Law Commons^™

Personal Autonomy: Towards A New Taxonomy For Privacy Law, Yvonne F. Lindgren

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In 1965 the Supreme Court in Griswold v. Connecticut protected the right of married couples to receive contraceptives as a right of privacy. Since that time, scholarship in the area of privacy law has coalesced around two main themes: First, commentators have classified privacy cases to present a unified concept broad enough to encompass many contexts — from tort, to Fourth and Fifth Amendment search and seizure, to decisional autonomy case law. Second, there is vigorous debate whether decisional autonomy is properly sourced in privacy law. These inquiries leave unanswered an important question: What, if anything, has been the lasting …

Symposium On Enforcing Constitutional Rights In The Twenty-First Century: Section 1983 Thirty Years After Owen, David J. Achtenberg

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In Owen v. City of Independence, the Supreme Court indicated that § 1983 would provide a path for all victims of civil rights violations would be able to get full compensation for their harm. However, the intervening decades saw that guarantee whittled away, as later decisions carved away the ability to recover under § 1983. The authors in this symposium discuss the challenges in enforcing constitutional rights in the twenty-first century legal environment and offers a solution.

No Good Deed Goes Unpublished: Precedent-Stripping And The Need For A New Prophylactic Rule, Edward Cantu

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This paper addresses the “open secret” that federal appellate courts often strip their opinions of precedential value as a means to forgo fair, principled and/or thorough adjudication of issues raised in appeals. Is there a basis in contemporary constitutional doctrine for a presumption that appellants suffer constitutional injury when courts dispose of their appeals using non-precedential opinions? The author answers “yes.” The argument centers on case law establishing so-called “constitutional prophylactic rules,” which work to “overprotect” a given core right - that is, to create a presumption of constitutional injury without proof of it - when such is the only …

Did The Madisonian Compromise Survive Detention At Guantanamo?, Lumen N. Mulligan

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In this essay, I take up the Court’s less heralded second holding in Boumediene v. Bush - that a federal habeas court must have the institutional capacity to find facts, which in Boumediene itself meant that a federal district court must be available to the petitioners. Although this has gone largely unnoticed, I contend that this holding is inconsistent with the Madisonian Compromise - the standard view that the Constitution does not require jurisdiction in any federal court, except the Supreme Court. In fact, it appears that the Court adopted Justice Story’s position that the Constitution requires vesting of jurisdiction …

Insurance Perspectives On Federal Financial Regulatory Reform: Addressing Misunderstandings And Providing View From Different Paradigm, Jeffrey E. Thomas

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Much of the current call for Federal regulatory reform of insurance is based on fundamental misunderstandings regarding American International Group (AIG) and the financial crisis, and because insurance, which is regulated predominately at the state level, provides a different, and potentially useful, regulatory paradigm. The first section of this article will analyze the role of insurance in the financial crisis. It exposes the misunderstandings and explain how insurance had little, if any, role in the crisis. The second section outlines the current, state-based regulatory paradigm for insurance, and will explain how this paradigm has become a barrier for Federal reform …

Understanding Rule Of Law / Supremacy Of Law And Underlying Obstacles In Turkey And Around The World, Jeffrey E. Thomas

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Rule of Law has become every country’s ambition; developed countries are promoting it, multinational corporations want it, and aid organizations are trying to build it. No country in modern times - with the possible exception of China during the cultural revolution- has ever said “We reject the rule of law,” although by their actions some countries have done so. The goal of this paper is to provide some additional perspective on the Rule of Law for discussion and deliberations in Turkey. The paper starts with some of the major obstacles, and then make a few comments regarding the author’s impressions …

Familial And Matrimonial Agreements: An Annotated Bibliography, Nancy Levit

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No abstract provided.

A Tale Of Two Crises, William K. Black

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The savings and loan debacle of the 1980s was the worst financial scandal in U.S. history. The estimated present value cost to the taxpayers was $150-175 billion ($1993). The debacle was a major contributor to a sharp recession in real estate values in the Southwest. However, it had only a negligible effect on the general economy.

The Japanese economy, the second largest in the world, also experienced a crisis in the 1980s. Twin “bubbles” in its stock and real estate markets hyper inflated for most of the decade of the 1980s. In general, the bigger the bubble, the worse the …

Rethinking Roth Ira Conversions In 2010, Christopher R. Hoyt

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This article analyzes the pros and cons of making a Roth IRA conversion, the mechanics to do the conversion, and how to undo it. The strategy takes on new importance in the years 2011 and 2012 with the looming 3.8% health care tax on investment income beginning in 2013. IRA owners may want to lock in the lower "Bush income tax rates" of 2011 and 2012, especially if they can make the conversion at time when the value of the IRA assets are low because of volatile swings in the stock market. A Roth IRA conversion will be less attractive …

Time To Blossom: An Inquiry Into Bloom’S Taxonomy As A Hierarchy And Means For Teaching Legal Research Skills, Paul D. Callister

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Within law librarianship and legal education, there has been far too little scholarly engagement on the underlying pedagogy at the heart of legal research instruction. To correct this deficiency, law librarianship needs to open a dialogue and should consider adapting Bloom’s Taxonomy as a common schema for a collaborative effort.

This paper was initially presented at the "Conference on Legal Information: Scholarship and Teaching," held at the University of Colorado Law School on June 21-22, 2009, as part of its Boulder Summer Conference Series. It follows the author's own recently published challenge to law librarianship and legal research instructors to …

Testimony Before The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, Miami, Florida September 21, 2010, William K. Black

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"Control frauds" are seemingly legitimate entities controlled by persons that use them as a fraud "weapon." (The person that controls the firm is typically the CEO, so that term is used in this testimony.) A single control fraud can cause greater losses than all other forms of property crime combined. Neo-classical economic theory, methodology, and praxis combine to optimize criminogenic environments that hyper-inflate financial bubbles and produce recurrent, intensifying financial crises. A criminogenic environment is one that creates such perverse incentives that it leads to widespread crime. Financial control frauds’ "weapon of choice" is accounting. Neoclassical theory, which dominates law …

Theorizing And Litigating The Rights Of Sexual Minorities, Nancy Levit

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One of the best measures of a society is how it treats its vulnerable groups. A central idea in Professor Martha Nussbaum's writings is that all humans "are of equal dignity and worth, no matter where they are situated in society." The strategic challenge in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) rights litigation is how to get courts to see sexual minorities as people worthy of equal dignity and respect. This article focuses on the roles of a positive emotion - love - and a procedural method of proof - science - in the shaping of laws defining the rights …

Bilski: Assessing The Impact Of A Newly Invigorated Patent Eligibility Doctrine On The Pharmaceutical Industry And The Future Of Personalized Medicine, Christopher M. Holman

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The patent eligibility doctrine serves a gatekeeper role in excluding from patent protection natural phenomena, principles of nature, abstract ideas, and mental processes. Beginning around 1980, the U.S. patent system embarked upon a pronounced expansion in its definition of patent eligible subject matter, particularly with respect to software and business method inventions, but also in the life sciences. In recent years, however, we have seen a backlash, with many critics from the public and private sectors arguing that the threshold for patent eligibility needs to be raised in order to ensure that patents fulfill their constitutional objective of encouraging innovation …

Misplaced Fears In The Legislative Battle Over Affordable Biotech Drugs, David E. Adelman, Christopher M. Holman

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Much like tort reform, the debate over recently enacted legislation on biotech drugs — and particularly regulatory supplements to patent protection — has taken on a significance that dwarfs its impact on prescription drug expenditures. Under the Health Care Reform legislation, Congress enacted two major reforms: First, creation of an abbreviated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process for follow-on biologics (FOBs), which are the analogues of generics for biotech drugs. Second, establishment of a twelve-year “data exclusivity” period in which clinical testing data collected by brand-name innovators cannot be used by producers of FOBs to satisfy FDA testing requirements. …

Charitable Gifts Made By Corporations: Opportunities And Challenges, Christopher R. Hoyt

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This article examines the tax opportunities and tax hazards when a subchapter S corporation makes a charitable gift. The article demonstrates that usually the shareholders of an S corporation and the charity are both better off when an S corporation makes a charitable gift compared to having a shareholder make a charitable gift of S corporation stock. Either way, the income tax benefit will be on the S corporation shareholder’s personal income tax return. By having the S corporation make the gift, the parties avoid the “three bad things” that happen when a shareholder donates S corporation stock. The problems …

Successful Financial Regulators Think Like Public Health Experts: Why Regulators Must Fight 'Control Fraud' Like Public Health Specialists, William K. Black

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“Control fraud” is the leading cause of bank failures and financial crises. In “control fraud” the persons controlling a seemingly legitimate entity use it as a weapon to defraud. This essay analyzes the role of regulators in two epidemics of control fraud: the savings & loan debacle of the 1980s and the ongoing financial crises that first became acute in the nonprime mortgage sector.

Effective regulation is essential to prevent and contain such epidemics. An epidemic is the natural outcome of a “pathogenic environment” which requires a reservoir of hosts for the pathogens to infect, and “vectors” to spread the …

Wall St. Fraud And Fiduciary Responsibilities: Can Jail Time Serve As An Adequate Deterrent For Willful Violations?, William K. Black

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The answer to the question posed by the title of this hearing is: only prison sentences can deter the violations that caused the debacle. We should, however, never rely solely on prosecutions to constrain crimes. The criminal justice system needs to work with regulation not only to make regulation more effective, but also to prevent “private market discipline” from becoming a “criminogenic” oxymoron. To understand the vital role that the criminal justice system must play if we are to avoid the recurrent, intensifying financial crises that have beset this and many other nations for nearly three decades we must begin …

How Trust Is Abused In Free Markets: Enron’S 'Crooked 'E’', William K. Black

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A market can have a lemon's problem when one party to the transaction has far superior information to the other and defects are not obvious. The classic bad car, the "lemon" led to the name for this theory. A lemon's market is inefficient. Both consumers and reputable sellers of high quality goods are harmed by the consumer's inability to distinguish superior goods. Frauds, who sell poor quality goods by misrepresenting quality are the only winners. Markets beset by lemon's problems may be improved by government intervention, which can aid both consumers and honest sellers.

In his article "How Trust is …

Federal Courts Not Federal Tribunals, Lumen N. Mulligan

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The Court has employed inferred-cause-of-action doctrine to foster the rights of individuals, from injured workers to female college applicants to defrauded investors and targets of racial discrimination. Although the question of whether the federal courts ought to infer causes of action from federal statutes is an old chestnut in the federal-courts field, a new basis for barring such a practice has arisen, requiring fresh attention to the Court's inferred-cause-of-action doctrine. This new position asserts that inferring a cause of action is not merely poor judicial policy but extra-jurisdictional under either 28 U.S.C. - 1331 or Article III. Borrowing a phrase …

Insurance Law Between Business Law And Consumer Law, Jeffrey E. Thomas

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The U.S. legal system has multiple and complex regulatory regimes for insurance which combine statutes, administrative regulations and common law rules. Regulation of insurance is predominantly done by the fifty states, and this increases the system’s complexity. The regulatory regimes generally divide the industry, the subject of regulation, from the consumers, which are to be protected, without regard for the status or sophistication of the insurance consumer. This article focuses on the role of insurance law and regulation within the legal system, and in particular the divide between business or commercial insurance and that provided for consumers, more commonly known …

The Role Of Patent Eligibility In Policing Claim Scope, Christopher M. Holman

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Bilski v. Kappos (Bilski II) empowered the lower courts to deploy patent eligibility as a doctrinal tool for policing claim scope. Because Bilski II leaves the test for patent eligibility largely undefined, the lower courts and PTO, in particular the Federal Circuit, could actively invoke the doctrine as a “wildcard” to invalidate patent claims deemed unduly broad, or otherwise “unworthy” by the court. Judge Rader made a similar observation recently with respect to the Lilly written description requirement, another doctrine of patentability for which the criteria for compliance remains largely undefined. However, early indications suggest that the Federal Circuit and …

Missouri's Public Defender Crisis: Shouldering The Burden Alone, Sean O'Brien

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No abstract provided.

Approaches To Protecting Victims Of Intimate Partner Violence In The United States And Ireland: People, Property, And Politics, Barbara Glesner Fines

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No abstract provided.

Electronic Evidence Annotated Bibliography, Nancy Levit

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No abstract provided.

Understanding Missouri’S Rule 13: Preparing To Supervise A Student Practitioner, Patrick C. Brayer

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No abstract provided.

Opposition To Clinics Tests Attorney-Client Privilege; Students Working On Pro Bono Cases Leave Schools Vulnerable To Confidentiality Challenges, Patrick C. Brayer

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This National Law Journal article draws attention to past attempts by government and private parties to pierce the protections of the attorney client relationship, specifically confidentiality, when it comes to the representation of clients by law school clinics. Several law school clinics and innocence projects have defended themselves against actions by prosecuting attorney offices and opposing parties who have attempted to obtain information that is traditionally protected by state and federal confidentiality rules. Law school clinics, public interest organizations, innocence projects, government agencies and Public Defender organizations can better protect themselves from future attempts by opposing parties to invade the …

Echo Epidemics: Control Frauds Generate White-Collar Street Crime Waves, William K. Black

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“Control fraud” drove the crisis. Control fraud occurs when those that control a seemingly legitimate entity use it as a “weapon” to defraud. In finance, accounting is the “weapon of choice.” Regulators, criminologists, and criminologists have documented the pervasive role of control fraud in causing the second phase of the S&L debacle. That crisis was followed by the accounting control frauds of Enron and its ilk.

Top economists, criminologists, and the S&L regulators agreed that lenders engaged in accounting control fraud optimize through a four-part recipe that is a “sure thing” – it produces guaranteed, record (fictional) near-term profits and …

Values In Transition: The Chiricahua Apache From 1886-1914, John W. Ragsdale Jr

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No abstract provided.

You're On Your Own, Kid... But You Shouldn't Be, Daniel B. Weddle

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This article addresses the question: Should courts recognize a duty on the part of schools to implement proven strategies to reduce and prevent bullying? Nothing influences the answer to that question as understanding the nature of bullying in schools. Once understood, bullying seems less a rite of passage or builder of character and more like child abuse perpetuated by peers. The realization that many school children suffer such abuse that inflicts long-lasting and severe damage shifts the analysis from whether the problem is serious enough for courts to engage to how they might most effectively engage it. This article addresses …

Maintaining Incentives For Healthcare Innovation: Response To The Ftc's Report On Follow-On Biologics, Christopher M. Holman

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Congress is considering legislation that would create an abbreviated FDA approval process for follow-on biologics (FOBs), which proponents anticipate will promote competition and lower prices in the market for biologic drugs. In June of 2009 the FTC published a report on FOBs (“the FTC Report”), which attempts to forecast the nature of competition between innovator biologics and FOBs, and offers a number of substantive recommendations regarding specific provisions of the various FOB bills. In particular, the FTC Report concludes that there is essentially no justification for the inclusion of a substantial data exclusivity period (“DEP”) for innovators in pending FOB …