Law Commons^™

Immunity Doctrine, Efficiency Promotion, And The Applicability Of Federal Antitrust Law To State-Approved Hospital Acquisitions, James F. Ponsoldt

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The question whether hospitals should be regarded as private businesses, or alternatively as public utilities, in order to maximize productive and allocative efficiency, remains controversial. In recent years, the ability of American hospitals and doctors to provide excellent health care services has been hindered by rising costs and distribution problems. This combination of rising costs and decreased distribution has prevented medical services from reaching the portion of the American population that has the greatest need for these services.

In response to these problems, Congress in 1974 passed the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act (NHPRDA). The NHPRDA is designed …

The Past And Future Of Constitutional Torts: From Statutory Interpretation To Common Law Rules, Michael L. Wells

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The cause of action for damages to redress violations of constitutional rights is now firmly established in our law. As recently as 1960, such constitutional tort suits were rare and attracted little attention from scholars. Today, they are a major part of the work of the federal courts and the academic literature is constantly growing. This change can be partly attributed to the expansion of constitutional rights in the 1960s and 1970s, and partly to the 1961 case of Monroe v. Pape. In Monroe, the Supreme Court revived a long-neglected, ninety-year-old statute, 42 U.S.C. 1983, making it the …

Trial Practice And Procedure (Annual Survey Of Georgia Law), C. Ronald Ellington, T. Bart Gary

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The most noteworthy and important developments in trial practice and procedure during this survey period came as the result of legislation. Headlining these new laws is a measure designed to combat frivolous lawsuits by empowering judges to award reasonable attorney's fees and court costs against any party, plaintiff or defendant, who asserts a claim or defense that lacks substantial justification, or who otherwise abuses the process of adjudication. The adoption of this legislation spurred the supreme court to create a new tort of abusive litigation in Yost v. Torok.

For the second consecutive year, the legislature shortened the time in …

First They Came For The Teachers: Competency Testing And The Decertification Of Texas Teachers Issued Certificates Valid For Life, Beverly Mcqueary Smith

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No abstract provided.

A Bicentennial Symposium--The Constitution And Human Values: The Unfinished Agenda, Milner S. Ball

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The participants in this Symposium share a commitment to explore the question whether law--constitutional law in particular--is one of the humanities and therefore subject to understanding, critique, conceptualization, and practice in freshly humanizing modes. These authors--lawyers, poets, philosophers, writers, activists--make no great claims for their individuals labors or their shared enterprise. They prefer instead to let the work speak for itself.

Relations Of Employers With Workers' Representatives In The United States, J. Ralph Beaird

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There is no question but that current policy in the United States comes down heavily on the side of management flexibility in the area of economic decisionmaking. The question is: should that be changed?

Selected Issues In State Business Taxation, Walter Hellerstein

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This Article surveys selected issues in state business taxation. The topics were chosen with the hope that they would be of general interest to the conference for which this Article originally was prepared. The Article therefore eschews the detailed case analysis that typifies much of the law review writing about state and local taxation--including my own--and focuses instead on broader policy and economic questions that those concerned with state business taxation should find no less important. Part II of this Article considers business taxes and state tax incentives. Part III discusses federal and state tax conformity. Part IV addresses a …

Employer And Consultant Reporting Under The Lmrda, J. Ralph Beaird

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In light of the criticisms of the House and recent constitutional objections, this article reevaluates the viability of the employer and consultant reporting provisions of the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA). Section I discusses the legislative history and purpose of the LMRDA's reporting provisions. Section II examines the courts' treatment of the provisions when attacked on constitutional and statutory grounds.

Corporate Social-Reform, The Business Judgment Rule And Other Considerations, Robert N. Leavell

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In recent years there has been a well-publicized movement to induce corporations to use their economic wealth and power to achieve "social-reform," rather than carry on as usual by professing to be guided only by profit-making. Social change is sought by allowing shareholders to make, or influence directly, those management decisions which significantly affect the quality of life in this country. This approach has found support on college campuses and among the commentators in this field. The Securities Exchange Commission and the courts also have endorsed this approach by legitimating such a role for shareholders despite the fact that it …

Policing The Bases Of Modern Expert Testimony, Ronald L. Carlson

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The expanding array of scientific (as well as some not-so-scientific) specialties available as sources for testimony raises hard questions. Will courts require that the witness' opinions be reasonably based upon trustworthy data? How far must judges inquire into the practice of other experts in the same field prior to allowing the trial witness to proffer an expert opinion? How much of the expert's supporting data will be received in evidence? This Essay addresses these and other important questions affecting the scope of modern expert testimony.

Copyright Protection For Architectural Works, David E. Shipley

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Architecture is the most commonly experienced and pervasive of all the arts. The creative efforts of architects culminate in structures used for shelter, pleasure, business, entertainment, and transportation.1 Architects express their design concepts in sketches, elevations, floor plans, working drawings, specifications, renditions, and three-dimensional models. Their labors in shaping the ideas for a building from rough conceptions into plans and then into completed structures are similar to the efforts of other creators. An architect is as much an author as is a sculptor or a dramatist. His plans, renditions, and the resulting structure will ordinarily show originality and will reflect …

Legal Perspectives On The Interstate Incidence And Shifting Of State And Local Taxes, Walter Hellerstein

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Lawyers, especially constitutional lawyers, have long been concerned with the problems associated with the interstate incidence and shifting of state and local taxes. The Constitution has frequently been invoked as a restraint on the states' power to levy taxes on persons, property, or activities outside their borders. Yet the lawyer's view of tax incidence embodied in these constitutional disputes often bears little resemblance to the economist's. In recent years, however, lawyers have sought to import economic concepts of shifting and incidence into the legal analysis of the constitutional limitations on the states' power to export tax burdens to residents of …

The Emperor Gideon Has No Clothes: The Empty Promise Of The Constitutional Right Of Effective Assistance Of Counsel, Richard Klein

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No abstract provided.

Regulating The Regulators In New York State: Part I, Harold I. Abramson

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No abstract provided.

Clarifying The Attempt To Monopolize Offense As An Alternative Protectionist Legislation: The Conditional Relevance Of "Dangerous Probability Of Success", James F. Ponsoldt

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The wounded condition of several major American industries, including steel and textiles, resulting from foreign ‘predatory’ conduct has generated much commentary. At the same time, private spokesmen for our institutionalized business interests, including the financial community, have bemoaned American balance of trade figures, blaming them on such ‘impediments' to our export trade as foreign trade barriers and domestic antitrust laws. The two trade problems suggest a common theme: foreign governments have been unfairly aiding their business interests by protecting monopolized or cartelized foreign markets from American business penetration while also subsidizing, directly or indirectly, foreign invasion of certain targeted American …

The Parenting Tax Penalty: A Framework For Income Tax Reform, Charles R.T. O'Kelley

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Part I considers the proper tax treatment of out-of-pocket parenting expenses such as the costs incurred in providing food, clothing, shelter, and other goods and services to children for their consumption. Part I first characterizes the principal design alternatives to the present flat dependency deduction. It then examines the dominant accretion definition of income and concludes that the current flat dependency deduction is more consistent with the accretion concept and our actual governing beliefs than is any of the alternatives advocated by its critics.

Part II considers the tax relevance of imputed income from self-performed services. It explains (1) how …

Textbooks, Judges, And Science, Edward J. Larson

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This Article offers a spectator's guide to this controversy by three central issues in Aguillard. First, the Article examines the persistent interest of both creationists and evolutionists in the content of public-school biology instruction, which is reflected in passage of the Balanced Treatment Act, and the overwhelming, organized opposition to its implementation. Focusing on the impact o science in recent decisions, the second section of the Article reviews judicial responses to the cases spawned by the controversy over creationist and evolutionary instruction. The Article concludes by exploring the central role played by scientific opinion in the legal arguments for and …

The Unreasonableness Of Coerced Cooperation: A Comment Upon The Ncaa Decision's Rejection Of The Chicago School, James F. Ponsoldt

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The Supreme Court's decision in the NCAA case, upholding that the NCAA's mandatory rules controlling the exclusive sale of television rights to intercollegiate football violate section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, is important for several reasons. First, it is among but a few decisions to hold that a restraint of trade although no per se illegal is economically unreasonable under the rule of reason. Second, its implied questions about the goals and relevance of antitrust enforcement coincide with questions about the governmental regulation of business now addressed in law reviews, editorial pages, and by congressional committees. Last, it may …

Comparative Responses To Surrogate Motherhood, Thomas A. Eaton

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This Article analyzes the Warnock Report [UK] and the Surrogacy Arrangements Act [UK] in light of existing practices and laws in the United States and Great Britain. Section II provides a description of surrogacy practices and the uncertain legal environment in which they operate. Section III compares the Surrogacy Arrangements Act with Canadian, American, and Australian legislative proposals. Section IV then examines in more detail the commonly voiced ethical objections to surrogacy agreements an concludes that these objections do not warrant criminalization of surrogacy agreements. Finally, Section V offers suggestions on the enforcement of surrogacy agreements.

Correspondence (Letter To The Editor), Alan Watson

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In "A Comment on the Critical Method in Legal History," 6 Cardozo L. Rev. 997 (1985), Mark Tushnet responded to Alan Watson's review of his book, THE AMERICAN LAW OF SLAVERY, 1810-1860, which appeared at 91 Yale L.J. 1034 (1982). In a letter to the Editor-in-Chief of the Cardozo Law Review reproduced below, Professor Watson launches the next salvo in their ongoing debate by comparing quotes from Critical Method, THE AMERICAN LAW OF SLAVERY, the Yale book review, and other sources.

An Essay On Executive Branch Attempts To Eviscerate The Separation Of Powers, Christopher L. Blakesley

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The Reagan Administration has been aggressively attempting to arrogate power to the Executive branch and to undermine the separation of powers in the realms of foreign affairs. To Chain the Dog of War shows that for decades the Executive branch has moved to appropriate Congress’ war powers. The Reagan Administration not only has continued that tradition, but also has attempted to erode the Judiciary’s power to decide questions of law and fact concerning human rights and liberty in international extradition cases involving political offenses. The underlying rationale for this shift has been that decisions to make war or to condemn …

The Evisceration Of The Political Offense Exception To Extradition, Christopher L. Blakesley

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The Supplementary Convention to the Extradition Treaty between the Government of the United States of American and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was signed on June 25, 1985, and transmitted to the U.S. Senate on July 17, 1985. This article will focus on the portion of the supplementary treaty which effectively eliminates the political offense exception, and on the statement made by the Legal Adviser to the Department of State, the honorable Judge Abraham D. Sofaer, made in favor of the Supplementary Treaty, on August 1, 1985. This article suggests that approval of …

Child Custody - Jurisdiction And Procedure, Christopher L. Blakesley

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Custody determinations traditionally have comprised a subcategory of litigation under the Pennoyer v. Neff exception for proceedings relating to status. Of course, states have the power to decide the status of their domiciliaries. It was natural, therefore, for the courts and scholars of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to consider domicile the sole basis of jurisdiction in custody matters. Gradually, judges and scholars began to challenge the notion that domicile was the sole basis and courts began to apply other bases, such as the child's presence in the state or personal jurisdiction over both parents. One commentator suggests that …

Constitutional Interpretation—The Uses And Limitations Of Original Intent, Thomas B. Mcaffee

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It is fitting that in the decade of the Bicentennial of the Constitution we have seen a renewal of debate over the meaning of the Constitution and what is required to remain true to it. An aspect of that debate has concerned constitutional interpretation and the role of “original intent”—or perhaps more broadly, “original context”—in any proper approach to the interpretive process. Unfortunately, the debate is frequently approached from virtually an either/or perspective, as though the intent of the Framers must either control all constitutional questions or be used as no more than window-dressing. While some advocates of original intent …

Employee Recruitment By Design Or Default: Uncertainty Under Title Vii, Elaine W. Shoben

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The employment of every new worker is the result of a two-stage process: recruitment of applicants and selection from the applicant pool. A personnel officer may evaluate only John and Jane Worker because Juan and Juanita Worker are not in the applicant pool. What active or passive acts by the company establish the applicant pool? The issue becomes particularly troublesome when Juan and Juanita Worker are members of one minority group and John and Jane Worker are members of another racial or ethnic minority group. May employers legally recruit more actively from one group than another?

This Article examines the …

Conflicts Between Copyright And The First Amendment After Harper & Row, Publishers V. Nation Enterprises, David E. Shipley

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The relationship between copyright and the first amendment has been discussed repeatedly in the past fifteen years. A free speech privilege has been asserted as a defense in many copyright infringement actions, and the topic has been the subject of lively academic debate. Although no court has held an infringement claim to be defeated by a first amendment defense, considerable attention has been paid to the potential conflict between copyright and free speech interests. Commentators have speculated that in some situations copyright protection could impermissibly abridge the first amendment. The United States Supreme Court's decision in Harper & Row, Publishers …

Regulating The Regulators In New York State, Part Ii: The Office Of Business Permits And Regulatory Assistance, Harold I. Abramson

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No abstract provided.

Law Schools: Where The Elite Meet To Teach (Transforming Legal Education: A Symposium Of Provocative Thought), Howard Glickstein

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No abstract provided.

A Race By Any Other Name: The Interplay Between Ethnicity, National Origin And Race For Purposes Of Section 1981, Eileen R. Kaufman

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No abstract provided.

Criminal Evidence And The Ear Of The Law, Daniel H. Derby

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No abstract provided.