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Articles 1 - 20 of 20
Full-Text Articles in Law
Gentrification: The Class Conflict Over Urban Space Moves Into The Courts, Harold A. Mcdougall
Gentrification: The Class Conflict Over Urban Space Moves Into The Courts, Harold A. Mcdougall
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Gentrification of inner-cities has resulted in a class conflict over urban space. An issue in the federal courts is whether the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) can build, sponsor, or subsidize low income housing projects within or near revitalized neighborhoods. In Stryker's Bay Neighborhood Council v. Karlen, the United States Supreme Court held that HUD's decision-making process relating to the placement of low income housing is beyond judicial review. This Article reviews recent litigation in Philadelphia, Chicago and Boston in light of Stryker's Bay, and concludes that in order to protect federal efforts to maintain the integrated character …
Municipal Solid Waste Regulation: An Ineffective Solution To A National Problem, Donna R. Lanza
Municipal Solid Waste Regulation: An Ineffective Solution To A National Problem, Donna R. Lanza
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The volume of solid waste, particularly in urban areas, is increasing, and both public heath and the environment are in jeopardy because disposal methods have not kept pace. This Comment examines the historical role that municipalities have played in providing adequate methods for solid waste disposal, emphasizes the traditional methods of zoning and critiques the effectiveness of municipal regulation. It reviews recent federal and state solid waste management acts and analyzes the issue of preemption. This Comment also discusses the constitutionality of state and municipal waste bans. In conclusion, this Comment recommends more effective methods for states and municipalities to …
New York Heart Bills: Presumptions Governing Police And Firefighters' Cardiac Disabilities, Andrea J. Berger
New York Heart Bills: Presumptions Governing Police And Firefighters' Cardiac Disabilities, Andrea J. Berger
Fordham Urban Law Journal
In New York, two statutes govern heart disease suffered by police officers and firefighters - one covering New York City, and the other covering New York State. Both bills establish a line-of-duty presumption which provides that any impairment of health caused by diseases of the heart and the resulting disability or death are presumptive evidence that the impairment was job connected, unless proven otherwise. This Note analyzes the history and current status of New York's two heart bills, including the effect of judicial interpretations of the City Heart Bill, and assesses various alternatives available to the City.
Recovery Under The Implied Warranty Of Habitability, Francis S. L'Abbate
Recovery Under The Implied Warranty Of Habitability, Francis S. L'Abbate
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The New York State legislature codified the implied warranty of habitability for residential leases in Real Property Law section 235-b, but failed to specify remedies for breach. This Note examines the development of the implied warranty of habitability as a basis for expanding a landlord's liability for failure to provide habitable premises and discusses problems relating to recovery for breach which have arisen in New York courts. It argues that recovery should be limited to tenants and intended third party occupants. In addition, punitive damages should not be awarded under a strict liability theory unless malice is established. The added …
New York City's Pothole Law: In Need Of Repair, Terri J. Frank
New York City's Pothole Law: In Need Of Repair, Terri J. Frank
Fordham Urban Law Journal
In 1979, New York City enacted a local law requiring prior written notice of a defect before the city may be found liable for injuries resulting from potholes. But a prior written notice statute interferes with the traditional negligence doctrine of constructive notice. This Note examines traditional common law negligence as it relates to municipal liability. The procedural requirements and legislative history of the Pothole Law are analyzed. In addition, the legal and policy considerations surrounding its enactment are discussed. This Note recommends an alternative solution to the statute which takes into account both the procedural inequities of the law …
The Expanding Right To Counsel In New York, Debra M. Zverins
The Expanding Right To Counsel In New York, Debra M. Zverins
Fordham Urban Law Journal
A series of recent New York Court of Appeals decisions have upheld the right of a criminal suspect to have the assistance of an attorney at every stage of legal proceedings against him. This approach is considered by some to be problematic, imposing onerous burdens on police which impede effective law enforcement. This Note discusses the criminal defendant's pre-trial right to counsel in New York. Section II outlines the historical development of this fundamental right. Judicial expansions of the pre-trial right to counsel, including the People v. Bartolomeo decision, are analyzed in Section III with a view toward their effect …
Collective Bargaining And The Fiscal Crisis In New York City: Cooperation For Survival, Arvid Anderson, Marjorie A. London
Collective Bargaining And The Fiscal Crisis In New York City: Cooperation For Survival, Arvid Anderson, Marjorie A. London
Fordham Urban Law Journal
As a result of New York City's fiscal crisis in 1975, both the New York state legislature and Congress passed laws aimed at helping the city recover. As a result of this legislation, the federal and state governments became more involved in the city's affairs and were tasked with monitoring collective bargaining between the city and its employees. Labor and management in the public sector were forced to cooperate in order to get out of the financial predicament, and the city survived the crisis. This article examines the changes in collective bargaining laws and practices that occurred as a result …
The Protection Of Historic Resources In New York State: An Overview Of Federal, State And Local Laws, J. Langdon Marsh, Judith Green Simon
The Protection Of Historic Resources In New York State: An Overview Of Federal, State And Local Laws, J. Langdon Marsh, Judith Green Simon
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Growing recognition of the economic benefits that historic preservation can bring to a community, coupled with a more traditional belief in preservation for its own sake, has focused the attention of federal, state and local government officials on the need for historic preservation statutes. This article explores the legal means available to protect historic resources in New York. Section II discussed steps taken by the federal government, primarily in the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, to protect historic resources from adverse impacts resulting from federal actions. Section III analyzes the New York State Historic Preservation Act of 1980, and …
Beyond The Taking Issue: Emerging Procedural Due Process Issues In Local Landmark Preservation Programs, Samuel A. Turvey
Beyond The Taking Issue: Emerging Procedural Due Process Issues In Local Landmark Preservation Programs, Samuel A. Turvey
Fordham Urban Law Journal
In Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City, the United States Supreme Court accorded landmark preservation full legal status. This decision left unanswered questions, one of which is the procedural due process requirements for local designation proceedings. In Historic Green Springs, Inc. v. Bergland, a U.S. District Court set aside a designation as a violation of procedural due process. This comment examines the impact of the Historic Green Springs decision, and focuses on the administration of the New York City landmarks law specifically. The comment argues that ordinances such as New York's are inadequate, and concludes that municipal bodies …
Probable Cause Based On Inaccurate Computer Information: Taking Judicial Notice Of Ncic Operating Policies And Procedures, Patrick Hand
Probable Cause Based On Inaccurate Computer Information: Taking Judicial Notice Of Ncic Operating Policies And Procedures, Patrick Hand
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is the most comprehensive computerized system for storing criminal justice information. It is managed by the FBI, but is used at the federal, state, and local level as an investigative tool. The use of computerized criminal information has raised questions in cases where an arrest was made relying on computer information which later proved to have been inaccurate. This Note discusses the fourth amendment implications of arrest based on inaccurate computer information and articulates the circumstances under which such an arrest should be upheld. NCIC safeguards are discussed and it is recommended that the …
An Evaluation Of New York Loft Conversion Law, William Eckstein
An Evaluation Of New York Loft Conversion Law, William Eckstein
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Prior to World War II, buildings of five to ten stories, called lofts, used to house small factories, dominated lower Manhattan. As these buildings were converted to residences after World War II, laws and regulations regarding conversion were enacted haphazardly. The New York state legislature is considering a bill, Article 7C, Legalization of Interim Multiple Dwellings, designed to address the inadequacies which characterize loft conversion laws. This Note analyzes the propriety of Article 7C by reviewing the evolution of New York loft conversion law. The viewpoints of tenants, landlords, and city officials are presented in separate sections. This Note concludes …
Bank Certificates Of Deposit: Notes Not In Tune With Securities Regulation, Mitchell S. Berkey
Bank Certificates Of Deposit: Notes Not In Tune With Securities Regulation, Mitchell S. Berkey
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note analyzes the legislative history of the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the Banking Act of 1933 to ascertain whether Congress may have intended to include modern instruments such as high-yield time deposit savings certificates - items utilized today as alternative investment vehicles to minimize the effects of double digit inflation and interest rates. This Note examines the split among the circuits which have attempted to reconcile statutory language and congressional intent with the practicalities of the modern complex financial marketplace in determining whether promissory notes, including certificates of deposit, are securities. This …
Securities Law Disclosure Requirements For The Political Subdivision Threatened With Bankruptcy, Robert A. Fippinger
Securities Law Disclosure Requirements For The Political Subdivision Threatened With Bankruptcy, Robert A. Fippinger
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Under what circumstances does a company violate the anti-fraud provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934? This article provides an illustration of the disclosure requirements under these acts, with the municipal debt adjustment procedures of the Bankruptcy Code. The article is divided into three parts. First, it summarizes the application of federal securities law to public finance: the laws pertaining to state and political subdivision issuance of securities. The second portion highlights specific problems under Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code. In this section, the author discusses specific circumstances that may likely raise …
Municipal Liability For Torts Committed By Volunteer Anticrime Groups, Henry C. Collins
Municipal Liability For Torts Committed By Volunteer Anticrime Groups, Henry C. Collins
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Volunteer anticrime groups are effective in deterring crime by exercising the statutory power to effect citizen's arrest. As a result of using this statutory authority though, the municipality may face liability, for example, where a volunteer anticrime group effected an unlawful arrest, or for use of excessive force against the arrested individual. This comment explores what a plaintiff must prove when he proceeds under various causes of action: an action under 42 U.S.C. section 1983, a state law, or a Bivens-type cause of action, in order to recover against a municipality for torts committed by anticrime volunteer groups. The Comment …
Tender Offer Defensive Tactics-Federal Regulation Of Management's Prerogative , James P. Walker
Tender Offer Defensive Tactics-Federal Regulation Of Management's Prerogative , James P. Walker
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Management of a corporation has a general duty to determine whether a tender offer is in the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders. When management uses defensive tactics to respond to a tender offer, they are not acting in the best interests of the shareholders, because their actions are misleading. Shareholders seeking to attack the use of defensive tactics during a tender offer may proceed under state corporations laws, or federal securities laws. Under state law, the judiciary typically scrutinizes management activity under the business judgment rule, limiting scrutiny to situations where management decision are influenced by personal …
The Irs's Application Of Arbitrage Provisions: Overregulation Of Municipal Finance, Carol L. Gruendel
The Irs's Application Of Arbitrage Provisions: Overregulation Of Municipal Finance, Carol L. Gruendel
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The federal tax exemption afforded to municipal bonds makes them a desirable investment, but the tax exemption is a costly preference in the federal tax system, that has caused a loss of $9.4 billion in federal revenues in the fiscal year of 1981. Legislation has been enacted to regulate the use of the tax exemption for municipal bonds when their issuers engage in arbitrage practices. Arbitrage bonds are defined under Section 103(c) of the Internal Revenue Code as municipal securities which are issued for the purpose of investing the majority of the proceeds in higher yielding securities, or to replace …
The Right Of Undocumented Aliens Against Their Employers, Floyd G. Cottrell
The Right Of Undocumented Aliens Against Their Employers, Floyd G. Cottrell
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Undocumented aliens who seek to enforce their rights against their employer in state court will often face deportation. An undocumented alien is vulnerable to discriminatory treatment in the workplace, and abusive employment practices, which may often incentivize employers to hire undocumented aliens. This Note exams the legal issues surrounding the employment of undocumented aliens. In particular, the validity of state regulation is examined in light of the rights guaranteed to undocumented aliens under the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution, granting due process. The author argues that state welfare benefits should not be denied to undocumented aliens, nor should …
Transportation Controls: Time To Clear The Air, Ellen Hershkowitz
Transportation Controls: Time To Clear The Air, Ellen Hershkowitz
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Transportation control is an air pollution control strategy aimed at reducing the high levels of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles in urban environments. This Note examines the transportation control measures and transportation control plans adopted by New York and Texas. The Notes focuses on the different approaches taken by the two states, as a result of their available resources. New York has focused its energies on improving traffic flow, and mass transit, while Texas transportation control plans have focused on van and car pool programs, and park and ride facilities. The Note further examines the litigation resulting from the transportation …
Homelessness In A Modern Urban Setting, Mark Malone
Homelessness In A Modern Urban Setting, Mark Malone
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Homelessness in urban settings is a problem in increasing numbers, typically as a result of mental instability or unemployment. New York State Legislature has attempted to deal with the homelessness problem, and is at the forefront of those jurisdictions which accord legal rights to homeless people through court decisions and legislation. This note examines the historic causes of homelessness, the purpose of vagrancy and loitering statutes, and why they have proven ineffective in dealing with the enormity of the homelessness problem. The Note concludes that further additions should be made to the New York State Social Services Laws on the …
State Prohibitions On Employment Opportunities For Resident Aliens: Legislative Recommendations , Joy B. Peltz
State Prohibitions On Employment Opportunities For Resident Aliens: Legislative Recommendations , Joy B. Peltz
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Resident aliens in the United States are afforded important privileges, such as residing in the United States indefinitely, and seeking employment here. Nevertheless, resident aliens are denied certain job opportunities in states that require United States citizenship as a prerequisite to public employment, or professional or occupational licenses. The Constitutionality of this exclusion has been challenged on equal protection grounds, most recently, by the Supreme Court in Cabell v. Chavez-Salido. In this case, the Court upheld the constitutionality of a California statute, restricting a deputy probation officer position to United States citizens. This case has been hailed as precedent for …