of the mid-1900s. They employ appeals that once worked well for blue collar manufacturing workers to appeal to new-age white collar and service personnel who view traditional unionization as working class. If labor organizations hope to appeal to twenty-first century employees, they must devise strategies that will resonate …