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Articles 1 - 30 of 268
Full-Text Articles in Law
Time To Free The 'Evidence': Animal Cruelty Prosecutions, Pre-Conviction Forfeiture, And Brady Violations, Gary J. Patronek
Time To Free The 'Evidence': Animal Cruelty Prosecutions, Pre-Conviction Forfeiture, And Brady Violations, Gary J. Patronek
Animal Law Review
This Article presents empirical research to investigate the traditional practice of holding seized animal victims of maltreatment in protective custody until their disposition is resolved pursuant to a criminal proceeding. This is of particular concern because protective custody usually entails confinement in an animal shelter or similar institutional setting. Extended confinement under these circumstances is undesirable–especially when dealing with large numbers of animals–because such confinement causes stress that may inadvertently result in secondary victimization of the animals. Furthermore, institutional confinement poses substantial logistical challenges and imposes substantial economic costs for those tasked with caring for the animals. The impetus for …
A Critical Assessment Of Bill S-203, Ending The Captivity Of Whales And Dolphins Act: Challenging The Exclusivity Of Anthropocentrism And Science-Based Justifications, Rachel De Graaf
Animal Law Review
Bill S-203, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and other Acts (ending the captivity of whales and dolphins) became Canadian law in 2019, banning the captivity of cetaceans. This Article critically examines Bill S-203, arguing that it is underpinned by anthropocentric and science-based justifications that will work as exclusionary forces against many animals in need of legal protection. Instead, the Article advocates for an empathetic and multi-jural approach that accounts for human-animal interconnectedness and the unique cultures of animals. This argument is theoretically rooted in vegan ecofeminism’s empathic and non-binaristic perspective. As such, this Article scrutinizes the reasoning behind …
Exploited: The Unexpected Victims Of Animal Agriculture, Caitlin Kelly
Exploited: The Unexpected Victims Of Animal Agriculture, Caitlin Kelly
Animal Law Review
Awareness of how nonhuman animals suffer in animal agriculture has been growing for years. But are they the only victims? Selling the products and parts of hundreds of millions of animals in the United States every year requires someone to manage those animals. It requires someone to kill those animals. And it requires someone to dismember those animals long before they ever reach the neat rows of plastic wrapped packaging at the grocery store. To accomplish this process at an industrial scale means hundreds to thousands of animals are together in barns which reek of their waste and create biohazards …
Environmental Enrichment For Farmed Animals, Alexandra Schauer
Environmental Enrichment For Farmed Animals, Alexandra Schauer
Animal Law Review
Environmental enrichment standards are set in many animal welfare laws, but such protections are generally withheld from farmed animals. Instead, farmed animals are subject to substandard enclosures that are under-stimulating and inappropriate for their species-specific behavioral needs. Scientific studies have shown that the inclusion of environmental enrichment in an animal’s enclosure balances their production of stress hormones, which has beneficial implications for the overall health and wellbeing of the animal. Establishing enclosure standards for farmed animals that include provisions relating to environmental enrichment would improve farmed animal well-being and, subsequently, the health of the humans who consume products deriving from …
Striking A Balance: Why Federal And State Laws Should Be Revised To Effectively Deter Puppy Mills, Kaitlyn Cameron
Striking A Balance: Why Federal And State Laws Should Be Revised To Effectively Deter Puppy Mills, Kaitlyn Cameron
Animal Law Review
The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) was passed in 1966 with the purpose of ensuring the humane care and treatment of animals. The AWA delegates licensing responsibilities to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS), who have the authority to investigate violations of the AWA and penalize relevant organizations, such as puppy mills, when necessary. Unfortunately, the AWA sets forth minimum standards for the humane care and treatment of these animals and the USDA has exercised its own discretion in penalizing violations of the AWA. The AWA establishes standards for compliance, but …
Not For Human Consumption: How To Alleviate The Cruelty Plaguing The Pet Food Industry In The United States, Bailey Frank
Not For Human Consumption: How To Alleviate The Cruelty Plaguing The Pet Food Industry In The United States, Bailey Frank
Animal Law Review
More than 37 billion dollars of pet food was sold in 2019, a sum that increased to approximately 42 billion dollars in 2020. In fact, forty-two of the fifty states have pet food facilities producing more than 3 million tons of animal-based pet food ingredients. Yet, in the last decade, multiple pet food brands have been found to contain trace amounts of euthanasia ‘death drugs’ and are made from 3D or 4D animals — those that are dead, dying, diseased, or disabled. While this can often cause sickness or death in companion animals, an equally urgent issue is the welfare …
Fur-Ever Homes After Divorce: The Future Of Pet Custody, Sara Mićković
Fur-Ever Homes After Divorce: The Future Of Pet Custody, Sara Mićković
Animal Law Review
More than ever, Americans are considering their companion animals to be members of their families. However, the majority of states plainly consider companion animals to be personal property under the law in custody disputes. Therefore, when a pet custody dispute emerges in these states' courts, separated couples proceed to divide companion animals the same way they would other material belongings. At the same time, married couples in the United States are divorcing at increasing rates making these types of pet custody disputes an increasing issue in family courts around the country. Despite most states adopting this approach where companion animals …
The (Symbolic) Legislative Recognition Of Animal Sentience, M.B. Rodriguez Ferrere
The (Symbolic) Legislative Recognition Of Animal Sentience, M.B. Rodriguez Ferrere
Animal Law Review
This Article will draw conclusions from the legislative recognition of animal sentience in animal welfare legislation of Oregon, New Zealand and Quebec. A range of jurisdictions have, in recent times, amended their animal welfare legislation to recognize that animals are "sentient." While seemingly a progressive and welcome advance, there are a range of reasons to doubt the actual impact of such amendments. The limited impact of the amendments within animal welfare case law in these jurisdictions appear to confirm these doubts. This Article questions whether such symbolic amendments are benign or have a damaging effect on the attempt to reform …
Front Matter
Animal Law Review
Front Matter includes Title Page, Masthead, advisors, and Table of Contents for Animal Law Review Volume 28, Issue 1, 2022.
Piglet Castration And Pain Relief Drugs: Revamping "Safety Drug Approval Requirements To Address "Efficacy" Requirements For Nsaids, Zoë Sigle
Animal Law Review
This Article investigates the U.S. pork industry's routine practice of piglet castration without pain relief and why no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in piglets to relieve pain associated with surgical castration. Some countries have approved and even require the use of NSAIDs for surgical castration in piglets. However, the U.S. veterinary pharmaceutical community claims to lack validated scientific methodology to quantify pain in piglets, leading to a lack of substantial evidence to demonstrate NSAID effectiveness and thereby barring FDA-approval of NSAIDs for pain relief in piglets …
What Comes After Defund? Lessons From Police And Prison Abolition For The Animal Movement, Michael Swistara
What Comes After Defund? Lessons From Police And Prison Abolition For The Animal Movement, Michael Swistara
Animal Law Review
As the mass incarceration crisis skyrocketed, the animal protection movement adopted many of the mechanisms of the carceral state. Improving the status of animals was equated with pushing for lengthier sentences for those who caused harm to animals, placing more people into cages for longer periods of time. This disproportionally harmed Black, Indigenous, and People of the Global Majority (BIPGM) communities who are the most heavily policed, surveilled, and imprisoned. Allying with the carceral state has also harmed animals-advocates are labeled terrorists, potential allies are dissuaded from action, and companion animals are killed by officers of the state. This approach …
Nonhuman Rights Or Protections: A Discussion Of The Functional Difference, If Any, Between Laws Providing Either Biocentric Rights Or Anthropocentric Protections For Nonhumans, Joel W. Glazer
Animal Law Review
This article will review examples of laws and judicial opinions that have granted rights to nonhumans, including the examples listed above, as well as a judicial opinion that grants protections, but not rights, to nonhumans. The analysis of these laws and judicial opinions is meant to answer the question of whether using the enchanted word "rights," as opposed to anthropocentric protections, confers a substantive benefit to nonhumans. Part II forms an analytical framework defining the procedural and substantive aspects of non-human rights. Part III applies that framework to judicial opinions from Argentina and the United States and analyzes whether there …
Can Sentience Recognition Protect Animals? Lessons From Québec's Animal Law Reform, Michael Lessard
Can Sentience Recognition Protect Animals? Lessons From Québec's Animal Law Reform, Michael Lessard
Animal Law Review
Academic literature needs to provide a better understanding of the legal recognition of animal sentience. This Article aims to help fill out this gap by diving into Que ́bec’s legal recognition of animal sentience in 2015. This Article draws three lessons from Que ́bec law’s recognition of animal sentience and biological needs. First, it argues that legal sentience recognition’s fate is to become more than symbolic and to receive normative force. Second, it contends that considering sentience protection as the sole instrument to prevent animal killing and exploitation is a mistake. This is so because respect for sentience is reduced …
Cetacean Cultural Rights: A Third Generation Of Rights At Sea, David Peña-Guzmán
Cetacean Cultural Rights: A Third Generation Of Rights At Sea, David Peña-Guzmán
Animal Law Review
This Article discusses the cultural rights of cetaceans, as articulated in the 2010 Declaration on the Rights of Cetaceans. It argues that these rights qualify as "third-generation rights," meaning groups of cetaceans -- as opposed to individuals -- have the right to the protection of their respective cultures. The Article begins with an account of the history of third-generation rights in international human rights law. It then examines how the concept of third-generation rights can carry over into the animal rights movement. The article proposes three criteria for determining whether a group qualifies for third-generation rights. Then, it demonstrates that …
Front Matter
Animal Law Review
Front Matter includes Title Page, Masthead, advisors, and Table of Contents for Animal Law Review Volume 27, Issue 1, 2021.
Exploring The Role Of Nonhuman Animal Victims In Federal Environmental Crime Prosecutions, Melissa L. Jarrell, Joshua Ozmy
Exploring The Role Of Nonhuman Animal Victims In Federal Environmental Crime Prosecutions, Melissa L. Jarrell, Joshua Ozmy
Animal Law Review
While nonhuman animals in the United States are often victimized directly or as a consequence of environmental crimes, little is known about them or the role their victimization plays in federal environmental crime prosecutions. Through content analysis of 2,588 of the Environmental Protection Agency's criminal prosecutions from 1983-2019, we identified cases where identifiable nonhuman animal victims play a central role in the prosecution. We developed a typology of victims and the consequences of their victimization, and we explored the geography, charging statutes, and penalties. Results suggest that victimization is infrequent, acute, and clusters around toxic discharges and pesticide abuse stemming …
2020 Litigation Review, Isaac Conzatti
2020 Litigation Review, Isaac Conzatti
Animal Law Review
This Litigation Review covers a varied selection of animal law related litigation that occurred in the year 2020. The coronavirus pandemic did not slow down the offenses or injustices committed against animals nor the litigation initiated on behalf of animals. While some animal-centered litigation experienced some setbacks in 2020, others sparked legislative initiatives to further protect the interests of animals. Some recent litigation highlights the need for more advocacy and legislation in order to overcome barriers imposed by lobbyists and other special interest groups. Other sections expose how pro-animal legislation has received challenges from opponents who seek to cripple protections …
2020 Domestic Legislative Review, Tara Cooley
2020 Domestic Legislative Review, Tara Cooley
Animal Law Review
The 116th Congress, second session, began January 3, 2020, and ended January 3, 2021. While Congress voted on key animal-related legislation, such as the Big Cat Public Safety Act, the COVID-19 pandemic slowed -- or even halted -- proposed legislation at the federal and state levels. Despite the slowdown, local voters proposed and enacted several key initiatives, including the California Ecosystems Protection Act and Orange County, Florida's Right to Clean Water initiative.9 In addition, federally enacted COVID-19-related legislation, such as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, also addressed animalrelated issues. The World Health Organization (WHO) labeled COVID-19 …
2020 Foreign And International Legislative Review, Brittany Rowe
2020 Foreign And International Legislative Review, Brittany Rowe
Animal Law Review
This Legislative Review highlights the animal law related legislative victories 2020 brought about on foreign and international fronts.
Toward An Interspecies Right To Breastfeed, Mathilde Cohen
Toward An Interspecies Right To Breastfeed, Mathilde Cohen
Animal Law Review
Milk is young mammals’ primary food. Yet, lactating animals raised for their milk, such as cows and goats, are subject to extreme forms of violence and control preventing them from breastfeeding their own young. Numerous human parents also lack the legal, economic, social, and emotional support they need to nurse their children. At one level, the situation of humans and that of farmed animals is incommensurable in that the latter’s reproductive and lactating capacity is typically exploited and rewarded by death when unprofitable. At another level, lactating animals of all species are in a related social status. Lactating parents, typically …
The Meaning Of Meat, Jareb Gleckel, Sherry F. Colb
The Meaning Of Meat, Jareb Gleckel, Sherry F. Colb
Animal Law Review
Plant-based and cell-based meat companies are vying to take over the trillion-dollar meat industry—and, in recent years, they have gained momentum. Responding to consumer demand and widespread fear about global climate change, investors like Bill Gates, Richard Branson, and even Tyson Foods began investing in alternative meat. Beyond Meat became a publicly traded company and partnered with Dunkin’ Donuts, while Impossible Foods partnered with Burger King, bringing plant-based meat products into the mainstream. But many states with strong ties to animal agriculture have sought to impede the growth of the alternative-meat market. In August 2018, Missouri became the first state …
Oversight Of Animal Raising Claims On Product Packaging: A Review Of Jurisdiction And Challenges To Label Claims, Erin Sutherland, Adrienne Craig
Oversight Of Animal Raising Claims On Product Packaging: A Review Of Jurisdiction And Challenges To Label Claims, Erin Sutherland, Adrienne Craig
Animal Law Review
This Article discusses federal and state oversight of label claims found on meat, poultry, egg, and dairy packaging and mechanisms for challenging misleading or false label claims. Part I introduces why label claims are so critical to animal welfare interests and discusses how false labeling and false advertising exacerbate the problem. Part II discusses the federal regulatory structure over animal-raising claims made on these products. Part III of this Article discusses state causes of action under consumer protection statutes. Part IV discusses the successes and failures public interest groups have had in challenging label claims and attempting to reform the …
A Taxonomy Of Class Actions For Animals In The United States, Tess Vickery
A Taxonomy Of Class Actions For Animals In The United States, Tess Vickery
Animal Law Review
Class actions are commonly used to redress mass wrongs against humans— but what about mass wrongs against animals? This Article provides a comprehensive overview of the types of animal-related class actions that have been filed in the United States, predominantly in the field of consumer law, and explores how these actions can be used as a strategic tool to advance protections for animals within the confines of their legal status as property. This Article also highlights the challenges that have been faced by these animal-related class actions in obtaining class certification pursuant to Rule 23 and offers some practical strategies …
Front Matter
Animal Law Review
Front Matter includes Title Page, Masthead, advisors, and Table of Contents for Animal Law Review Volume 26, Issue 2, 2020.
Front Matter
Animal Law Review
Front Matter includes Title Page, Masthead, advisors, and Table of Contents for Animal Law Review Volume 26, Issue 1, 2020.
The Regulatory Vacuum: How Marijuana's Schedule I Status Imperils Endangered Species In The Emerald Triangle, Jeffrey Bausch Jr.
The Regulatory Vacuum: How Marijuana's Schedule I Status Imperils Endangered Species In The Emerald Triangle, Jeffrey Bausch Jr.
Animal Law Review
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service) is unable to adequately address Endangered Species Act (ESA) petitions because marijuana’s Schedule I status creates a regulatory vacuum. Marijuana growers use pesticides, many of which are lethal at certain concentrations. Typically, these pesticides are highly regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Farmers may only use pesticides specifically prescribed for use on the plant or crop. EPA has been unable to research or register pesticides for use on marijuana plants, and as a result, growers use pesticides at abnormally high concentrations. Wildlife in northern California and Oregon are directly harmed as …
The Archaic Attempts To Protect Nonhuman Suffering: Suggestions For The Advancement Of Legislative Regulation Of Online Depictions Of Animal Cruelty, Alana Van Gundy
The Archaic Attempts To Protect Nonhuman Suffering: Suggestions For The Advancement Of Legislative Regulation Of Online Depictions Of Animal Cruelty, Alana Van Gundy
Animal Law Review
The Internet is often used to disseminate acts of cruelty to nonhuman animals through social media postings, live feeds, remote-controlled Internet hunting, and industry videos, such as dogfighting and crush videos. Some state and federal laws regulate the depiction of animal cruelty online, either directly or indirectly. However, current statutory regulations do not fully address or completely prohibit the viewing, promoting, and depicting of animal cruelty online. Preventing Internet animal cruelty requires new or revised legislation encompassing the marketing, promoting, and depicting of online animal suffering. While more specific laws are necessary, legislators must consider numerous issues and potential ramifications …
Reputation, Regulatory Capture, And Reform: The Case Of New Zealand's Bobby Calves, Danielle Duffield
Reputation, Regulatory Capture, And Reform: The Case Of New Zealand's Bobby Calves, Danielle Duffield
Animal Law Review
In 2015, two animal rights organizations in New Zealand released undercover footage exposing widespread cruelty to some of the country’s most vulnerable, and invisible, farm animals: young male calves born into the dairy industry. The footage shocked the New Zealand public. In order to put pressure on the government to adopt meaningful reforms for the protection of these animals, an animal rights organization, Save Animals From Exploitation, placed advertisements in The Guardian highlighting the cruelty in the New Zealand dairy industry. The resulting publicity led to an unprecedented response from the regulating agency, the Ministry for Primary Industries, which swiftly …
Joining The Herd: A Case For Closing New Zealand's Domestic Ivory Market, Bianka Atlas
Joining The Herd: A Case For Closing New Zealand's Domestic Ivory Market, Bianka Atlas
Animal Law Review
This Article examines the evidence supporting the implementation of a domestic ivory trade ban in New Zealand, with the aim of informing policymakers and compelling the New Zealand government to act to establish a legal and policy framework. There is widespread support for the closure of domestic ivory markets worldwide, and this Article seeks to persuade New Zealand to join this groundswell.